Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Civil-Military Relations))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010. / Thesis Advisor(s): Bruneau, Thomas C. ; Sotomayor, Arturo C. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 30, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Iran, Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, civil--military relations, civilian control, interservice rivalry. Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-124). Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.) Dept. of Classics, University of Adelaide, 1983. / Typescript (photocopy) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 1991. / Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Classics, University of Glasgow, 1991. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.

En principe, lorsqu’une controverse s’achève, la question disparaît. Ayant été résolue, elle ne fait plus l’objet de recherches. Comment se fait-Il alors que la jurisprudence continue de susciter une aussi abondante littérature ? La question de savoir si elle fait ou non partie des sources du droit paraît tranchée. Après un siècle de débat, les auteurs semblent s’accorder sur une réponse affirmative. Sur quoi portent donc les ouvrages contemporains ? Il y est question de la prise de conscience, par le juge, de son propre pouvoir normatif et du changement qui s’est produit dans ses méthodes de création. Celles-Ci ont changé ; elles sont devenues plus audacieuses. La question actuelle n’est donc plus de savoir si la jurisprudence possède ou non un pouvoir normatif, mais de savoir jusqu’où ce pouvoir s’étend. La Cour de cassation est-Elle totalement libre dans la création du droit ? Peut-Elle méconnaître la loi, créer des règles concurrentes, voire subversives ? Peut-Elle opérer des revirements de jurisprudence intempestifs, imprévisibles, rétroactifs ? Des voix s’élèvent pour s’y opposer. Le juge ne saurait être complètement libre ni à l’égard de la loi, ni à l’égard de sa propre jurisprudence. Au moment où la Cour de cassation paraît les franchir plus régulièrement, la littérature juridique actuelle fait apparaître les limites du pouvoir prétorien. / Usually, when a debate comes to an end, the question disappears. Now that it’s been resolved, there is no more reason to continue researche. So why is the jurisprudence still at the center of the interest ? The question to know if the judge can produce rules has been resolved. After a century of controversy, the authors seem to agree on an affirmative answer : the judge has a normative power and he can produce rules as the legislator. So then, what are the contemporary works about ? Many words have been spent about the way the judge is acting : his methods have been changing over time. They are becaming more audacious. The question now is to understand how far he can go. Can he break the law ? Create subversive rules ? Can the judge retroactively, inconveniently, and unpredictably overturns rules ? The others jurists may not approve of it. As the judge of Common law, the French judge may not be totally free towards the law, nor towards his own jurisprudence. The current works are trying to reveal all the limits of the praetorian power.

Le juge a pour obligation d'appliquer les règles de droit. Cependant, celles-ci sont générales et se révèlent, dans de rares hypothèses, inaptes à résoudre le litige de manière satisfaisante car ra solution à laquelle aboutirait leur application heurte les valeurs protégées par le système juridique. Lorsque les limites de l'application d'une règle deviennent récurrentes et nécessitent une réponse systématisée, un outil, lui permettant d'évincer ra règle concernée du règlement du litige et de le régler par un autre moyen, est créé par le juge: un mécanisme correcteur d'origine prétorienne. Il s'agit d'un concept doctrinal, régulièrement utilisé par les auteurs pour désigner certains objets, tels que l'abus de droit, la fraude· ou l'action directe, mais qui n'a jamais été défini. La construction de ce nouveau concept nécessite d'en proposer une définition, d'endéterminer le régime, d'en exposer le fondement et d'en imaginer l'avenir. Cette étude est l'occasion de porter un autre regard sur le système juridique. Le mécanisme correcteur d'origine prétorienne témoigne de l'importance du rôle du juge et de la place des valeurs au sein du droit. / The judge has to apply the laws. However, the latter are general and, in rare hypotheses, turn out to be unfit to settle a dispute in a satisfying way because the solution which their application would lead to collides with the values protected by the legal system. When the limits to the application of a rule become recurrent and requlre a systematized response, the judge may create a tool allowing hlm to unseat the concerned rule from the regulation of the dispute and to settle it in another way: this tool is known as a praetorian corrective mechanism. It is a doctrinal concept which is regularly used.by authors to refer to certain abjects such as abuse of law, fraud or direct action but which has never been defined. The construction of this new concept requires that one propose a definition for it, determine ils regime, expound lts founding principles and imagine its future. This study is an opportunity to bring a different perspective on the legal system. The praetorian corrective mechanism shows that the role of the judge and the place of values are important parts of law.

L’Étude porte sur un principe prétorien érigé par le Conseil d’État au travers de ses décisions et des conclusions rendues sous ses décisions par les Rapporteurs Publics. Depuis 1975 le Conseil d’État exerce le contrôle de la compatibilité d'un acte d'imposition vis-à-vis de conventions fiscales contre la double imposition et l'évasion fiscale qui est fait sous l'égide du principe de subsidiarité. En vertu de ce principe, au préalable du contrôle de «conventionnalité» de l'acte d'imposition, les juridictions doivent impérativement exercer un contrôle de la légalité de l'acte d'imposition, en prenant appui sur les seules dispositions du droit d'origine purement nationale, c'est-à-dire, du droit dit « domestique». Ce principe, tout juste nommé comme tel par le Conseil d’État dans une décision rendue en 2014, a longtemps fait l'unanimité au sein de la doctrine. Le principe de subsidiarité serait un principe conforme au bon sens et à la logique. Nous tentons au cours de ce travail de démontrer que le principe de subsidiarité des conventions fiscales pose problème à la fois d'un point de vue, strictement théorique, et à la fois d'un point de vue pratique. D'un point de vue théorique d'abord, il sera démontré que le principe de subsidiarité des conventions fiscales est particulier, il ne correspond à aucune autre application juridique de la subsidiarité, la similitude n'est que enveloppe terminologique. La version fiscale soulève un véritable problème théorique et pratique que la thèse tente de démontrer. / Our dissertation is about a praetorian principle erected by the French Administrative Supreme Court the Conseil d'Etat since 1975 and that became one of the major case law on international taxation under the French Law. From the given case law, it results that the checking of the conformity of a tax act issued by the French Tax authority with respect to a tax treaty, has to be made at a second stage, after of a domestic law based control by the judge. The principle implies the application of a method when controlling acts issued by the tax authority that tends to link the provisions of the tax treaty to be applied, of the prior qualifications provided by the domestic law. The principle has just been appointed as «the principle of subsidiarity of tax treaties, in a 2014 Decision, and differs from any other application of the subsidiarity theory in law.

Ce mémoire est une traduction et un commentaire historique du livre 11 des Variae de Cassiodore concernant la période où il occupait le poste de préfet du prétoire (533-537). Si les Variae sont de la première importance comme sources pour l’Italie ostrogothique, cela ne se reflète malheureusement pas encore dans l’accessibilité du texte, qui n’a pas encore fait l’objet d’une traduction française ou d’un commentaire historique complet, d’où la nécessité de ce mémoire. On possède en effet peu de sources aussi pertinentes pour le VIe siècle en Italie, et ce qu’on sait par ailleurs sur l’administration de l’époque provient de sources éloignées géographiquement ou chronologiquement. Un commentaire de ce livre nous permet donc de dresser un bon portrait du préfet du prétoire et de son office ainsi que de la situation en Italie entre les années 530 et 540. / This thesis is a translation and historical commentary of the book 11 of the Variae by Cassiodorus corresponding to the period he served as praetorian prefect (533-537) under Ostrogothic rule. The Variae are sources of primary importance for Ostrogothic Italy, and they are not yet translated or commented in French, which is what this thesis will attempt to do for the book 11. It is indeed a very important and relevant source to the 6th century in Italy because all others sources for this subject are distant, geographically or chronologically. A commentary on this book allows us to draw a better picture of the praetorian prefect and his office as well as the situation in Italy between 530 A.D. and 540 A.D.

The purpose of this essay is going to be about understanding how the transition in Myanmar happened in 2015, when the democratic party and Aung San Suu Kyi won the general election and assumed power. And understanding why the democratic ideology didn’t take root during the period 2015 - 2021 when the democratic party and Aung San Suu Kyi led the country. By applying Samuel P. Huntington’s theory about political transitions and problems that hinder political evolution the essay is looking to find answers to the questions of the essay. The essay analyses the history of the political situation in Myanmar and what the military's role in Myanmar is to evaluate and reach a conclusion. The essay concludes that Myanmar's political situation is complicated, and that the transition made in 2015 was probably not only made possible because of the democrats and Aung San Suu Kyi’s work. The reason that democracy didn’t take root is because of several problems that still exist today and were not solved during the period between 2015 - 2021.

Les réformes menées sous Dioclétien et Constantin établirent des circonscriptions et des hiérarchies administratives qui demeurèrent stables dans les Gaules, les Espagnes et en Bretagne, tout au long du IVe siècle. Suite aux usurpations du début du Ve siècle et aux installations des groupes barbares, le pouvoir préfectoral arlésien perdit progressivement le contrôle sur ces provinces, ce qui perturba le fonctionnement de l’appareil fiscal. Au Ve siècle, des membres des familles sénatoriales les plus en vue, souvent originaires du diocèse des Sept Provinces, accaparèrent la charge de préfet du prétoire des Gaules. L’administration des provinces gauloises et hispaniques qui reconnaissaient encore le pouvoir impérial fut alors de plus en plus décentralisée. À partir de la fin des années 460, des aristocrates gallo ou hispano-romains apparaissent comme étant au service des rois, un phénomène qui indique que ces pouvoirs barbares devenaient des acteurs politiques incontournables. La disparition de l’autorité impériale en Occident et le fait que les royaumes romano-barbares devinrent des entités politiques autonomes parachevèrent les fragmentations territoriales, politiques et sociales initiées depuis le début du Ve siècle. Ces nouveaux pouvoirs n’eurent d’autres solutions que de conserver une partie des instances de l’administration judiciaire et fiscale romaine et de les adapter aux nouveaux espaces. Ainsi, c’est à l’échelle locale et, surtout, au niveau de la cité que l’essentiel des fonctions de l’administration civile furent dès lors accomplies et que les trois acteurs majeurs de la vie administrative dans la Gaule franque et l’Hispanie wisigothe, à savoir le comte, l’évêque et les élites des cités, évoluèrent. / Reforms established under the age of Diocletian and Constantin set up circumscriptions and administrative hierarchies that remained stable throughout the IVth century in Gaul, Spain and Britain. As a consequence of usurpations at the beginning of the Vth century and of Barbarians’ settlements, the Arlesian prefectoral power progressively lost the control of these provinces, thus perturbing the fiscal system. In the Vth century, the prominent senatorial family members, who were often from the Seven Provinces diocese, monopolized the position of praetorian prefect of Gaul. The administration of Gallic and Spanish provinces, which still recognized the imperial power, became more and more decentralized. As of the late 460's, Gallic and Spanish aristocrats are established as kings' servants, which indicates that these Barbarian leaders were becoming very important political players. In the western territories, the disappearance of the imperial power, together with the fact that the Romano-Germanic kingdoms became autonomous political bodies, finished the territorial, political and social fragmentation process that had started at the beginning of the Vth century. These new power entities had no other solution than keeping some of the Roman legal and fiscal administration authorities and adapting them to the new territories. As a consequence, it is at the local scale, and mostly at city level, that most of the positions in civil administration were located and involved the three main players in the Frankish Gaul and Visigothic Spain administration, namely the count, the bishop and the city élites.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Carlos Carrasco.pdf: 773801 bytes, checksum: 0d393a8a2ee273afdb092b131de8393b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-18 / This paper proposes to address the constitutional principles in the prisons of interim nature under Brazilian law of criminal procedure. We aimed to establish the general objective points of reflection on the subject based on the analysis of necessity and uniqueness of precautionary detention, on the right to implement its temporary and possible conflict between that law and preserving the right to freedom. The specific objectives are delimited to present the history and characteristics of precautionary detention, its types and analyze the personal and social consequences of temporary detention. It was also subject of consideration the seriousness of the injunction, on an extremely exceptional character, imposed in order to establish the desired balance between the two duties of the State: - protection and security to society and security and protection of fundamental rights and freedom of the individuals it includes. The types of precautionary detention were reconsidered in light of the constitutional principles and guarantees by considering the purposes of preventive detention. According to the understanding of the Federal Supreme Court, the legitimacy of precautionary detention must be viewed based on the principle of non-culpability. It is necessary to study and demonstrate that precautionary detention is protected by its extraordinary character following the modern trends of Superior Courts of Law, attaching jurisprudence. For this research, we opted for bibliographical study on doctrines, jurisprudence and legislation pertinent to the theme. Thus, the study was justified and was relevant to show that all rules prior to the Federal Constitution which determines automatic and mandatory prison without real justification are revoked. All rules which prohibit the bail, when not justified in real need of arrest, such as those based solely on the seriousness of the crime, should be considered unconstitutional / O trabalho tem como proposta abordar os princípios constitucionais nas prisões de natureza cautelar previstas no ordenamento jurídico processual penal brasileiro. Procurou-se como objetivo geral estabelecer pontos de reflexão sobre o tema, a partir da análise da necessidade e excepcionalidade das prisões cautelares, do direito à sua execução provisória e eventual conflito entre esse direito e a preservação do direito de liberdade. Os objetivos específicos se delimitaram a apresentar o histórico e as características da prisão cautelar, suas espécies e analisar os reflexos pessoais e sociais da prisão preventiva. Foi também objeto de consideração a gravidade da medida cautelar, em caráter de extrema excepcionalidade, imposta com a finalidade pretendida de estabelecer o equilíbrio entre os dois deveres do Estado: - proteção e segurança à sociedade e garantia e proteção das liberdades e direitos fundamentais dos indivíduos que a integram. As espécies de prisão cautelar foram repensadas à luz dos princípios e garantias constitucionais considerando-se os fins da prisão preventiva. De acordo com o entendimento do Supremo Tribunal Federal, a legitimidade das prisões cautelares deve ser aferida tendo como norte o princípio da não culpabilidade. Procuramos estudar e demonstrar que as prisões cautelares são agasalhadas pelo manto da excepcionalidade seguindo as modernas tendências dos Superiores Tribunais, anexando para tanto jurisprudência pátria. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, optou-se pelo estudo bibliográfico em doutrinas, jurisprudências e legislações pertinentes à temática abordada. Assim, o estudo justificou-se e fez-se relevante para demonstrar que estão revogadas todas as normas anteriores à Constituição Federal que determinam a prisão processual automática e obrigatória sem justificação concreta. Devem ser consideradas inconstitucionais todas as normas que vedam a liberdade provisória, quando não justificadas na necessidade concreta da prisão, como aquelas baseadas exclusivamente na gravidade do delito