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Handlingsutrymme : En kvalitativ studie - ur ett socialsekreterarperspektiv, gällande insatser för barn till föräldrar med psykisk sjukdomTodorovac, Elizabeth, Lennartsson, Annika January 2009 (has links)
<p>How does a social welfare officer know when a parent with mental illness or behavioral symptoms is harmful to the children? As a social you are confronted with different ethical dilemmas on a daily basis. The social welfare officers have to follow their own authorities, laws, guidelines and regulations while at the same time do everything to satisfy their clients’ needs. This inconsistency can sometimes be difficult to handle. The purpose of this study was to gain knowledge and a better understanding of how social welfare officers handles their elbow room in the field of actions to support the children of parents with mental illness. We have conducted a qualitative study where we interviewed six social welfare officers using the “vinjett” method. All social welfare officers included in the study are working with children of parents with mental illness. By using Michael Lipsky’s theory of Street-Level Bureaucrats we intended to get an understanding of how social welfare officers would act in specific situations. Our study shows that social welfare officers’ first contact is with the parents for a judgment of their capacity as parents. The results shows that the social welfare officers, who we interviewed, felt that they had a wide elbow room with resources to determine and shape different actions for the children of parents with mental illness but at the same time they experienced different barriers which may limit the alternatives in their decision-making. The majority of the social welfare officers in our study felt that they were aware of the power and control they possesses, which also are defined in Lipsky’s theory.</p>
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Integrated control of wind farms, facts devices and the power network using neural networks and adaptive critic designsQiao, Wei. January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Ronald G. Harley; Committee Member: David G. Taylor; Committee Member: Deepakraj M. Divan; Committee Member: Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy; Committee Member: Thomas G. Habetler. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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On-line, remote and automatic switching of consumers' connections for optimal performance of a distribution feeder.Popoola, Olawale. January 2008 (has links)
M. Tech. Electrical Engineering / Investigates the growing consensus that significant advantages can be achieved through the automation of distribution feeder switches In order to ensure quality and reliability of supply to single phase consumers by electrical utilities, a need arose to minimize unbalance. it is then postulated the unbalance due to uneven distribution of single-phase loads at the secondary side of the distribution network can be minimized using automatic and remote sensing technology.
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Accuracies of Optimal Transmission Switching Heuristics Based on Exact and Approximate Power Flow EquationsSoroush, Milad 22 May 2013 (has links)
Optimal transmission switching (OTS) enables us to remove selected transmission lines from service as a cost reduction method. A mixed integer programming (MIP) model has been proposed to solve the OTS problem based on the direct current optimal power flow (DCOPF) approximation. Previous studies indicated computational issues regarding the OTS problem and the need for a more accurate model. In order to resolve computational issues, especially in large real systems, the MIP model has been followed by some heuristics to find good, near optimal, solutions in a reasonable time. The line removal recommendations based on DCOPF approximations may result in poor choices to remove from service. We assess the quality of line removal recommendations that rely on DCOPF-based heuristics, by estimating actual cost reduction with the exact alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF) model, using the IEEE 118-bus test system. We also define an ACOPF-based line-ranking procedure and compare the quality of its recommendations to those of a previously published DCOPF-based procedure. For the 118-bus system, the DCOPF-based line ranking produces poor quality results, especially when demand and congestion are very high, while the ACOPF-based heuristic produces very good quality recommendations for line removals, at the expense of much longer computation times. There is a need for approximations to the ACOPF that are accurate enough to produce good results for OTS heuristics, but fast enough for practical use for OTS decisions.
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A methodology to enable wind farm automatic generation controlHan, Hai-Yue 03 January 2012 (has links)
Over the last decade the increase in penetration of wind power and its variable nature has begun to add considerable stress to and threatened the stability of the nation's grid. In order to continue growth wind farms will need to have the ability to participate in the same grid frequency regulation as traditional generating sources. The goal of this research is to explore the use of energy storage devices to provide wind farms with a method to regulate their power output and the grid frequency. Using energy storage, this research aims to allow wind farms to participate in automatic generation control (AGC). Software simulations were performed to design an advanced energy storage controller that will allow maximum participation in AGC. A comprehensive in-lab grid was constructed to produce experimental results for this work and was used to evaluate the performance of the advanced energy storage controller. The first stage of this research aims to use super-capacitors to balance rapid excursions in frequency and wind power output while the second stage of this research will preliminarily explore the use of a zinc-bromine flow cell battery for medium-scale, sustained excursions in frequency and wind power output. Results show that wind farms are capable of participation in AGC with the addition of an energy storage device, but the amount of participation is heavily reliant on the amount of energy storage available. / Graduation date: 2012
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Feeder reconfiguration scheme with integration of renewable energy sources using a Particle Swarm Optimisation methodNoudjiep Djiepkop, Giresse Franck January 2018 (has links)
Thesis (Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / A smart grid is an intelligent power delivery system integrating traditional and advanced control, monitoring, and protection systems for enhanced reliability, improved efficiency, and quality of supply. To achieve a smart grid, technical challenges such as voltage instability; power loss; and unscheduled power interruptions should be mitigated. Therefore, future smart grids will require intelligent solutions at transmission and distribution levels, and optimal placement & sizing of grid components for optimal steady state and dynamic operation of the power systems. At distribution levels, feeder reconfiguration and Distributed Generation (DG) can be used to improve the distribution network performance. Feeder reconfiguration consists of readjusting the topology of the primary distribution network by remote control of the tie and sectionalizing switches under normal and abnormal conditions. Its main applications include
service restoration after a power outage, load balancing by relieving overloads from some feeders to adjacent feeders, and power loss minimisation for better efficiency. On the other hand, the DG placement problem entails finding the optimal location and size of the DG for integration in a distribution network to boost the network performance. This research aims to develop Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms to solve the distribution network feeder reconfiguration and DG placement & sizing problems. Initially, the feeder reconfiguration problem is treated as a single-objective optimisation problem (real power loss minimisation) and then converted into a multi-objective optimisation problem (real power loss minimisation and load balancing). Similarly, the DG placement problem is treated as a single-objective
problem (real power loss minimisation) and then converted into a multi-objective optimisation problem (real power loss minimisation, voltage deviation minimisation, Voltage stability Index maximisation). The developed PSO algorithms are implemented and tested for the 16-bus, the 33-bus, and the 69-bus IEEE distribution systems. Additionally, a parallel computing method is developed to study the operation of a distribution network with a feeder reconfiguration scheme under dynamic loading conditions.
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Metodologia de projeto de controladores de amortecimento para posicionamento parcial de polos de modelos multimáquinas de sistemas de potênciaRossi, Carlos Henrique 10 August 2012 (has links)
Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia de projeto de controladores para o amortecimento de oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência em sistemas elétricos de potência. O problema de controle é estruturado na forma de desigualdades matriciais, as quais permitem a busca por uma solução numérica para o problema de controle. Os controladores de amortecimento baseados na realimentação dinâmica de saída, gerados por metodologias de projeto na forma de desigualdades matriciais, geralmente apresentam ordem elevada. Além disso, projetos considerando sistemas de potência de médio porte demandam elevado tempo computacional. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia de projeto capaz de gerar controladores de ordem reduzida. A metodologia proposta adota um índice de desempenho que possibilita a redução do tempo computacional demandado no projeto. O índice de desempenho adotado para o sistema em malha fechada é a energia do sinal de saída do sistema. Essa energia corresponde à integral do valor quadrático do sinal adotado como saída do sistema. A metodologia proposta permite especificar um índice de desempenho apenas para aos modos de resposta de interesse do sistema, contornando as limitações das metodologias baseadas em posicionamento regional de polos. A relação entre o valor da energia do sinal de saída do sistema e seu fator de amortecimento é estabelecida por meio de uma equação algébrica. Neste trabalho, a metodologia é aplicada na geração de controladores de amortecimento para geradores síncronos. Entretanto, o procedimento proposto é genérico o suficiente para ser aplicado a outros tipos de geradores (gerador de indução empregado em unidades eólicas, por exemplo), a dispositivos FACTS (do Inglês, Flexible AC Transmission System) assim como a outros tipos de sistemas dinâmicos. A metodologia gerou um controlador eficaz para um caso onde a formulação baseada no tradicional posicionamento regional de polos é incapaz de gerar um controlador que assegure uma boa margem de estabilidade para o modo de resposta de interesse. / This work proposes a methodology for the design of controller to damp low frequency electromechanical oscillations in power systems. The control problem is structured in the form of matrix inequalities, which allows obtaining a numerical solution for the control problem. The damping controllers based on dynamic output feedback, generated by design methodologies in the form of matrix inequalities, usually presents high order. In addition, the design of this controller, considering large power systems, usually requires excessive computational effort. In this context, this work proposes a methodology for the design of reduced order controllers. The proposed methodology employs a performance index that is less costly in terms of computational effort when compared to the one with the traditional regional pole placement. The adopted performance index for the closed loop system is the energy of the system output. This energy corresponds to the integral of the signal squared regarding the system output. The proposed methodology allows specifying a performance index only for the response modes of interest, overcoming the limitations of the methodologies based on regional pole placement. The relation between the energy value of the output signal of the system and its damping factor is established by means of an algebraic equation. In this paper, the methodology is applied to generate damping controller for synchronous generators. However, the proposed procedure is general enough to be applied to other kinds of power plants (wind generation, for example), to FACTS devices, as well as to other dynamic systems. The methodology has generated an effective controller for a case where the formulation based on the regional pole placement is unable to generate a controller which assures a good stability margin for the response mode of interest.
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Metodologia de projeto de controladores de amortecimento para posicionamento parcial de polos de modelos multimáquinas de sistemas de potênciaRossi, Carlos Henrique 10 August 2012 (has links)
Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia de projeto de controladores para o amortecimento de oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência em sistemas elétricos de potência. O problema de controle é estruturado na forma de desigualdades matriciais, as quais permitem a busca por uma solução numérica para o problema de controle. Os controladores de amortecimento baseados na realimentação dinâmica de saída, gerados por metodologias de projeto na forma de desigualdades matriciais, geralmente apresentam ordem elevada. Além disso, projetos considerando sistemas de potência de médio porte demandam elevado tempo computacional. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia de projeto capaz de gerar controladores de ordem reduzida. A metodologia proposta adota um índice de desempenho que possibilita a redução do tempo computacional demandado no projeto. O índice de desempenho adotado para o sistema em malha fechada é a energia do sinal de saída do sistema. Essa energia corresponde à integral do valor quadrático do sinal adotado como saída do sistema. A metodologia proposta permite especificar um índice de desempenho apenas para aos modos de resposta de interesse do sistema, contornando as limitações das metodologias baseadas em posicionamento regional de polos. A relação entre o valor da energia do sinal de saída do sistema e seu fator de amortecimento é estabelecida por meio de uma equação algébrica. Neste trabalho, a metodologia é aplicada na geração de controladores de amortecimento para geradores síncronos. Entretanto, o procedimento proposto é genérico o suficiente para ser aplicado a outros tipos de geradores (gerador de indução empregado em unidades eólicas, por exemplo), a dispositivos FACTS (do Inglês, Flexible AC Transmission System) assim como a outros tipos de sistemas dinâmicos. A metodologia gerou um controlador eficaz para um caso onde a formulação baseada no tradicional posicionamento regional de polos é incapaz de gerar um controlador que assegure uma boa margem de estabilidade para o modo de resposta de interesse. / This work proposes a methodology for the design of controller to damp low frequency electromechanical oscillations in power systems. The control problem is structured in the form of matrix inequalities, which allows obtaining a numerical solution for the control problem. The damping controllers based on dynamic output feedback, generated by design methodologies in the form of matrix inequalities, usually presents high order. In addition, the design of this controller, considering large power systems, usually requires excessive computational effort. In this context, this work proposes a methodology for the design of reduced order controllers. The proposed methodology employs a performance index that is less costly in terms of computational effort when compared to the one with the traditional regional pole placement. The adopted performance index for the closed loop system is the energy of the system output. This energy corresponds to the integral of the signal squared regarding the system output. The proposed methodology allows specifying a performance index only for the response modes of interest, overcoming the limitations of the methodologies based on regional pole placement. The relation between the energy value of the output signal of the system and its damping factor is established by means of an algebraic equation. In this paper, the methodology is applied to generate damping controller for synchronous generators. However, the proposed procedure is general enough to be applied to other kinds of power plants (wind generation, for example), to FACTS devices, as well as to other dynamic systems. The methodology has generated an effective controller for a case where the formulation based on the regional pole placement is unable to generate a controller which assures a good stability margin for the response mode of interest.
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Estudo para classificação de contingencias sob o aspecto da estabilidade de tensão / Contingency ranking for voltage stabilityDester, Mauricio 22 August 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Castro Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T06:07:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é propor um método que permita, de forma rápida e segura, estabelecer uma lista de contingências ordenada por severidade considerando a óptica da estabilidade de tensão. Em linhas gerais, o procedimento consiste em obter o
estado da rede após a simulação de uma determinada contingência e calcular o índice de
performance correspondente à mesma. Estes passos devem ser repetidos para todos os
ramos da rede. Ao final tem-se um índice associado a cada contingência. Para a obtenção
da lista ordenada por severidade, classificam-se as contingências considerando como fator de ordenação o valor do índice de performance calculado para cada uma delas. De posse desta lista, pode-se lançar mão de ferramentas que permitam uma análise mais detalhada para o grupo contingências com maior severidade e a tomada de ações no sentido de minimizar as conseqüências causadas por estas contingências. Este método pode ser utilizado como suporte à operação em tempo real, pois permite a seleção das contingências mais severas, de forma rápida, para então posteriormente realizar uma análise mais detalhada das mesmas. Não há, portanto, a necessidade da análise detalhada de todas as contingências da rede, o que permite uma economia de tempo, esforço humano e computacional, recursos estes de fundamental importância considerando a operação em tempo real / Abstract: The aim of this work is to propose a fast and reliable method to rank a list of
contingencies ordered by severity under the voltage stability point of view. The basic steps of the method consist of computing the system's post-contingency state and computing the respective performance index. These steps must be repeted for contingencies associated to all system branches. So an ordered contingency list is built considering the performance index of each contingency as a merit factor. With this list it is possible to pick the most severe contingencies and submit them to conventional tools that allow a more complete analysis and appropriate decisions to avoid operating system in insecure conditions if one of the severe contingencies occurs. It is possible to use this method as a real time tool due to its efficiency. Little computational effort is made to get the ordered contingency list and it is possible to focus the human and computational effort on the most severe contingencies. The real time operation requires efficient decision-making procedures and this method brings up the possibility of saving time since it is no longer necessary to analize all system contingencies to find out the most severe one. It suffices to analize the top-ranked contingencies captured by the proposed method / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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Alocação otima de reguladores de tensão em redes de distribuição de energia eletrica / Optimal placement of voltage regulators in distribution systemsPereira, Carlos Alberto Nogueira 13 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Castro Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T12:20:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Neste trabalho apresenta-se o desenvolvimento de um método heurístico para o dimensionamento e alocação de reguladores de tensão ao longo dos alimentadores primários de sistemas radiais de distribuição de energia elétrica, objetivando a melhoria do perfil de tensão, a minimização das perdas de potência ativa nos trechos de rede e a minimização dos custos de instalação dos equipamentos. O algoritmo desenvolvido para alocação ótima de reguladores de tensão em redes de distribuição radiais é composto por duas etapas. A primeira etapa visa a seleção, a instalação e o ajuste do tap dos reguladores de tensão nas barras que proporcionam melhores condições técnicas (menor desvio de tensão e redução das perdas de potência ativa). Na segunda etapa, procura-se reduzir o número de reguladores de tensão inicialmente alocados, movendo-os adequadamente quando possível até que a melhor condição econômica (mínimos custos de instalação e manutenção) seja obtida. Em conjunto com o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foi elaborado um programa computacional com a finalidade de verificar a funcionalidade e eficiência do método. Foram realizadas simulações em sistemas de distribuição teóricos e reais, sob condições de carga leve e pesada, obtendo-se rapidez e eficiência durante a execução do algoritmo proposto e resultados confiáveis. São apresentados os resultados de simulações para um sistema de 70 barras, e estes são comparados com um método já proposto na literatura. São também apresentados resultados de simulações para redes de distribuição reais de 136 barras, 202 barras e 400 barras / Abstract: This dissertation reports the development of a heuristic method for sizing and allocating voltage regulators in distribution radial primary feeders. The goals are to improve the voltage profile, to minimize the real power losses and to minimize equipment installation and maintenance costs. The proposed algorithm for the optimal allocation of voltage regulators in radial distribution networks comprises two steps. The first step aims to select, install and set the tap of voltage regulators at buses that result in the best technical conditions (smallest voltage deviation and real power losses reduction). In the second step, an attempt is made to reduce the number of voltage regulators initially allocated in the first step, by moving them appropriately until the best economical condition (minimum installation and maintenance costs) is reached. A computational program was implemented to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method. Simulations have been carried out for theoretical and realistic distribution systems, for light and heavy load conditions, and the method showed to be fast and efficient, providing reliable results. Simulations results for a 70-bus distribution system and the comparison with those provided by another method proposed in the literature are shown. Also, simulation results are shown for realistic 136-, 202-, and 400-bus realistic systems / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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