The aim of this thesis is twofold: to present a translation into Portuguese of Just So Stories by Rudyard Kipling informed by a consideration of textual, contextual and extratextual parameters; and to treat some key issues In Translation Theory and practice which have arisen out of the process of translating the text. The thesis is divided into two parts: Part One, the Introduction; and Part Two, the Translation. In Chapter One of Part One, the evolution of the reception of Kipling's oeuvre is summarised. His work became controversial, with a discrepancy between critical reservation and public acclaim. Against this background, the writings intended primarily for children form an exception. Critical response to this category, although restricted, has generally supported the favourable view of the public. Among the works most highly praised has been Just So Stories. This favourable, although scarce, attention suggests that a detailed critical examination of the text is essential to a full understanding of Kipling's work. Consequently, Just So Stories is considered in terms of its origins, critical reception, style, literary affiliations and possible sources. General points are illustrated by case studies drawn from the text. In Chapter Two, the complex factors which determine what works are translated are summarised. In contemporary Portugal, children's literature publishing is flourishing, and Kipling is represented almost exclusively as a children's author. So, a balanced view of his work is inaccessible to the Portuguese reader. Even within the field of children'S literature, Kipling is not faithfully represented. The only published translation of Just So Stories into Portuguese is an unacknowledged adaptation of a French translation, itself an incomplete version of the original English text. This Portuguese version raises wide issues about the function and role of the translator, which are discussed in detail, with reference to the work of leading theorists of translation theory. In Chapter Three, in order to deal with the factors relevant to the translation of Just So Stories, a distinction is drawn between problems resulting from culture-specific differences and problems resulting from differences in the structures of the two languages. The problems are identified and analysed, and specific case studies drawn from the translation are adduced in illustration of the solutions adopted. As a result of the task of translating Just So Stories and of the study of Translation Theory texts, a view of translation as an approximation and of the translator as a visible interpreter has been reached. Part Two of this thesis consists of the translation of the twelve stories published in 1902, and of the two extra stories published later, 'The Tabu Tale' and 'Ham and the Porcupine'. Notes are kept to a minimum and are only intended to supplement the discussion of translation problems carried out in Chapter Three.

The aim of the thesis has been to offer a comparative analysis of discourses within English and French travel writing in the late-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in order to develop a more nuanced understanding of how the East was represented in this type of literature than that offered by Edward Said in his book Orientalism. The thesis considers the degree to which the latent racism and imperialism of western attitudes was universally expressed in this type of writing. While dates have been set for this study, the main reason for this has been to limit the vast body of archive material potentially relevant to its theoretical base. On occasion it has been necessary to step outside these dates in order to examine earlier eighteenth-century work or point out the relevance of this type of study to more recent western approaches to the East. The thesis shows a decline in the nineteenth century in popular belief in a fiction of the Orient as an imagined site of luxury and sensual indulgence, as travel writing countered this image with reports of real countries and peoples. The place of the aesthetic in French writing is considered here, as it offers a challenge to the more political perspective offered by Said. The thesis concludes by suggesting that there were other discourses in travel literature in this period which lie outside specifically racist and imperialist constructs, and therefore deepens and broadens the investigations undertaken by Said with reference to British and French travel writing of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

This thesis investigates the construction of identity in relation to an other. It considers three writers who, working at moments when the nature of selfhood was an urgent issue, conduct profound and original enquiries into the question of self- construction, and seeks both to reassess their contributions to this debate, and, in bringing their preoccupations and methods to bear upon each other, to open up new ways of approaching and reading their work. Considering a range of socio-cultural and religious forms of otherness -- the cannibal, the witch, the Jew, the aristocrat, the woman, the divine -- it embraces material from a number of important modem critical fields, and suggests how these topics might be combined to offer a coherent statement about the enduring issue of s elf- fashioning. The thesis seeks to map out a trajectory of decreasing investment in external communities, and an increasing perception of the self as a source and agent in the construction of identity. Looking in turn at the work of Montaigne, Proust and Woolf, it argues that where the Essais construct complex orders which appropriate the other to reinforce the identity of the self, Proust and Woolf increasingly, although gradually, and by no means always successfully, attempt to negotiate a less precisely- engaged relationship between other and self, and to assign the other a less constitutive role in the realization and expression of identity. The thesis also considers more briefly contexts in which this trajectory is reversed. To the extent that they examine modernist subjectivity, Proust and Woolf articulate an anxiety about the separation of self and world which leads to an attempted recuperation of the integrated orders depicted by Montaigne.

In 1936 Olga Franzoni, Caproni’s girlfriend, dies of septicaemia. In 1943 Sereni is taken prisoner, thus beginning a two-year period of captivity. The impact of these episodes on Caproni’s and Sereni’s poetry has been thoroughly analysed, and to conceive of them as watersheds in the individual path of either poet thus comes as natural. However, what critics have less organically delved into is the possibility of considering these episodes as pivotal in shaping a more definite turning point, representing the moment from which Caproni’s and Sereni’s poetry becomes, in many respects, ‘posthumous’. Building on Giulio Ferroni’s idea of ‘postumo’, this study seeks to propose a critical lens through which to examine the oeuvre of both Sereni and Caproni. Through recourse to categories such as ‘end’ and ‘after’, I will explore the thematic implications of the nexus between poetry and experience for both Sereni and Caproni.

This thesis compares contemporary anglophone and francophone rewritings of traditional fairy tales for adults. Examining material dating from the 1990s to the present, including novels, novellas, short stories, comics, televisual and filmic adaptations, this thesis argues that while the revisions studied share similar themes and have comparable aims, the methods for inducing wonder (where wonder is defined as the effect produced by the text rather than simply its magical contents) are diametrically opposed, and it is this opposition that characterises the difference between the two types of rewriting. While they all engage with the hybridity of the fairy-tale genre, the anglophone works studied tend to question traditional narratives by keeping the fantasy setting, while francophone works debunk the tales not only in relation to questions of content, but also aesthetics. Through theoretical, historical, and cultural contextualisation, along with close readings of the texts, this thesis aims to demonstrate the existence of this francophone/anglophone divide and to explain how and why the authors in each tradition tend to adopt such different views while rewriting similar material. This division is the guiding thread of the thesis and also functions as a springboard to explore other concepts such as genre hybridity, reader-response, and feminism. The thesis is divided into two parts; the first three chapters work as an in-depth literature review: after examining, in chapters one and two, the historical and contemporary cultural field in which these works were created, chapter three examines theories of fantasy and genre hybridity. The second part of the thesis consists of textual studies and comparisons between francophone and anglophone material and is built on three different approaches. The first (chapter four) looks at selected texts in relation to questions of form, studying the process of world building and world creation enacted when authors combine and rewrite several fairy tales in a single narrative world. The second (chapter five) is a thematic approach which investigates the interactions between femininity, the monstrous, and the wondrous in contemporary tales of animal brides. Finally, chapter six compares rewritings of the tale of ‘Bluebeard’ with a comparison hinged on the representation of the forbidden room and its contents: Bluebeard’s cabinet of wonder is one that he holds sacred, one where he sublimates his wives’ corpses, and it is the catalyst of wonder, terror, and awe. The three contextual chapters and the three text-based studies work towards tracing the tangible existence of the division postulated between francophone and anglophone texts, but also the similarities that exist between the two cultural fields and their roles in the renewal of the fairy-tale genre.

Dans ce mémoire, nous étudions les multiples versions du roman Monsieur Vénus de Rachilde, principalement lors de son édition en 1884 et de ses rééditions qui ont suivi jusqu'en 1889. Maintes fois remaniée par l'auteure elle-même, par le réseau d'écrivains qu'elle intègre et par ses éditeurs, l'œuvre peut donc être analysée de manière à faire ressortir sa généalogie romanesque. Ainsi, il est possible de décortiquer les enjeux de légitimation et de filiation qui ont permis à Rachilde de jouer avec les règles du genre féminin et du genre romanesque, de même qu'avec les codes de reconnaissance. Ultimement, cela mène l'œuvre à se positionner dans le champ culturel de son époque et au sein du cercle des écrivains de l'avant-garde littéraire. Le contenu paratextuel autant que celui du roman nous permet d'explorer les mécanismes d'élaboration du statut de l'écrivaine et de son œuvre.

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Ce mémoire analyse les tendances du discours critique consacré à l'œuvre romanesque d'Ahmadou Kourouma. À partir de cet élément fondamental qu'est le métatexte, nous voudrions « re-lire » les différentes modalités au moyen desquelles le discours critique saisit le texte romanesque (Les soleils des indépendances, Monnè, outrages et défis, En attendant le vote des bêtes sauvages et Allah n 'est pas obligé). Nous examinerons comment la critique, en structurant l'espace de la fiction, révèle ses propres orientations, ses inflexions interprétatives, et nous renseigne, finalement, sur elle-même autant que sur son objet d'étude. Échappe-t-elle au « préjugé des mots » (Nietzsche) ou succombe-t-elle, sans le savoir, à la transparence illusoire (construite, historique) du discours social sur l'Afrique ? Cette recherche se veut un sain exercice d'auto-réflexion, elle nous permet de repenser les limites de l'interprétation de l'œuvre d'Ahmadou Kourouma en actionnant une dialectique qui confronte directement le discours critique au discours romanesque.

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2020

Au compte de trois relate l’histoire d’Emmanuelle. Au début, elle habitait à côté de chez Gabriel. Puis, il est parti. Après, tout à côté de chez Samuel. Puis, il est parti. Aujourd’hui, elle vit à une galerie de distance de Félix. Félix aux yeux et à la voix de Samuel. Félix qu’elle connaît depuis aussi longtemps que Gabriel. Là, c'est pour lui, qu'elle écrit. À la suite de ce roman, la deuxième partie du mémoire, Personne n’est obligé d’écrire, relate le parcours que mène Christian Bobin afin d’aller vers l’écriture, démarche que l’auteur du mémoire, situe en parallèle de la sienne, lors de l’écriture de son propre roman, ici présenté.