<p>The fishing port of Bläsinge is located on the east coast of Öland, Sweden’s second largest island. Today the port has a limited supply of freshwater. The economic association of the fishing port wants to expand their business, so that they will also include tourist services. To do this the harbor will need a more independant source of freshwater, with a higher quality than the present well. This work includes inquiries of two solutions for extracting freshwater from the Baltic Sea, the ClearCrystals™ technology and reverse osmosis.</p><p>The analysis of the electric energy use shows that the fishing harbor has a need for electricity, which is 32900 kWh, using the chosen water purifying technology, which is reverse osmosis. The need for electric energy will be concentrated to the warm months; the most electricity intense processes are the refrigeration and the ice-making.</p><p>To meet the wish of the fishing association, to reduce their cost for electric energy and at the same time get an environmentally friendly interface, the possibilities for alternative electric energy production has been investigated. The most relevant solution for the association has been small scale wind power, but the possibilities for solar cells are also an interesting solution. A wind turbine that will be able to produce the yearly amount of electric energy that the port needs, should have a rated power at around 20 kW and a tower height of at least 18 m.</p>

The fishing port of Bläsinge is located on the east coast of Öland, Sweden’s second largest island. Today the port has a limited supply of freshwater. The economic association of the fishing port wants to expand their business, so that they will also include tourist services. To do this the harbor will need a more independant source of freshwater, with a higher quality than the present well. This work includes inquiries of two solutions for extracting freshwater from the Baltic Sea, the ClearCrystals™ technology and reverse osmosis. The analysis of the electric energy use shows that the fishing harbor has a need for electricity, which is 32900 kWh, using the chosen water purifying technology, which is reverse osmosis. The need for electric energy will be concentrated to the warm months; the most electricity intense processes are the refrigeration and the ice-making. To meet the wish of the fishing association, to reduce their cost for electric energy and at the same time get an environmentally friendly interface, the possibilities for alternative electric energy production has been investigated. The most relevant solution for the association has been small scale wind power, but the possibilities for solar cells are also an interesting solution. A wind turbine that will be able to produce the yearly amount of electric energy that the port needs, should have a rated power at around 20 kW and a tower height of at least 18 m.

This thesis evaluates the energy system effects off co-localizing solar photovoltaics (PV)  production with a filling station for compressed vehicle gas. A MATLAB model was constructed based on gas and electricity consumption data from three actual filling stations for vehicle gas in Sweden. The model was used to simulate how the introduction of a PV  and PVB (photovoltaic battery) system would affect the amount of electricity bought from  and sold to the grid as well as the economic implications connected to this. The results show that a self-consumption of 42 % can be reach already without available energy  storage for an installed power of PV panels matching the power of the gas compressor. A battery storage with capacity corresponding to one hour of electricity generation doubles the self-consumption. The increased self-sufficiency has the potential to decrease the strain on the electricity grid, depending on spatial and temporal factors. The simplistic economic model in this project shows that the return of investment is just over 15 years for a PV system, and less than 21 years for a small battery storage with capacity to store less than one hour of electricity production, however, this should be examined in greater detail if the system is to be implemented.  Since transport has an important societal function, the access to fuel is key from an energy  security point of view. Filling stations require access to electricity to operate, meaning fuel can’t be obtained in case of an interruption. Therefore, the possibility of self-sufficiency during the summer months (May through September) through the added PVB system was evaluated, resulting in enough electric energy to supply 31 % of the current fuel volume supplied yearly at normal conditions. This corresponds to 145 tons of vehicle gas, which could power a private car around 3 220 000 kilometers. The connection between the electricity and transport sectors could be furthered integrated by installing the proposed system which turns the filling station into a prosumer, ideally with some opportunity of self-sufficiency if needed. The modelled filling station handles gaseous fuel, however the conceptual design applies also to liquid fuels. To cover an even larger portion of the fleet, charging of electric vehicles at the filling station could also be examined.

With the goal of achieving 100% fossil-free electricity production by 2040 in Sweden, the electricity system is expected to undergo significant changes due to increased electrification, digitalization, and automation. Battery storage will become crucial for supporting and stabilizing the power grid, as well as balancing demand and production, which reduces the risk of overload. It also contributes to increased grid flexibility and a smoother, more efficient use of the power network. The purpose of this work is to develop a deeper understanding of battery storage technology and its potential impact on the Swedish power grid to meet current and future energy needs. The method examines the energy usage patterns of Södra Hallands Kraft to appropriately size a battery storage system and determine its operational scenario. It is essential to consider both the battery’s power (W), which describes the total amount of power that can be delivered, and storage capacity (Wh), which describes the total amount of energy that can be stored. By implementing battery storage systems, the share of renewable energy usage can increase, and dependence on external energy sources can decrease. This work examines different threshold levels: 60 MW, which requires a 33 MW/ 735 MWh battery; 65 MW, which requires a 28 MW/ 414 MWh battery; and 70 MW, which requires a 23 MW/ 153 MWh battery. These thresholds successfully reduce all power peaks between 2019 and 2023. This also leads to significant economic savings in the form of reduced grid fees. / Med målet att uppnå 100% fossilfri elproduktion till år 2040 i Sverige, förväntas elsystemet genomgå betydande förändringar på grund av ökad elektrifiering, digitalisering och automatisering. Batterilager blir viktiga för att stödja och stabilisera elnätet, samt balansera efterfrågan och produktion som minskar risken för överbelastning. Det bidrar även till en ökad flexibilitet på elnätet och en jämnare och mer effektiv användning av elnätet. Syftet med arbetet är att utveckla en djupare förståelse för batterilagringsteknik och dess potentiella påverkan på det svenska elnätet för att möta dagens och framtidens energibehov. Metoden undersöker energianvändningsmönstren för Södra Hallands Kraft, för att kunna dimensionera ett batterilager med lämplig storlek och driftscenario. Det är därför viktigt att beakta både batteriets effekt (W), som beskriver den totala mängd effekt som kan levereras, och lagringskapaciteten (Wh), som beskriver den totala mängd energi som kan lagras. Genom att implementera batterilagringssystem kan andelen förnybar energianvändning öka och beroendet av externa energikällor minska. Arbetet undersöker olika tröskelnivåer på 60 MW som kräver ett batteri på 33 MW/ 735 MWh, 65 MW som kräver ett batteri på 28 MW/ 414 MWh, samt 70 MW som kräver ett batteri på 23 MW/ 153 MWh. De lyckas minska alla effekttoppar mellan 2019 – 2023. Detta bidrar även till betydande ekonomiska besparingar i form av minskade elnätsavgifter.

Denna rapport är en litteratur- och källstudie med syfte att utforska den svenska förnybara elens utveckling. Förnybar energi är idag viktigt i samhället då den genererar den el som vi är i behov av, utan att påverka miljön i lika stor omfattning som tidigare energislag. Målet var att efter genomfört arbete, ha svar på hur Sveriges elmix ser ut och eventuellt kunna svara på hur den kan se ut till nästa generation. Vilka tekniska lösningar som används idag för respektive kraftslag är något som återges i rapporten. Alla kraftslag påverkar miljön på något vis. Rapporten beskriver dessa miljöpåverkan med hjälp av livscykelanalyser som pekar på var i produktions- och driftprocessen som den största påverkan sker. Vidare granskar rapporten den svenska elanvändningen och diskussioner har hållits på hur denna kan komma att påverka den framtida elproduktionen. Ett intressant ämne under arbetets gång var, huruvida en storskalig export av el till närliggande länder med hjälp av sjökablar var möjligt för Sverige. Studiens slutsats blev att det finns en väldigt stor utbyggnadspotential för ett flertal förnybara kraftslag. Dock bestämmer ett flertal styrmedel utbyggnadstakten. Även politiska beslut har ett stort inflytande för hur mycket förnybar elproduktion som kommer att finnas i framtiden. / This report is a literature and source study with the purpose of exploring the Swedish renewable electricity development. Renewable energy is today important in society as it generates the electricity that we are in need of, without affecting the environment to the same extent as fossil fuels. The objective of the report was to obtain the answer to how the Swedish electricity mix looks like and if possible, be able to answer how it might look for the next generation. The technologies used today in each type of power plant are something that is rendered in the report. All power production affects the environment in some way. The report describes the environmental impacts using life-cycle assessment that points out where in the production and operation process the greatest impact occurs. Furthermore, the report examines the Swedish use of electricity and discussions have been held on how this may affect the future electricity production. An interesting topic during the process of the report was whether a large-scale export of electricity to neighboring countries by means of submarine power cables, was possible for Sweden. The conclusion of the study was that there is a very significant potential for further development of the renewable power sources. However, means of control is one of the determining factors for the rate of expansion. Political decisions also have a major influence on the amount of renewable electricity that can be available in the future.

Many scenarios try to describe a future of supply and demand for electricity in Sweden. All the studied scenarios contain an increased amount of variable renewable energy (VRE) power production. VRE power sources, such as solar and wind power, depend on weather conditions, like solar irradiance and wind speed. There are also scenarios predicting an increased amount of plug-in electrical vehicles (PEVs), which charge their batteries from the electricity grid and thereby changes the consumption patterns. In a future power system with less nuclear power and increased VRE power production it is of interest to investigate the scenarios impact on supply and demand. The scenarios were compiled into cases for the years 2030, 2050, and 2100. Simulations of each case VRE shares resulted in hourly power production data. Aggregating the data and comparing it with the consumption gives an understanding of the power and regulation need.  For Case 2030, a VRE share of 10.3% was calculated. The hydropower in Sweden could cover the power need for the whole year and even peaks in demand. For the larger shares of Case 2050 and 2100, hydropower was not able to cover peaks in power demand solemnly. The consumption of PEVs was small for all cases, reaching shares of 1.5% to 7.1%, compared to the consumption of all other sectors. Considering short-term statistics for wind power and the latest news that some of Sweden’s nuclear reactors might shut down in advance, it is possible that Case 2030 might occur sooner than predicted. If larger shares of VRE power have to be produced to meet consumer needs in the near future, grid-stabilizing measures has to be investigated.

Energikontor Sydost har startat demonstrationsprojekt inom småskalig kraftvärme. Ronneby Miljö och Teknik AB driver en demonstrationsanläggning för småskalig elproduktion med ORC-turbin på värmeverk i Bräkne-Hoby. I samband med installation av ORC-turbin gjordes även ombyggnation av fjärrvärmeledning till närliggande sågverk. Detta examensarbete är en teknisk- och lönsamhetsanalys för utvärdering av investeringen. Elverkningsgrad uppgick för denna fjärrvärmesäsong till 2,23 %, alfa-värde till 2,3 %, systemverkningsgrad för ORC-system till 99,54 %. Ledningsförluster minskade från 19,7 till 17,25 % efter ombyggnation. Det visades även att sänkning av fjärrvärmereturtemperatur ökar elproduktionen. Investeringskalkyl visade en icke lönsam investering om el säljs externt. Att producera och använda el internt inom anläggningen visade sig lönsamt även utan investeringsstöd. Ombyggnation av fjärrvärmeledning visades även vara lönsamt. Tekniken är vid anslutning till värmeverk förnybar, lokal och har hög tillgänglighet vid högbelastningstider.

The installation of variable renewable energy sources has rapidly increased during the last decade in several countries. It is likely that it will also increase in Sweden. Such a development could lead to periods of very high power production. In order to keep the stability of the electric grid, curtailment is the most common feed-in management method. This study examines how Power-to-Heat can utilize this surplus power in Swedish district heating systems instead of using curtailments and thereby facilitate the development of installed variable renewable energy sources. During this study a model was developed in MatLab where the capacity utilization was simulated for Power-to-Heat. The study indicates that the capacity utilization varies from 1,1–4,2 TWh electricity. In this scenario a share of the base load is substituted with new installed wind and solar power; 50 TWh respectively 10 TWh. The parameter that showed greatest sensitivity for the analysis were how the net power profile was simulated.

Arbetet Tillämpning av batterilager som energitjänsten lastutjämnare är en litteraturstudie och en kvantitativ studie. I studien har driftkarakteristiken år 2015 hos en matvarubutik legat till grunden. Arbetet har syftat i att besvara frågan kring ett batterilagers lämplighet som agerade för lastutjämning. För att ta reda på det har batterilagersegenskaper kartlagts och dimensionering gjorts utifrån två olika driftfall. En ekonomisk besparingspotential har även beräknats utifrån de bägge driftfallen. Driftfallen har valts att kallas teknisk dimensionering och ekonomisk dimensionering. De tekniska dimensionerade lagerna har en lager storlek om 617 kWh och 555kWh vilket motsvarar 7,1% respektive 5,8% av den dagliga energianvändningen. För de ekonomiskt dimensionerade lagerna har en lager storlek om 597 kWh och 233kWh vilket motsvarar 6,8% respektive 2,8% av den dagliga energianvändningen. Den ekonomiska besparingspotentialen blir som störst för en blandad körning av de bägge driftfallen. Trotts att besparingspotentialen är uppskattade under ideala förhållanden med varken förluster eller degraderad prestanda lönar det inte sig att investera i ett batterilager för att enbart utföra tjänsten effektutjämning idag. Investering i ett batterilager för effektutjämning har potential att bli lönsam först när den kan tillgodose fler energitjänster eller när alternativkostnaden är förhöjd. / This thesis, is a study of battery energy storage and its use as energy source and smoothening of power fluctuation. Studies have been made as a systematic review and a quantitative study. The study has consisted of analysing the power characteristic from a supermarket in the city of Varberg during year 2015. The object has been to evaluate the energy storage and the power smoothing qualities. Therefore the battery energy storages characteristics have been evaluated in this systematic review. For the quantitative study, calculations of the energy storage sizes were made for two separate operation modes. The two different operation modes were named technical dimensioning and economic dimensioning. The function of the technical dimensioning was to smooth the power outlet from the grid, while the function of the economic dimensioning was to enable the supermarket to buy more energy during low-price hours. Based on monthly power characteristics, each dimensioning gave as a result two energy storage possibilities, one in medium and one in small size. The technical dimensioning resulted in battery energy storage of the sizes 617 kWh and 555kWh which is comparable to 7,1% and 5,8% of the daily energy usage of the supermarket. The economic dimensioning resulted in battery energy storage of the sizes 597 kWh and 233kWh which is comparable to 6,8% and 2,8% of the daily energy usage of the supermarket. For optimizing the economic savings, a variation of technical and economic operation mode are needed, depending on calculated power usage through the day and elspot prices. The study shows that a battery storage is difficult to finance. The calculated economic savings were estimated during ideal conditions and without power loss or loss in performance. As a conclusion from this study a battery storage may have a good payback if there are several energy services to be filled.