La position géographique des Comores, lui a permis d’accueillir plusieurs migrations : Bantou, Austronésien, Proto-Malgache, Arabo-Persan. Ces migrants avaient apporté leur croyance et leur culture respective. Comme témoignage de cette civilisation : l’importance sociale des mwalimu, l’existence des séances de possession, la survivance du culte des esprits Djinns, les cultes des ancêtres et cultes de la nature. Trimba à Nyumakele et Nkoma à Ouani (fête agraire et/ou rites de protection), Mudandra (danse des esprits) au village de Ouzini et Mro-Maji organisée à l’intérieur d’une grotte sacrée font partie des rites pré-islamiques à Anjouan ainsi que les cultes des anguilles sacrée « Mwana-Mroni ». Ces rites s’observent dans les régions habitées par les autochtones « Wamatsaha ». Certains de ces pratiques s’exécutent dans des lieux sacrés appelés « Ziara ». En conclusion, nous avons montré que la montée des « islamistes » appelés aussi « Djawula » risque de faire disparaître à jamais ces pratiques ancestrales / The geographical position of the comoros, has enabled to host several migrations: Bantu, Austronesian, Proto-Malagasy, Arabo-Persian. These migrants had brought their respective beliefs and cultures. As a testimony of this civilization:: the social importance of the Mwalimu, the existence of possession seances , the survival of Djinn spirit cult, the ancestors cult and devotoion to nature. Trimba at Nyumakele and Nkoma at Ouani (agrarian festival and / or rites of protection), Mudandra (spirit dance) at the village of Ouzini and Mro-Maji organized inside a sacred cave are part of the pre-Islamic rites in Anjouan than the cults of the sacred eels "Mwana-mroni". These rites are noticed in the areas inhabited by the indigenous "Wamatsaha". Some of these practices are performed in sacred places called "Ziara". In conclusion, we have shown that the rise of the "Islamists" also called "Djawula" risks to destroy forever these ancestral practices.

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From the point of view of literary qualities, Prophetic Traditions stand out among Arabic literature. This study aims at selecting some unique words the Prophet used, and search for their presence or absence in the Arabic Although several sources were used, the reliance for the choice of words is mainly on An-Nihayah fi gharib al-Athar of Ibn al-Athir; and for comparison, several published works. literature. The objective is to find out how the Prophetic words affected the literature. An analysis is attempted to arrive at the meaning of these words as used in Hadith literature, literatures preceding or following it, and compare to find whether they have been used at all, and, if used, in the same meaning or not, or whether they are used in a unique sense. Thus, this study brings to light differences between Prophetic literature, and literatures other than it. / Arabic & Islamic Studies / M.A. (Islamic Studies)

This study examines changing gender roles and women&amp / #8217 / s status under the light of t&ouml / re/yasa and shar&amp / #299 / &amp / #8216 / a among the Inner Asian Turkic and Mongolian societies and Ottomans in Anatolia especially between the thirteenth and the first half of the sixteenth centuries. In this frame, this study traces gender roles and women&amp / #8217 / s status in Inner Asia before the influence of Islamic culture and civilizations by using oral and written sources as well as anthropological studies. It also focuses on the formation of t&ouml / re and yasa among Inner Asian societies and shar&amp / #299 / &amp / #8216 / a in the Muslim world. Finally, this study investigates gender roles and women&amp / #8217 / s status in relation with customary (yasa/t&ouml / re and &ouml / rf-i sultani) and religious laws (shar&amp / #299 / &amp / #8216 / a ) among the Mongol Ilkhans, Timurids and Ottomans. Gender roles and women&amp / #8217 / s status are examined according to political, social and cultural characteristics of these dynasties from a comparative perspective.

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From the point of view of literary qualities, Prophetic Traditions stand out among Arabic literature. This study aims at selecting some unique words the Prophet used, and search for their presence or absence in the Arabic Although several sources were used, the reliance for the choice of words is mainly on An-Nihayah fi gharib al-Athar of Ibn al-Athir; and for comparison, several published works. literature. The objective is to find out how the Prophetic words affected the literature. An analysis is attempted to arrive at the meaning of these words as used in Hadith literature, literatures preceding or following it, and compare to find whether they have been used at all, and, if used, in the same meaning or not, or whether they are used in a unique sense. Thus, this study brings to light differences between Prophetic literature, and literatures other than it. / Arabic and Islamic Studies / M.A. (Islamic Studies)

This thesis sets out to provide what is perceived as the nature of Islam and background that inform the interpretation of the two novels ofMariama Ba as well as that of selected works by fellow Muslim writer, N awal El-Saadawi. Although the question of gender is carefully addressed, the principal viewpoint is Islamic theocratic rather than purely feminist. This study surveys the struggle of these two women writers to claim public space in a dominant patriarchal society. It examines the socio-political conditions affecting women in the Arab peninsula before the rise of Islam, also called Jahiliyyah, from Islam's inception (622 AD). It notes that the principle of equality of all the believers was established by the injunction in the Qur'an, and endorsed by Muhammad, the Prophet, after whose death, manipulation of the sacred texts, especially of the Hadiths, took place. This led to opposition to gender equality; while fitna (civil war) in Medina, led the Prophet to re-institute the hijablveil, in order to protect women from being sexually harassed. The significance of the hijab is then explored, and Fatima Mernissi's text Women and Islam (1987; 1992) is used as seminal to the argument that the hijab was not instituted to put a barrier between men and women. The question of how the Islamic tradition succeeded in transforming the Muslim woman into a submissive, marginal creature, one who once buried herself behind a veil, is considered in the light of feminist theory and practice in both the Third and Arab worlds as well as in terms of the postcolonial notion of 'writing back'. The works of Ba and El-Saadawi, chosen for discussion in this thesis, examine these common issues, and underscore the entitlement of women to equality. The proposition, that Muslim women talk/write back, is epitomized in Ramatoulaye's forceful wordsuttered after thirty years of silence and harassment: 'This time I shall speak out' (So Long a Letter, 1980; 1989: 58). This study also shows that both Ba and El-Saadawi (by employing the journalisme-verite approach) move beyond gender and cultural issues to explore the universal nature of man and woman, and that in accordance with Muslim theocracy, these writers ultimately advocate the notion of redemption through humanity, coincidentally expressed in the Wolofproverb: 'Man, man is his own remedy!' (Scarlet Song, 1981; 1994: 165). Furthermore, within the context of these concerns, a few speculative remarks on the likely future ofMuslim women in the Arab and African world are made, arguing that had Ba's life not been cut short so tragically, it is reasonable to suppose that she would, like ElSaadawi, have continued to advocate a holistic, healthy Muslim society, in which the humane treatment of women would prevail. Finally, in terms of the title Beyond the veil: Muslim women write back, an attempt has been made to show how both Ba and El-Saadawi strive by 'writing back' to move 'beyond' the veil, speaking out on behalf of fellow Muslim women in Africa. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 1999. / gm2014 / English / unrestricted

To a large degree, historical analyses of the Levantine region tend to focus primarily upon martial interaction and state formation. However, perhaps of equitable impact is the chronology of those interactions which are cultural in nature. The long-term formative effect of cultural imperialism and cultural bleed can easily be as influential as the direct alterations imposed by martial invasion. While this study does not attempt to establish comparative causal weight or catalytic impact between these types of interactions, it does contend that the cultural evolution of the Levant has been significantly influenced by external interaction for a period of time extending beyond the Levantine Islamic Expansion. This study presents a chronological examination of the region from the pre-Expansion Period through the Mandate Period, focused upon relevant cultural structures. Specifically, emphasis is placed upon religious, ethnic, and nationalistic identity development, sociolinguistic shifts, and institutional changes within the societal structure. The primary conclusion of this study is that significant evidence exists to support a long-term historical narrative of externally influenced Levantine cultural evolution, inclusive of both adaptive and reactive interactions.

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