O ruído acústico produzido pelos transformadores elétricos de potência, instalados em áreas urbanas, gera problemas ambientais e desconforto na população vizinha. Neste trabalho propõe-se desenvolver uma metodologia de projeto para reduzir o ruído dos transformadores com o objetivo de atingir níveis de ruído que a legislação ambiental exige. Um transformador elétrico de potência contém um núcleo, no qual encontram-se as bobinas, dentro de um tanque, ao ativar-se o núcleo e a bobina produz ruído e vibração em todos os componentes do transformador. Para diminuir a vibração e o ruído propõe-se o uso de Absorvedores Dinâmicos (AD) fixados nas paredes do tanque, e amortecedores automotivos ligados à base do tanque. Com os amortecedores procura-se atenuar os deslocamentos da base do tanque impostos pelo núcleo. Este procedimento, isoladamente, diminui a vibração da base do tanque e das paredes do tanque. Adicionalmente, utilizando absorvedores dinâmicos de vibração, projetados e alocados de acordo com resultados de simulações numéricas, é possível reduzir a amplitude de vibração das paredes do tanque. A redução de amplitude de vibração das paredes do tanque leva necessariamente a uma redução do ruído acústico, pois o ruído acústico decorre do acoplamento da vibração das paredes com o ar vizinho. Dados de deslocamento das paredes em condições operacionais, Operational Defection Shape (ODS), foram utilizados para determinar regiões de maior vibração e regiões para alocação dos absorvedores dinâmicos. Os modelos de elementos finitos do tanque, dos absorvedores dinâmicos e o carregamento operacional permitem estimar a redução de ruído e o número e a posição dos absorvedores dinâmicos. / The acoustic noise produced by electric power transformers, installed in urban areas, generates environmental problems and discomfort for the citizens of the neighborhood. The present work proposes a design methodology of devices to reduce the acoustic noise to levels legally accepted. An electric power transformer has a core, where the coils are assembled, inside a tank to active the core and coils make sound and vibration in all transformer component. To reduce vibration and noise it is evaluate the use of Dynamic Absorbers (DA), attached to the walls of the tank, and automotive dampers, attached to the base of the tank. The shock absorbers are intended to attenuate the displacements of the base of the tank imposed by the core of the transformer. This procedure, alone, reduces the vibration amplitude of the base and of the walls of the tank. Additionally, using vibration dynamic absorbers, designed and allocated according to numerical simulations, it is possible to reduce the amplitude of vibration on the walls of the tank. The reduction of the vibration amplitude necessarily leads to a reduction of the acoustic noise, since the acoustic noise is generated through the coupling of the structural vibration and the air in the near field. Operational displacement data, from an Operational Defection Shape (ODS) analysis, were used to determine regions of vibration higher and regions to location of dynamic absorber. Finite elements models of the tank and of the dynamic absorbers and the operational loading allow the estimation of noise reduction and of the number and position of the dynamic absorbers.

As in all other electrical equipments it is essential to estimate the temperature distribution in transformer components in the design stage and during the operation since temperatures above thermal limits of these components might seriously damage them. Thermal models are used to predict this vital information prior to actual operations. In this study, a three dimensional model based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) is proposed to estimate the temperature distribution in the three phase, SF6 gas insulated-cooled power transformer. This model can predict the temperature distribution at the specific discredited locations in the transformer successfully.

As in all other electrical equipments it is essential to estimate the temperature distribution in transformer components in the design stage and during the operation since temperatures above thermal limits of these components might seriously damage them. Thermal models are used to predict this vital information prior to actual operations. In this study, a three dimensional model based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) is proposed to estimate the temperature distribution in the three phase, SF6 gas insulated-cooled power transformer. This model can predict the temperature distribution at the specific discredited locations in the transformer successfully.

A power transformer is one of the most important and expensive components in any power system. Power transformers can be exposed to a wide variety of abnormal conditions and faults. Internal turn-to-turn faults are the most difficult types of faults to detect within the power transformer. The IEEE Standards documents have revealed that there is no one standard way to protect all power transformers against minor internal faults such as turn-to-turn faults and at the same time to satisfy basic protection requirements: sensitivity, selectivity, and speed.<p> This thesis presents a new, simple and efficient protection technique which is based on negative sequence currents. Using this protection technique, it is possible to detect minor internal turn-to-turn faults in power transformers. Also, it can differentiate between internal and external faults. The discrimination is achieved by comparing the phase shift between two phasors of total negative sequence current. The new protection technique is being studied via an extensive simulation study using PSCAD®/EMTDC 1 software in a three-phase power system and is also being compared with a traditional differential algorithm.<p> Relay performance under different numbers of shorted turns of the power transformer, different connections of the transformer, different values of the fault resistances, and different values of the system parameters was investigated. The results indicate that the new technique can provide a fast and sensitive approach for identifying minor internal turn-to-turn faults in power transformers.

A power transformer is one of the most important and expensive components in any power system. Power transformers can be exposed to a wide variety of abnormal conditions and faults. Internal turn-to-turn faults are the most difficult types of faults to detect within the power transformer. The IEEE Standards documents have revealed that there is no one standard way to protect all power transformers against minor internal faults such as turn-to-turn faults and at the same time to satisfy basic protection requirements: sensitivity, selectivity, and speed.<p> This thesis presents a new, simple and efficient protection technique which is based on negative sequence currents. Using this protection technique, it is possible to detect minor internal turn-to-turn faults in power transformers. Also, it can differentiate between internal and external faults. The discrimination is achieved by comparing the phase shift between two phasors of total negative sequence current. The new protection technique is being studied via an extensive simulation study using PSCAD®/EMTDC 1 software in a three-phase power system and is also being compared with a traditional differential algorithm.<p> Relay performance under different numbers of shorted turns of the power transformer, different connections of the transformer, different values of the fault resistances, and different values of the system parameters was investigated. The results indicate that the new technique can provide a fast and sensitive approach for identifying minor internal turn-to-turn faults in power transformers.

In this thesis, the effects of Harmonics on the Top Oil and Hot Spot Temperatures of Power Transformers used in Turkish Electricity Transmission System have been investigated. Due to the solid state equipment, the harmonic levels increase. This effect raises the losses and temperatures in the transformer windings. None of the power transformers currently used in Turkey has measuring equipment suitable for measuring the Hot-Spot temperatures. In this study, a computer program is written in LABVIEW which measures the harmonics and calculates the temperatures in accordance with the methods recommended in IEEE Standards C57.110-1998 and C57.91-1995. Also for sample transformers the work has been verified by measuring the Top-Oil temperatures of the transformers and then comparing with the calculated results.

Increased pressure on high voltage power distribution components has been created in recent years by a demand to lower costs and extend equipment lifetimes. This has led to a need for condition based maintenance, which requires a continuous knowledge of equipment health. Power transformers are a vital component in a power distribution network. However, there are currently no established techniques to accurately monitor and diagnose faults in real-time while the transformer is on-line. A major factor in the degradation of power transformer insulation is partial discharging. Left unattended, partial discharges (PDs) will eventually cause complete insulation failure. PDs generate a variety of signals, including electrical pulses that travel through the windings of the transformer to the terminals. A difficulty with detecting these pulses in an on-line environment is that they can be masked by external electrical interference. This thesis develops a method for identifying PD pulses and determining the number of PD sources while the transformer is on-line and subject to external interference. The partial discharge detection system (PDDS) acquires electrical signals with current and voltage transducers that are placed on the transformer bushings, making it unnecessary to disconnect or open the transformer. These signals are filtered to prevent aliasing and to attenuate the power frequency, and then digitised and analysed in Matlab, a numerical processing software package. Arbitrary narrowband interference is removed with an automated Fourier domain threshold filter. Internal PD pulses are separated from stochastic wideband pulse interference using directional coupling, which is a technique that simultaneously analyses the current and voltage signals from a bushing. To improve performance of this stage, the continuous wavelet transform is used to discriminate time and frequency information. This provides the additional advantage of preserving the waveshapes of the PD pulses for later analysis. PD pulses originating within the transformer have their waveshapes distorted when travelling though the windings. The differentiation of waveshape distortion of pulses from multiple physical sources is used as an input to a neural network to group pulses from the same source. This allows phase resolved PD analysis to be presented for each PD source, for instance, as phase/magnitude/count plots. The neural network requires no prior knowledge of the transformer or pulse waveshapes. The thesis begins with a review of current techniques and trends for power transformer monitoring and diagnosis. The description of transducers and filters is followed by an explanation of each of the signal processing steps. Two transformers were used to conduct testing of the PDDS. The first transformer was opened and modified so that internal PDs could be simulated by injecting artificial pulses. Two test scenarios were created and the performance of the PDDS was recorded. The PDDS identified and extracted a high rate of simulated PDs and correctly allocated the pulses into PD source groups. A second identically constructed transformer was energised and analysed for any natural PDs while external interference was present. It was found to have a significant natural PD source.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-05-30T13:23:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4122631 bytes, checksum: 3dbd65166aa3a3cad90e903290833e6a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T13:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4122631 bytes, checksum: 3dbd65166aa3a3cad90e903290833e6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The consumption of electricity in our social environment such as in houses, apartments, business, industries, hospitals, it’s achieved thanks to an equipment that makes the levels of tension and electric current acceptable as demanded by the standards, so we can benefit from electricity in a safe and efficient way, these equipment are the power transformers. Due your relevance, techniques that retard or avoid the failures in these equipment, aiming a better availability and a smaller number of maintenance stops, are the theme of several researchers and studies centers. A very common failure in medium and large transformers that are used in transmission and distribution of power, is the degradation of the insulating function of transformer's core that it is caused mainly by the adverse gradient of temperature that circulates in the core through the insulating oil. The present work analyzes the efficiency of a transformer's cooling auxiliary system, that aims dissipate the heat absorbed by the oil in a quick and efficient way, decreasing the degradation of the insulating function and increasing its lifespan. The system consist of water spray nozzles, that it will be installed in the transformer’s radiator, in front of the fans, in the same direction of the air flow. The water spraying in the air flow, will cause a temperature decrease and a humidity increase, due to a phenomenon known as evaporative cooling, where heat from the air makes the small drops of water evaporate quickly. It will be analyzed the water flow rate in the spraying, the amount and placement of the water spray nozzles through the radiator and the air flow of the fans. So the system has thermal and energetic efficiency. Will be used a control system that includes a variable-frequency drive (VFD), temperature sensors and a data acquisition board (DAQ), all monitored through LabVIEW. / O consumo de energia elétrica no nosso convívio social como, casas, apartamentos, comércio, indústria, hospitais, é conseguido graças a um equipamento que torna os níveis de tensão e corrente elétrica em valores aceitáveis exigidos por norma, para que possamos usufruir da energia elétrica de maneira segura e eficiente, esses equipamentos são os transformadores de força ou de potência. Visto sua importância, técnicas que retardam ou evitem falhas nesse equipamento, visando a maior disponibilidade e com isso menos paradas para manutenção, são tema de estudo de diversos pesquisadores e centros de ensino. Uma falha bastante comum em transformadores de médio a grande porte que são utilizados na transmissão e distribuição de energia, é a degradação do papel isolante do núcleo do transformador, que é causada principalmente pelo gradiente adverso de temperatura que circula no núcleo através do óleo isolante. Logo o presente trabalho analisa a eficiência de um sistema auxiliar de arrefecimento do transformador, que visa dissipar o calor absorvido pelo óleo de maneira rápida e eficiente, diminuindo a degradação do papel isolante e aumentando sua vida útil. O sistema será composto por bicos pulverizadores de água, que serão instalados nos radiadores do transformador, em frente aos ventiladores, no mesmo sentido do fluxo de ar. A pulverização de água nesse fluxo de ar, irá causar uma diminuição da temperatura e um aumento de umidade, isso devido a um fenômeno conhecido como resfriamento evaporativo, onde as pequenas gotas de água recebem o calor do ar e se evaporam rapidamente. Será analisado a vazão de água na pulverização, a quantidade e o posicionamento dos bicos ao longo do radiador e o fluxo de ar dos ventiladores, para que o sistema tenha eficiência térmica e energética. Será utilizado um sistema de controle composto por inversores de frequência, sensores de temperatura e placa de aquisição de dados, que serão monitorados pelo LabView.

No description available.

Investment decisions on electric power networks have developed to balance network functionality and cost efficiency by analyzing the main risks associated with network operation. Ageing infrastructures, like large power transformers in particular, aggravate the stress of management, because the failure of a power transformer could cause power supply interruption, network reliability reduction, large economic losses and also environment impacts. Transformer asset management is therefore aimed to develop a cost-efficient replacement strategy to get the most usage of transformers. The main objective of this thesis is to understand how UK National Grid transformer assets failure trend can be used, as the engineering evidence to help make financial decisions related to transformer replacements. The studies in this thesis are implemented via two main approaches. First statistical analyses methods are undertaken. This approach is realized to be non-optimal, because the transformer failure mechanism at the normal operation stage is different from that when transformers are aged. Secondly, the transformer physical ageing model is used to estimate thermal lifetimes under the ageing failure mechanism. In conjunction with the random hazard rate obtained by statistical analyses, the actual National Grid transformer population failure hazard with service age is derived. Statistical analyses are carried out based on the ages of National Grid failed and in-service transformers. Transformer lifetime data are fitted into various distribution models by the least square estimator (LSE) and maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). Statistics are however powerless to suggest the population future failure trend due to their intrinsic limitations. National Grid operational experience actually indicates a stable and low value of the random failure hazard rate during the transformer early operation ages. The engineering knowledge however suggests an ageing failure mechanism exists which corresponds to an increasing hazard in the future. Transformer lifetime under ageing failure mechanism is conservatively indicated by its thermal end-of-life corresponding to a specific level of insulation paper mechanical strength. By analyzing National Grid scrapped transformers’ lowest degree of polymerization (DP), these transformers are estimated to have deteriorated at different rates and their thermal lifetimes distribute over a wide age range. The limited number of scrapped transformers cannot adequately indicate the ageing status of the whole population. A transformer’s thermal lifetime is determined by its loading condition, thermal design characteristics and installation site ambient temperature. However, these input data are usually incomplete for an individual transformer.A simplified approach is developed to predict the National Grid in-service transformer’s thermal lifetime by using information from scrapped transformers. The in-service transformer population thermal hazard curve under ageing failure mechanism can thus be obtained.Due to the independent effect from transformer random failure mechanism and ageing failure mechanism, the National Grid transformer population actual failure hazard curve with age is therefore derived as the superposition of the random failure hazard and the thermal hazard. Transformer asset managers are concerned about the knee point age, since aged transformer assets threaten network reliability and the transformer replacement strategy needs to be implemented effectively.