With the advantage of modern high speed computers, there has been an increased interest in the use of first-principles based computational approaches for the aerodynamic modeling of horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). Since these approaches are based on the laws of conservation (mass, momentum, and energy), they can capture much of the physics in great detail. The ability to accurately predict the airloads and power output can greatly aid the designers in tailoring the aerodynamic and aeroelastic features of the configuration. First-principles based analyses are also valuable for developing active means (e.g., circulation control), and passive means (e.g., Gurney flaps) of reducing unsteady blade loads, mitigating stall, and for efficient capture of wind energy leading to more electrical power generation. In this present study, the aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine rotor equipped with circulation enhancement technology (trailing edge blowing or Gurney flaps) is investigated using a three-dimensional unsteady viscous flow analysis. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Phase VI horizontal axis wind turbine is chosen as the baseline configuration. Prior to its use in exploring these concepts, the flow solver is validated with the experimental data for the baseline case under yawed flow conditions. Results presented include radial distribution of normal and tangential forces, shaft torque, root flap moment, surface pressure distributions at selected radial locations, and power output. Results show that good agreement has been for a range of wind speeds and yaw angles, where the flow is attached. At high wind speeds, however, where the flow is fully separated, it was found that the fundamental assumptions behind this present methodology breaks down for the baseline turbulence model (Spalart-Allmaras model), giving less accurate results. With the implementation of advanced turbulence model, Spalart-Allmaras Detached Eddy Simulation (SA-DES), the accuracy of the results at high wind speeds are improved. Results of circulation enhancement concepts show that, at low wind speed (attached flow) conditions, a Coanda jet at the trailing edge of the rotor blade is effective at increasing circulation resulting in an increase of lift and the chordwise thrust force. This leads to an increased amount of net power generation compared to the baseline configuration for moderate blowing coefficients. The effects of jet slot height and pulsed jet are also investigated in this study. A passive Gurney flap was found to increase the bound circulation and produce increased power in a manner similar to the Coanda jet. At high wind speed where the flow is separated, both the Coanda jet and Gurney flap become ineffective. Results of leading edge blowing indicate that a leading edge blowing jet is found to be beneficial in increasing power generation at high wind speeds. The effect of Gurney flap angle is also studied. Gurney flap angle has significant influence in power generation. Higher power output is obtained at higher flap angles.

M. Tech. Electrical Engineering. / Aims to develop these railways applications for a better use of the electrical power to reduce pollution and consumption. The specification of this project is to improve the conversion of the electrical energy. This also involves improving the connection between the train and the electrical networks using the pantograph. In this research, I will propose a new architecture for the converters and a structure to provide to the grid the electricity generated through braking. Another point regards the command of the converters, which is directly involved in the system behaviour. In order to obtain the best behaviour possible, a different control as usual will be described and modelled to reduce the total harmonics distortion rate and reach a better efficiency.

Production of electric energy is continuously affected by many factors. Therefore, tools for predicting the future production are needed. In turn, the production affects the electric energy price, which is set on electric energy exchanges. This thesis is intended to find out if the software SDDP can be used for hydrothermal power production simulations in the Nord pool area. By building a simplified model of the electric energy production in Sweden with a focus on hydro, thermal and wind power, the intention is to see how the model is affected by different conditions. The investigated conditions are several; higher and lower water inflows to the hydro power reservoirs; different amounts of installed wind power production; different price levels of emission allowances for CO2. By using the simulation software SDDP, more wind power was seen to lower the electric energy prices, as well as reduce the need of transmission of power from the northern to the southern parts of Sweden. In the simulation, Sweden was divided into four areas, connected where the main bottlenecks in the power grid are located. Water inflows to the reservoirs are crucial in the model. Actual inflow data can be bought from SMHI. However, due to the limited thesis budget, estimations were constructed instead. The estimations were difficult to make and turned out to be too high. Consequently, no reliable evaluation of the SDDP software could be done using this data.

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This work investigated the influence of photo-voltaic generators on the voltage control of distribution feeders and the methods that can be used to increase the maximum penetration levels of these feeders. Initially, a brief overview of the reasons why it is necessary to increase the generation penetration levels on distribution feeders was provided. A review of various issues associated with connecting generation to the distribution network; methods and technologies that can be used to increase penetration levels; and ways to improve voltage regulation on MV feeders was given. The grid code for renewable power plants and the voltage apportionment standard were reviewed to determine what limits penetration levels and what can be done to increase them. The operation and control of a typical distribution network, without any connected generation, was initially investigated. A control strategy was implemented that provided suitable voltage regulation on the feeder during both high and low load. The influence of connecting generation to this typical distribution network, without making any modifications to the control of the feeder, was investigated. Base penetration levels, for various generation connection cases, were found. It was shown that the penetration is limited by the rapid voltage change or voltage rise. The base penetration levels were compared to the optimal amount of generation that provides the lowest losses. It was shown that the penetration needs to be increased by between 100% and 200% for the feeder’s losses to be minimised. Voltage regulator and capacitor control was influenced by the generation and they could not function as expected. It was shown that flicker will not be an issue, even with penetration limits well above the current allowable limits. Various methods that can be used to increase the amount of generation that is connected to the typical network were investigated. On-load tap changer setpoint reduction, reactive power control and electronic voltage regulators are some of the methods or technologies that can be used to increase penetration levels. It was shown that each of the technologies can assist, depending on the circumstance, in increasing penetration. The individual modifications can increase penetration up to 100% at the cost of increased tap changes and in some cases losses. Two proposed control strategies were assessed, that combine the investigated technologies. The results showed that it is possible to increase penetration levels by 50-80%, while improving power quality and reducing losses when compared to the base generation connection case. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie werk ondersoek die invloed van die foto- voltaïes kragopwekkers op die spanning beheer van die verspreiding voerder asook die metodes wat gebruik kan word om die maksimum penetrasie vlakke van hierdie voerders te verhoog. Aanvanklik is 'n kort oorsig van die redes waarom dit nodig is om die opwekking penetrasie vlakke op die verspreiding voerders, te verhoog voorsien . Eerstens word 'n hersiening van verskeie kwessies wat verband hou met die koppeling van generasie na die verspreidingsnetwerk gegee. Tweedens word metodes en tegnologie wat gebruik kan word om penetrasie te verhoog gegee en laastens word maniere om spanning regulasie op medium spanning voerders te verbeter, gegee. Die rooster kode "grid code => probeer liewer netwerk regulasies" vir hernubare krag aanlegte en die spanning toedeling standaard is hersien om te bepaal wat beperk die penetrasie vlakke en wat gedoen kan word om dit te verhoog. Die werking en beheer van 'n tipiese verspreiding netwerk, sonder enige verbonde generasie, is aanvanklik ondersoek. 'n Beheer-strategie is toe geïmplementeer wat geskikte spanning regulasie op die voerder tydens beide hoë en lae belasting verskaf. Die invloed van die koppeling van opwekking tot hierdie tipiese verspreiding netwerk, sonder om enige veranderinge aan die beheer van die voerder, is ondersoek. Basis penetrasie vlakke, vir verskeie generasie verband gevalle, is gevind. Daar is bewys dat die penetrasie word beperk deur die vinnige spanning verandering of spanning styging. Die basis penetrasie vlakke word vergelyking met die optimale aantal generasie wat die laagste verliese bied. Daar is bewys dat die penetrasie moet met tussen 100% en 200% verhoog word sodat die voerder se verliese beperk kan word. Die spanning reguleerder en kapasitor beheer is beïnvloed deur die opwekking en hulle kon nie reageer soos verwag nie. Daar is getoon dat flikker nie 'n probleem sal wees nie; selfs al is die penetrasie vlakke ver bo die huidige toelaatbare grense. Verskillende metodes wat gebruik kan word om die aantal generasie wat gekoppel is aan die tipiese netwerk te verhoog is ondersoek. Aan-las tap wisselaar vermindering, reaktiewe krag beheer en elektroniese spanning reguleerders is 'n paar van die tegnieke wat gebruik kan word om penetrasie te verhoog. Daar is bewys dat elkeen van die tegnologieë kan help, afhangende van die omstandighede, vir toenemende penetrasie. Die individuele veranderinge kan penetrasie verhoog tot 100% by die koste van 'n verhoogde tap veranderinge en in sommige gevalle verliese. Twee voorgestelde beheer strategieë is beoordeel, wat die ondersoek tegnologie kombineer. Die resultate het getoon dat dit moontlik is om penetrasie te verhoog met 50% tot 80%, terwyl die verbetering van gehalte en die vermindering van krag verliese in vergelyking met die basis generasie verband hou.

The installation of variable renewable energy sources has rapidly increased during the last decade in several countries. It is likely that it will also increase in Sweden. Such a development could lead to periods of very high power production. In order to keep the stability of the electric grid, curtailment is the most common feed-in management method. This study examines how Power-to-Heat can utilize this surplus power in Swedish district heating systems instead of using curtailments and thereby facilitate the development of installed variable renewable energy sources. During this study a model was developed in MatLab where the capacity utilization was simulated for Power-to-Heat. The study indicates that the capacity utilization varies from 1,1–4,2 TWh electricity. In this scenario a share of the base load is substituted with new installed wind and solar power; 50 TWh respectively 10 TWh. The parameter that showed greatest sensitivity for the analysis were how the net power profile was simulated.

Energia ´e uma questãoo estratégica para a indústria, sociedade, economia e segurança nacional. A eficiência e gestão da energia estão em foco em um cenário mundial. Diversas políticas especialmente criadas para a eficiência energética (EE), procura por fontes renováveis de energia e produção mais limpa, estão se desenvolvendo. A literatura apresenta poucas informações concretas que promovam o comprometimento das organizações com tais políticas. As organizações brasileiras não estão bem apoiadas neste aspecto, o país carece de uma política nacional que promova o uso eficiente de energia. A indústria frigorífica tem poucas informações para comparar o seu desempenho energético no país e, muitas vezes, n˜ao conhecem as ações que podem tomar. Nem, por vezes, estabelecem critérios de avaliação de seu desempenho e metas de melhorias. Comparando dois frigoríficos locais, nota-se um desempenho 218,33% inferior de um em relação à outro para a produção do mesmo produto. Para isso, a gestão da EE parte da avaliação de desempenho por meio de indicadores. Neste contexto, o desenvolvimento de indicadores e identificação de tecnologias para monitoramento das condições de EE, podem habilitar tais indústrias no estabelecimento de linhas de base energética com a finalidade de comparação do seu desempenho ao longo do tempo. O trabalho, também, dedica-se a especificar um conjunto de ferramentas de análise da viabilidade econômica de um sistema de monitoramento da EE baseado nos indicadores propostos com o intuito de promover a adoção de sistemas de gestão de energia pelas indústrias. Por isso, análises de investimentos são necessárias e investimentos em sistemas de monitoramento da EE apresentam plausibilidade de retorno do investimento em frigoríficos de médio porte, quando possibilitar a geração de 5% de economia nos custos de energia elétrica. Contudo, uma boa confiabilidade em análises econômicas pode ser atingida em estudos de caso que considerem as necessidades específicas de cada instituição. E, não obstante, a simples criação de um sistema de monitoria da EE não é capaz de gerar economia, mas sim outros investimentos em benfeitorias dos processos industriais. Finalmente, este trabalho visa auxiliar as indústrias a desenvolverem seus indicadores de desempenho energético e avaliar os investimentos na criação de sistemas de gestão da EE. / Energy is a strategic issue for industry, society, economy and national security. The efficiency and power management are in focus on a world stage. Several policies specially designed for energy efficiency, demand for renewable energy and cleaner production are in development. The literature shows little concrete information to promote commitment of organizations with such policies. Brazilian organizations are not well supported in this aspect, the country lacks a national policy that promotes efficient energy use. The chicken slaughterhouse industry has few information to compare its energy performance with others and often do not know the actions they can take. Nor they establish criteria for evaluating their performance and improvement goals. Comparing two local industries, shows performance 218.33% lower of one to the other for processing the same product. For that, the management of energy efficiency (EE) starts in performance evaluation through indicators. In this context, the development of these indicators and identification of technologies for monitoring EE conditions may enable these industries to establish energy baselines to compare its performance over time. The work also dedicates to specify a set of economic feasibility analysis tools of an EE monitoring system based on the proposed indicators in order to promote the adoption of energy management systems (EMS) by industries. Thus, investment analysis are required and EMS in medium slaughterhouse industries shows plausible investment return when generation of 5% savings in electricity costs are possible. However, good reliability in economic analysis of an EMS can be reached in case studies that consider the specific needs of each institution. And yet, the mere creation of an EE monitoring system is unable to generate savings, but other investments in improvements of industrial processes can. Finally, this paper aims to help industries develop their energy performance indicators and evaluating investments in the creation of EMS.

Thesis (MTech (Quality))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. / There is a South African Government initiative to use State-owned Enterprises (SOE's) to roll out a programme for the development and stimulation of local small businesses in South Africa. The state has requested SOE's to set targets on a voluntary basis to increase trade with small businesses, with the purpose of developing small enterprises to eventually enhance skills transfer, training and employment. However, when large customers such as Eskom Nuclear Generation require ISO certification as a prerequisite for a supplier to provide goods and/or services to them, most small businesses are unable to comply. The requirement of IS09000 compliance inhibits the ability of most small businesses to compete with their larger counterparts. Small businesses constitute as much as 90% of most world economies. They have many advantages to offer customers, such as a high level of flexibility, innovation and responsiveness to customer needs. These attributes can introduce healthy competition to the supply chain. Small businesses, by their very nature experience more risks, such as a higher vulnerability to volatile market forces and skills loss. In addition, they are generally less specialised.

Com o crescente aumento da demanda de energia elétrica em nível mundial, há também um crescimento dos desafios de integrar diferentes formas de geração de energia com os microgrids CC. As fontes de geração distribuída constituídas de fontes renováveis tais como solar, pequenas centrais eólicas, células de combustível, entre outras, normalmente produzem baixas tensões elétricas, cabendo a um conversor propiciar o ganho de tensão que possibilite `a sua conexão com o sistema. Neste trabalho, é apresentado o estudo do conversor flyback intercalado com foco na análise matemática e na implementação do indutor acoplado flyback visando a diminuição de perdas. Inicialmente, é feita uma revisão dos conversores CC−CC que possuem características de aplicação similares à proposta desse trabalho. A partir da revisão, são apresentadas as vantagens e desvantagens da utilização de conversores isolados e as suas limitações quanto à potência e aos modos de operação. Uma análise detalhada utilizando o método do transformador PWM é realizada para a determinação do ganho de tensão e do rendimento do conversor flyback intercalado operando no modo de condução descontínua. Os procedimentos de projeto do indutor acoplado e dos componentes do circuito eletrônico são apresentados e detalhados. Os circuitos snubbers regenerativo e dissipativo (RCD) são projetados e implementados para a comparação dos resultados. Um conversor flyback intercalado com potencia nominal de 500Wfoi simulado e implementado, sendo que resultados de simulação e experimentais são apresentados, comparados e discutidos. Ao final do trabalho, um mainframe CC é proposto e simulado, fazendo a integração e o controle de dois conversores CC−CC operando em paralelo. / The power demand worldwide is increasing and there is also a growing challenges of integrating different ways of power generation with the DC microgrids. The sources of distributed generation formed by renewable sources such as solar, small wind power plants, fuel cells, among others, usually produce low voltages, leaving the converter provide the voltage gain that enables to their connection to the system. This work presents the study of interleaved flyback converter with focus on mathematical analysis and implementation of the flyback coupled inductor in order to minimize losses. Initially, it made a review of DC-DC converters that have similar application characteristics to the proposal of this work. From the review, the advantages and disadvantages of using isolated converters and their limitations on the power and operating modes are presented. A detailed analysis using the PWM transformer method is performed for determining the voltage gain and the interleaved flyback converter efficiency operating in discontinuous conduction mode. Coupled inductor design procedures and electronic circuit components are presented and detailed. The regenerative and dissipative (RCD) snubbers circuits are designed and implemented to compare the results. A interleaved flyback converter with nominal power of 500 W was simulated and implemented, and simulation and experimental results are presented, compared and discussed. At the end of the work, a DC mainframe is proposed and simulated, making the integration and control of two DC-DC converters operating in parallel.

Com o crescente aumento da demanda de energia elétrica em nível mundial, há também um crescimento dos desafios de integrar diferentes formas de geração de energia com os microgrids CC. As fontes de geração distribuída constituídas de fontes renováveis tais como solar, pequenas centrais eólicas, células de combustível, entre outras, normalmente produzem baixas tensões elétricas, cabendo a um conversor propiciar o ganho de tensão que possibilite `a sua conexão com o sistema. Neste trabalho, é apresentado o estudo do conversor flyback intercalado com foco na análise matemática e na implementação do indutor acoplado flyback visando a diminuição de perdas. Inicialmente, é feita uma revisão dos conversores CC−CC que possuem características de aplicação similares à proposta desse trabalho. A partir da revisão, são apresentadas as vantagens e desvantagens da utilização de conversores isolados e as suas limitações quanto à potência e aos modos de operação. Uma análise detalhada utilizando o método do transformador PWM é realizada para a determinação do ganho de tensão e do rendimento do conversor flyback intercalado operando no modo de condução descontínua. Os procedimentos de projeto do indutor acoplado e dos componentes do circuito eletrônico são apresentados e detalhados. Os circuitos snubbers regenerativo e dissipativo (RCD) são projetados e implementados para a comparação dos resultados. Um conversor flyback intercalado com potencia nominal de 500Wfoi simulado e implementado, sendo que resultados de simulação e experimentais são apresentados, comparados e discutidos. Ao final do trabalho, um mainframe CC é proposto e simulado, fazendo a integração e o controle de dois conversores CC−CC operando em paralelo. / The power demand worldwide is increasing and there is also a growing challenges of integrating different ways of power generation with the DC microgrids. The sources of distributed generation formed by renewable sources such as solar, small wind power plants, fuel cells, among others, usually produce low voltages, leaving the converter provide the voltage gain that enables to their connection to the system. This work presents the study of interleaved flyback converter with focus on mathematical analysis and implementation of the flyback coupled inductor in order to minimize losses. Initially, it made a review of DC-DC converters that have similar application characteristics to the proposal of this work. From the review, the advantages and disadvantages of using isolated converters and their limitations on the power and operating modes are presented. A detailed analysis using the PWM transformer method is performed for determining the voltage gain and the interleaved flyback converter efficiency operating in discontinuous conduction mode. Coupled inductor design procedures and electronic circuit components are presented and detailed. The regenerative and dissipative (RCD) snubbers circuits are designed and implemented to compare the results. A interleaved flyback converter with nominal power of 500 W was simulated and implemented, and simulation and experimental results are presented, compared and discussed. At the end of the work, a DC mainframe is proposed and simulated, making the integration and control of two DC-DC converters operating in parallel.

Orientador: Secundino Soares Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T02:32:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zambelli_MonicadeSouza_D.pdf: 4122152 bytes, checksum: 3256b0546520645ef065b43111b44374 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O planejamento da operação energética do Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN) é uma tarefa complexa realizada por meio de uma cadeia de modelos de médio, curto e curtíssimo prazo acoplados entre si, cada um com considerações pertinentes à etapa que aborda. A proposta deste trabalho é apresentar uma alternativa para o planejamento da operação energética de médio prazo. Foi desenvolvida uma metodologia baseada em modelo de controle preditivo, abordando os aspectos estocásticos do problema de forma implícita pela utilização de valores esperados das vazões, e fazendo uso de um modelo determinístico de otimização a usinas individualizadas, que possibilita uma representação mais precisa do sistema hidrotérmico. A análise de desempenho é feita através de simulações da operação, considerando os parques hidrelétrico e termelétrico que compõem o SIN, com restrições operativas reais, em configuração dinâmica, com plano de expansão e a possibilidade de intercâmbio e importação de mercados vizinhos. Os resultados são comparados aos fornecidos pela metodologia em vigor no setor elétrico brasileiro, notadamente o modelo NEWAVE, que determina as decisões de geração por subsistema, e o modelo Suishi-O, que as desagrega por usinas individualizadas / Abstract: The long term hydrothermal scheduling of the Brazilian Integrated System (SIN) is a complex task solved by a chain of long, medium and short term coupled models, each one with considerations pertinent to the stage of operation that it deals with. The proposal of this work is to present an alternative for the long term hydrothermal scheduling. A methodology based on model predictive control was developed, implicitly handling stochastic aspects of the problem by the use of inflows expected values, and making use of a deterministic optimization model to obtain the optimal dispatch for individualized plants, what makes possible a more accurate representation of the hydrothermal system. The performance analysis is made through simulations of the operation, taking into consideration all the hydro and thermal plants that compose the SIN, with real operative constraints, in dynamic configuration, with its expansion plan and the possibility of interchange and importation from neighboring markets. The results are compared with those provided by the approach actually in use by the Brazilian electric sector, specifically the NEWAVE model, which defines the generation decisions for the subsystems, and the Suishi-O model, that disaggregates them for the individualized plants / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica