Power transformers play an important role in electric networks. Copper windings wrapped in kraft paper and immersed in a tank of mineral oil are their main composition. Oil-impregnated paper is a very common insulator in power transforms, due to its durability and endurance. Kraft paper, a wood-based fiber from cellulose, can gradually degrade due to the ambient effects such as high-voltage electric field, temperature, and moisture in the normal working condition of transformers. Aged paper is more prone to experience electric breakdown which finally results in transformer failures. It is essential to monitor paper insulation condition. Conventional methods for evaluating kraft paper are mainly based on chemical analyses which require sampling of the surrounding oil and are usually time-consuming and expensive. Investigation on and classification of aged kraft paper with four different levels of thermal ageing using a potentially fast, simple, and inexpensive optical setup based on optical speckle is the main subject of this thesis. Speckle interference patterns from a laser diode source have been captured by a CCD camera. Classification based on textural features shows very good discrimination between ageing classes making this technique promising for industrial applications.

The objective of this study is to show the analysis and behavior of symmetrical components and balanced faults in power transformers. Thus, the symmetric component methods solve directly the distribution of voltages and currents, allowing the correct verification of the procedure and the influence of earth circuit faults with the neutral point in distribution transformers. Therefore, the symmetric component analysis procedure has an innovative contribution to the determination of problem solving that solves practical cases and allows to determine the unbalanced failure analysis. / Revisión por pares

<p>This research presents the results of numerical study of heat transfer and pressure drop in a heat exchanger that is designed with different shape pin fins. The heat exchanger used for this research consists of a rectangular duct fitted with different shape pin fins, and is heated from the lower plate. The pin shape and the compact heat exchanger (CHE) configuration were numerically studied to maximize the heat transfer and minimize the pressure drop across the heat exchanger. A three dimensional finite volume based numerical model using FLUENT© was used to analyze the heat transfer characteristics of various pin fin heat exchangers. The simulation applied to estimate the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop for a wide range of Reynolds numbers with different pin fins. Circular pin configuration variations included changes in pin spacing, axial pitch and pin height ratio. Rectangular and drop-shaped pin variations also included changes in length and aspect ratio. Correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor were developed. The optimum drop shaped pin array was shown to match the heat transfer rates obtained by the optimum circular pin configuration while incurring less than one third the specific fluid friction power losses. The data and conclusions of this study can be applied to the optimization of different heat exchangers which are used in industry, especially oil cooler in power transformers which are currently working with low cooling efficiency. It can also be used in the design of electronic components, turbine blade cooling or in other high heat flux dissipation applications requiring a low-profile, high area-density based micro-heat exchanger design. This study also shows that numerical models backed with experimental analysis can reduce both the time and money required to create and evaluate engineering concepts, especially those that deal with fluid flow and heat transfer. In the following chapters, first the problems which are encountered by power transformer suppliers are described. Then pin fin technology is studied with more details as a novel solution to the oil cooling problem. Some studies on behavior of power transformer coolers are also conducted to make their problems more clear. Available experimental data in the Iran Transfo company have been used for validation of these studies. They are presented as separated papers at the end of thesis. Finally the results of pin fin studies are presented and horizontal continuous casting (HCC) is explained as a manufacturing method for pin fins production. A separate paper which is based on experimental study on HCC is also included at the end of thesis.</p> / <p>Forskningen presenterad är ett resultat av en numerisk studie av värmeöverföring och tryckfall i en värmeväxlare designad med olika former av Kylflänsar. Värmeväxlaren består av ett rektangulärt kanal utrustat med olika former av Kylflänsar och är uppvärmd underifrån. Kylflänsar forma och den kompakta värmeväxlarens utformning är studerade numeriskt för att maximera värmeöverföringen och minimera tryckfallet över värmeväxlaren.En tredimensionell finit volym baserad på en numerisk modell i FLUENT© användes för att analysera värmeöverföringsegenskaper för olika Kylflänsar konfigurationer. Genom simuleringar uppskattades värmegenomgångstalet och tryckfallet för olika Reynolds tal och Kylflänsar konfigureringar. Cirkulära Kylflänsar konfigurationer inkluderar variation av avstånd mellan Kylflänsar, och förhållandet mellan axiellt avstånd och höjd. Rektangulära och droppformade Kylflänsar inkluderade även variation för längd och aspekt förhållande. Korrelation mellan Nusselts tal och friktionsfaktor utvecklades. Optimal matris för hur droppformade Kylflänsar placerades visades överensstämma med optimal överföring för cirkulära Kylflänsar men bara med en tredjedel av friktionsförlusterna för fluiden. Data och slutsatser från studien kan användas inom för optimering av värmeväxlare använda i industrin, speciellt oljekylda högspänningstransformatorer som har låg effektivitet i kylningen. Resultaten kan även användas inom design av elektronikkomponenter, kylning av turbinblad eller andra komponenter med högt värmeflöde där låg profil, och stor ytdensitet behövs. Studien visar att kombinationen av numeriska modeller som valideras genom experiment kan reducera både tid och kostnad vid utveckling och utvärdering av ingenjörsverktyg, speciellt inom fluidmekanik och värmeöverföring. I följande kapitel beskrivs först problem som identifierats av tillverkare av högspänningstransformatorer. Kylflänsar studeras i detalj som en ny lösning till de identifierade problemen med oljekylning. Några studier har genomförts för att ytterligare belysa problemen kring högspänningstransformatorers kylning. Tillgängliga data från Iran Transfo company har använts för validering av resultat från studierna. Studierna presenteras som separata artiklar i slutet av avhandlingen. Avslutningsvis presenteras resultat från studierna av Kylflänsar och en horisontell kontinuerlig gjutprocess (HCC) för tillverkning av Kylflänsar. HCC-studien presenteras som en separat artikel inkluderad sist i avhandlingen.</p>

This research presents the results of numerical study of heat transfer and pressure drop in a heat exchanger that is designed with different shape pin fins. The heat exchanger used for this research consists of a rectangular duct fitted with different shape pin fins, and is heated from the lower plate. The pin shape and the compact heat exchanger (CHE) configuration were numerically studied to maximize the heat transfer and minimize the pressure drop across the heat exchanger. A three dimensional finite volume based numerical model using FLUENT© was used to analyze the heat transfer characteristics of various pin fin heat exchangers. The simulation applied to estimate the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop for a wide range of Reynolds numbers with different pin fins. Circular pin configuration variations included changes in pin spacing, axial pitch and pin height ratio. Rectangular and drop-shaped pin variations also included changes in length and aspect ratio. Correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor were developed. The optimum drop shaped pin array was shown to match the heat transfer rates obtained by the optimum circular pin configuration while incurring less than one third the specific fluid friction power losses. The data and conclusions of this study can be applied to the optimization of different heat exchangers which are used in industry, especially oil cooler in power transformers which are currently working with low cooling efficiency. It can also be used in the design of electronic components, turbine blade cooling or in other high heat flux dissipation applications requiring a low-profile, high area-density based micro-heat exchanger design. This study also shows that numerical models backed with experimental analysis can reduce both the time and money required to create and evaluate engineering concepts, especially those that deal with fluid flow and heat transfer. In the following chapters, first the problems which are encountered by power transformer suppliers are described. Then pin fin technology is studied with more details as a novel solution to the oil cooling problem. Some studies on behavior of power transformer coolers are also conducted to make their problems more clear. Available experimental data in the Iran Transfo company have been used for validation of these studies. They are presented as separated papers at the end of thesis. Finally the results of pin fin studies are presented and horizontal continuous casting (HCC) is explained as a manufacturing method for pin fins production. A separate paper which is based on experimental study on HCC is also included at the end of thesis. / Forskningen presenterad är ett resultat av en numerisk studie av värmeöverföring och tryckfall i en värmeväxlare designad med olika former av Kylflänsar. Värmeväxlaren består av ett rektangulärt kanal utrustat med olika former av Kylflänsar och är uppvärmd underifrån. Kylflänsar forma och den kompakta värmeväxlarens utformning är studerade numeriskt för att maximera värmeöverföringen och minimera tryckfallet över värmeväxlaren.En tredimensionell finit volym baserad på en numerisk modell i FLUENT© användes för att analysera värmeöverföringsegenskaper för olika Kylflänsar konfigurationer. Genom simuleringar uppskattades värmegenomgångstalet och tryckfallet för olika Reynolds tal och Kylflänsar konfigureringar. Cirkulära Kylflänsar konfigurationer inkluderar variation av avstånd mellan Kylflänsar, och förhållandet mellan axiellt avstånd och höjd. Rektangulära och droppformade Kylflänsar inkluderade även variation för längd och aspekt förhållande. Korrelation mellan Nusselts tal och friktionsfaktor utvecklades. Optimal matris för hur droppformade Kylflänsar placerades visades överensstämma med optimal överföring för cirkulära Kylflänsar men bara med en tredjedel av friktionsförlusterna för fluiden. Data och slutsatser från studien kan användas inom för optimering av värmeväxlare använda i industrin, speciellt oljekylda högspänningstransformatorer som har låg effektivitet i kylningen. Resultaten kan även användas inom design av elektronikkomponenter, kylning av turbinblad eller andra komponenter med högt värmeflöde där låg profil, och stor ytdensitet behövs. Studien visar att kombinationen av numeriska modeller som valideras genom experiment kan reducera både tid och kostnad vid utveckling och utvärdering av ingenjörsverktyg, speciellt inom fluidmekanik och värmeöverföring. I följande kapitel beskrivs först problem som identifierats av tillverkare av högspänningstransformatorer. Kylflänsar studeras i detalj som en ny lösning till de identifierade problemen med oljekylning. Några studier har genomförts för att ytterligare belysa problemen kring högspänningstransformatorers kylning. Tillgängliga data från Iran Transfo company har använts för validering av resultat från studierna. Studierna presenteras som separata artiklar i slutet av avhandlingen. Avslutningsvis presenteras resultat från studierna av Kylflänsar och en horisontell kontinuerlig gjutprocess (HCC) för tillverkning av Kylflänsar. HCC-studien presenteras som en separat artikel inkluderad sist i avhandlingen.

就全世界來看，大型電力變壓器仍是個高度成長的產業，由於其資金以及技術門檻均高，台灣有能力製造大型變壓器的廠商僅4家，但是又因台灣市場規模過小，無法支撐該產業的成長，故廠商紛紛有了必須至海外開拓市場的壓力。而由於大型電力變壓器的特殊性，相關研究較少，故本研究主要針對那些因素影響大型電力變壓器廠商在地主國經營進行研究，同時希望提供給業者相關建議。在研究中，主要針對內、外部的影響因素來進行個案的探討。內部方面，透過文獻探討，本研究選擇了母公司策略、母公司資源，以及母公司管控三個要素來觀察；外部方面則是針對地主國市場特性的研究。觀察個案公司在內、外部的眾多因素影響之下，其子公司的策略構想、組織架構與運作流程，以及行銷組合上有何異同，並進一步觀察並比較其績效的良窳。 研究發現，母公司的策略是向海外發展子公司的主要因素，而子公司的策略構想則會受到當地市場機會的影響；在子公司的管控方面，為了便於整合與管控，子公司主要的組織設計以及流程會依循母公司的管理架構，但是又由於市場特殊性的不同，當有需要不同的在地人才或是其他資源時，則會進行微調，而此時母公司也會依照子公司的需求以及自身的資源狀況提供所需的資源；而在子公司的行銷組合方面，則是主要受到當地市場特性所影響。

Orientador: Flavio Alessandro Serrão Gonçalves / Resumo: A estimação do tempo de vida útil de um transformador de potência pode viabilizar a melhoria do uso do ativo, bem como do planejamento quanto a sua confiabilidade frente ao seu impacto no sistema elétrico de potência por falhas. Neste contexto este trabalho realiza uma análise das principais metodologias de avaliação para ciclos de vida útil de transformadores de potência. As análises utilizam dados de medição de grandezas elétricas, medições de temperatura, além das quantificações dos elementos químicos e físicos presentes nos isolantes líquidos dos transformadores. O desenvolvimento concentra-se no estudo e reprodução de 2 metodologias, a primeira embasada na avaliação de um indexador de saúde dos transformadores e uma segunda metodologia que utiliza uma análise combinatória de indexador de saúde com posterior tratamento estatístico, para as reproduções das metodologias foram utilizados dados de operação, manutenções preventivas e corretivas referentes ao parque instalado de 290 transformadores em operação, com potências nominais entre 12,5 MVA e 50 MVA e com tensões em seu enrolamento de alta tensão de 69 kV e 138 kV, de uma distribuidora de energia. Posteriormente à reprodução dos modelos de forma massiva, foram avaliadas as suas respostas quanto aos dados e realizadas análises críticas do desempenho das máquinas frente as metodologias utilizadas. / The estimation of the useful life of a power transformer can enable the improvement of the asset’s use, as well as the planning of its reliability in relation to its impact on the power system due to fails. In this context this work performs an analysis of the main evaluation methodologies for power transformer life cycles. The analysis uses electrical measurement data, temperature measurements, as well as quantification of chemical and physical elements present in the liquid insulation of the transformers. The development focuses on the study and reproduction of two methodologies, the first one based on the evaluation of a health index of the transformers a second methodology that uses a combinatorial analysis of health index subsequent reprocessing of the methodologies, operation data, preventive and corrective maintenance were used for 290 installed transformers, with rated power between 12.5 MVA and 50 MVA and with voltages in its high voltage winding of 69 kV and 138 kV from an energy distributor. After the application of the models in a massive way, their answers results were evaluated and critical analysis of the performance of the machines were carried out against the methodologies used. / Mestre

On-load tap-changers (OLTC) are devices in the power grid that keeps the voltage level constant for consumers, regardless of the power demand. Hitachi ABB Power Grids, producer of the OLTC family named VUC, guarantees 30 years of lifetime. Such a pledge requires high standard devices. This thesis has analyzed data from routine tests of switching times in the diverter switch of OLTC’s, performed before devices were put in service. The correlation of part switching times for all units leaving the factory during the past year was evaluated by calculating Pearson’s correlation coefficient. A linear trend was fitted to the data, realizing that the prediction errors, as well as the part switching times, were Gaussian distributed. The time while the resistor vacuum interrupter was open could be predicted within the interval of approximately 2ms with 2 standard deviations accuracy. To classify time series from the routine test as expected or unexpected, a model-based algorithm was implemented. The average switching time for all consecutive switches was used to define expected series. A moving average was implemented to neglect outliers and remove oscillating patterns. The majority of all data was classified as expected time series. The ones who did not, still preserved a good correlation between the part switching times. Examining the relationship between part switching times could be a valuable perspective in further classification of expected time series. The possibility of incorporating measurement of part switching times on OLTC’s in normal operation, to use the knowledge gained by this thesis, was investigated. Position sensors were mounted to measure the position of the lifting yokes, opening and closing the vacuum interrupters. The time while the vacuum interrupter contacts were open could be estimated with better accuracy than the position sensor provided. Unfortunately, those sensors cannot be utilized in normal operation. If other possibilities could be found, perhaps a laser position sensor, the implemented algorithm would be valuable.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17885号 / 工博第3794号 / 新制||工||1580(附属図書館) / 30705 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科航空宇宙工学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤本 健治, 教授 泉田 啓, 教授 椹木 哲夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

For the purpose of developing a new highly-sensitive and reliable fiber optical acoustic sensor capable of real-time on-line detection of acoustic emissions in power transformers, this dissertation presents the comprehensive research work on the theory, modeling, design, instrumentation, noise analysis, and performance evaluation of a diaphragm-based optical fiber acoustic (DOFIA) sensor system. The optical interference theory and the diaphragm dynamic vibration analysis form the two foundation stones of the diaphragm-based optical fiber interferomtric acoustic (DOFIA) sensor. Combining these two principles, the pressure sensitivity and frequency response of the acoustic sensor system is analyzed quantitatively, which provides guidance for the practical design for the DOFIA sensor probe and system. To meet all the technical requirements for partial discharge detection, semiconductor process technologies are applied, for the first time to our knowledge, in fabricating the micro-caved diaphragm (MCD) used for the DOFIA sensor probe. The novel controlled thermal bonding method was proposed, designed, and developed to fabricate high performance DOFIA sensor probes with excellent mechanical strength and temperature stability. In addition, the signal processing unit is designed and implemented with high gain, wide band response, and ultra low noise. A systematic noise analysis is also presented to provide a better understanding of the performance limitations of the DOFIA sensor system. Based on the system noise analysis results, optimization measures are proposed to improve the system performance. Extensive experiments, including the field testing in a power transformer, have also been conducted to systematically evaluate the performance of the instrumentation systems and the sensor probes. These results clearly demonstrated the feasibility of the developed DOFIA sensor for the detection of partial discharges inside electrical power transformers, with unique advantages of non-electrically conducting, high sensitivity, high frequency response, and immunity to the electro-magnetic interference (EMI). / Ph. D.

O ruído acústico produzido pelos transformadores elétricos de potência, instalados em áreas urbanas, gera problemas ambientais e desconforto na população vizinha. Neste trabalho propõe-se desenvolver uma metodologia de projeto para reduzir o ruído dos transformadores com o objetivo de atingir níveis de ruído que a legislação ambiental exige. Um transformador elétrico de potência contém um núcleo, no qual encontram-se as bobinas, dentro de um tanque, ao ativar-se o núcleo e a bobina produz ruído e vibração em todos os componentes do transformador. Para diminuir a vibração e o ruído propõe-se o uso de Absorvedores Dinâmicos (AD) fixados nas paredes do tanque, e amortecedores automotivos ligados à base do tanque. Com os amortecedores procura-se atenuar os deslocamentos da base do tanque impostos pelo núcleo. Este procedimento, isoladamente, diminui a vibração da base do tanque e das paredes do tanque. Adicionalmente, utilizando absorvedores dinâmicos de vibração, projetados e alocados de acordo com resultados de simulações numéricas, é possível reduzir a amplitude de vibração das paredes do tanque. A redução de amplitude de vibração das paredes do tanque leva necessariamente a uma redução do ruído acústico, pois o ruído acústico decorre do acoplamento da vibração das paredes com o ar vizinho. Dados de deslocamento das paredes em condições operacionais, Operational Defection Shape (ODS), foram utilizados para determinar regiões de maior vibração e regiões para alocação dos absorvedores dinâmicos. Os modelos de elementos finitos do tanque, dos absorvedores dinâmicos e o carregamento operacional permitem estimar a redução de ruído e o número e a posição dos absorvedores dinâmicos. / The acoustic noise produced by electric power transformers, installed in urban areas, generates environmental problems and discomfort for the citizens of the neighborhood. The present work proposes a design methodology of devices to reduce the acoustic noise to levels legally accepted. An electric power transformer has a core, where the coils are assembled, inside a tank to active the core and coils make sound and vibration in all transformer component. To reduce vibration and noise it is evaluate the use of Dynamic Absorbers (DA), attached to the walls of the tank, and automotive dampers, attached to the base of the tank. The shock absorbers are intended to attenuate the displacements of the base of the tank imposed by the core of the transformer. This procedure, alone, reduces the vibration amplitude of the base and of the walls of the tank. Additionally, using vibration dynamic absorbers, designed and allocated according to numerical simulations, it is possible to reduce the amplitude of vibration on the walls of the tank. The reduction of the vibration amplitude necessarily leads to a reduction of the acoustic noise, since the acoustic noise is generated through the coupling of the structural vibration and the air in the near field. Operational displacement data, from an Operational Defection Shape (ODS) analysis, were used to determine regions of vibration higher and regions to location of dynamic absorber. Finite elements models of the tank and of the dynamic absorbers and the operational loading allow the estimation of noise reduction and of the number and position of the dynamic absorbers.