Le pré-dimensionnement se situe en amont du processus de conception d'un système : à partir d'un ensemble d'exigences, il consiste à déterminer un ensemble de solutions techniques possibles dans un espace de recherche souvent très grand et structuré par une connaissance partielle et incertaine du futur système et de son environnement. Bien avant de penser au choix définitif des composants et au dimensionnement précis du système complet, les concepteurs doivent s'appuyer sur un premier cahier des charges, des modélisations des principaux phénomènes et divers retours d'expériences pour formaliser des contraintes, faire des hypothèses simplificatrices, envisager diverses architectures et faire des choix sur des données imprécises (i.e. caractérisées sous la forme d'intervalles, de listes de valeurs possibles, etc…). Les choix effectués lors du pré-dimensionnement pouvant être très lourds de conséquences sur la suite du développement, il est primordial de détecter au plus tôt d'éventuelles incohérences et de pouvoir vérifier la satisfaction des exigences dans un contexte incertain. Dans ce travail, une méthodologie de vérification des exigences basée sur l'échange de modèles ensemblistes entre donneurs d'ordre et fournisseurs est proposée. Elle s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un paradigme de conception basé sur la réduction d'incertitudes. Après un travail portant sur la modélisation des systèmes mécatroniques, une attention particulière est portée à la prise en compte d'incertitudes déterministes sur des grandeurs continues : des techniques basées sur l'analyse par intervalles telles que la satisfaction de contraintes (CSP), des calculs d'atteignabilité pour des modèles dynamiques de connaissances ou encore l'identification de modèles de comportements ensemblistes sont ainsi mis en œuvre et développés afin d'outiller la méthodologie proposée et contribuer à répondre à l'objectif d'une vérification à couverture garantie. / The pre-sizing takes place upstream to the process of designing a system: from a set of requirements, it consists in determining a set of possible technical solutions in an often very large search space which is structured by the uncertain and partial knowledge available about the future system and its environment. Long before making the final choice and the final sizing of the system components, the designers have to use specifications, models of the main phenomena, and experience feedbacks to formalize some constraints, make simplifying assumptions, consider various architectures and make choices based on imprecise data (i.e. intervals, finite sets of possible values, etc…). The choices made during the pre-sizing process often involving strong commitments for the further developments, it is very important to early detect potential inconsistencies and to verify the satisfaction of the requirements in an uncertain context. In this work, a methodology based on the exchange of set-membership models between principals and suppliers is proposed for the verification of requirements. This methodology is fully consistent with a design paradigm based on the reduction of uncertainties. After a work dedicated to the modeling of mechatronic systems, a special attention is paid to dealing with deterministic uncertainties affecting continuous values: some techniques based on interval analysis such as constraint satisfaction (interval CSP), reachability computations for knowledge dynamic models or identification of set-membership behavioral models are used and developed, so providing a set of tools to implement the proposed methodology and contribute to reach the goal of a verification with a full and guaranteed coverage.

The successful energy design of buildings requires that special attention be paid to the conceptual stage. However, it is a difficult task to find the most promising design alternatives satisfying several conflicting criteria. This thesis presents a simple multi-criteria decisions analysis method that could assist designers in green building design. Variables in the model include those alternatives that are common options when a residential building is to be constructed. The individual components that are considered are the building envelope, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, service water heating, power and lighting. The key actors, objectives and methodology of multi-criteria decisions analysis are presented and finally a case study for a residential building in Athens is performed. The criteria by which to evaluate each building component of the newly built construction were identified by the decision-makers. Subsequently, decision frameworks for the selection of roof, walls, windows, heating system, energy source for heating system, power source, lighting and service water heating system were built. The method is followed step-by-step to conclude on the optimal building components based on their score. Due to the equal scoring of the windows and an inapplicable combination of electric underfloor heating with air-to-water heat pump, the method is characterized by low accuracy. The fact that the building components have been treated individually sets the method as a basic one and indicates that a more complex one should be preferred when more trustworthy results are needed.

Cette recherche porte sur l'évaluation de la durabilité en phase amont d'un projet architectural. Cette thèse argumente la nécessité d'évaluer l'impact sur les aspects de développement durable en phase de préconception. La phase amont est très importante en raison de son faible coût et des degrés de liberté qu'elle permet lors des prises de décisions. Ainsi l'élaboration d'un outil ou d'un modèle pouvant aider les architectes à identifier les potentiels de durabilité en préconception, représente un enjeu important pour l'aide à la décision architecturale. En prenant en compte les impacts de la durabilité en phase amont, le concepteur peut s'astreindre à une vision différente et peut aborder des espaces de solutions visant à augmenter le niveau de durabilité de son projet. La méthode de conception à objectif désigné (COD) est utilisée en tant que démarche pour structurer l'outil d'aide à la décision. Cet outil aide les architectes à guider leur choix en fonction d'objectifs pré-établis. De plus, grâce à la COD, tous les acteurs du domaine de la construction peuvent participer à la phase de la programmation. D'autre part, l'accent peut être mis sur l'aspect socioculturel que les méthodes existantes ont négligé. Notre outil a été développé sous forme de logiciel puis a été expérimenté sur quatre projets réels en Iran. Les résultats bruts attestent de la pertinence de l'outil en phase de préconception / This research focuses on sustainability assessment in the upstream phase of an architectural project. This thesis points out the need to assess the impacts of pre-design's phases decisions on the sustainable development aspects. The upstream phase is very important because of their low cost and the large range of possible solution. As a consequence a tool or model is required that can help designers/Architects to identify sustainability potential in pre-design phase : this will constitute a "Decision aids tool" for architecture. Taking into account the impacts of sustainability in the upstream phase, the designer/Architects can achieve a different view and take advantage of these environmental effects to increase the level of sustainability of the project. The "Design to Objective" method (DTO) is used as an approach to provide a tool for decision support. This approach helps architects making decision. In addition, due to the DTO, all stakeholders in the field of construction can contribute to the programming phase. On the other hand, attention is directed toward the socio-cultural aspect which has been neglected by existing methods. This tool / software (SustainPro) has been experimented on four real projects in Iran. Experimental outcomes attest of the pertinence of the proposed approach

This thesis examines the pre-design documentation from the renovation of three historic theaters located in Detroit, Michigan. Two theaters hired architectural firms to produce a pre-design document. The third theater utilized a design-build approach to renovation. Interviews were conducted to review the approach and final outcomes. It became evident through the analysis of the documentation and interviews that it was beneficial in the renovation of a historic theater to have a comprehensive predesign process that identifies: the nature of the pre-design document, the nature of the client, the nature of the pre-design team, and the scope of work and time available. It also became apparent that the organizational approach that would apply to most any document for a heritage building should follow the Problem Seeking format of: Form, Function, Time and Economy. Utilizing this format for a pre-design record should yield a document that is concise, comprehensive and flexible.

Suite à la stratégie d’électrification poursuivie dans le domaine des véhicules terrestres, l’industrie aéronautique s’oriente également vers l’introduction de la propulsion électrique. L’hybridation est le premier pas vers un aéronef plus électrique. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de développer un outil informatique permettant de pré-dimensionner des machines électriques conventionnelles de différentes typologies susceptibles d’être utilisées dans le cadre du projet d’hybridation et de modéliser les comportements magnétique et thermique de ces machines.Après une étude bibliographique sur le pré-dimensionnement et la modélisation électromagnétique et thermique des machines électriques conventionnelles, des modèles (semi-)analytiques basés sur les méthodes des circuits équivalents magnétique et thermique ont été établis. La validation des modèles proposés a été menée en comparant les résultats obtenus avec des données issues de la littérature, des résultats issus de simulations numériques par éléments finis ou à des mesures expérimentales réalisées sur des machines prototypes. Une attention toute particulière a été portée au couplage des analyses magnétique et thermique. Des études de sensibilité ont permis de déterminée les limites d’utilisation de l’outil développé. / Inspired by the strategy of electrification pioneered in the automobile industry, the aeronautics sector tends as well towards the implement of the electrical propulsion. The hybridisation is the first step in the direction of a completely electrical aircraft. The main goal of this thesis is to develop a computer-based tool permitting to pre-design and model electromagnetic and thermal behaviour of the conventional electrical machines of different typologies suitable for use in the scope of hybridisation project.Basing on a general state of art on the pre-design and electromagnetic and thermal models of the conventional electrical machines, the (semi-)analytical models reposed on magnetic and thermal equivalent circuit methods have been developed. The proposed models have been validated by comparing the obtained results with the results from the literature, the results of numerical analysis or with the results of experimental tests carried out on different machine-prototypes. Special attention has been paid to the coupling of magnetic and thermal analysis. Different sensibility studies permitted to define the application limits of the developed tool.

This exploration is one artist's view of visual reasoning through the study of depth perception. The experiment searched for pre-architectural forms through an investigation of geometric rectangular shapes and planar figures in anticipation of finding architectural volumes, that is, three-dimensional objects. I used three parameters to observe: the expected or planned, the anticipated, and the unforeseen. The pre-architectural sketching style used the disciplines of painting, sculpture, graphic arts, color theory, optics, and photography to formulate an architectural language. First, as artist (painter), I selected the medium of light as the brushstroke, color as the pigment, and photographic film plane as the canvas to capture image abstractions. Second, I used one-point perspective as the viewer's line of sight. Finally, I employed a series of shape abstractions to form a succession of transparent sections that composed the subject matter. This experiment sought to analyze visual perception by capturing the spatial depth of images, that is, a reproduction of something sculptural in likeness. The challenge was to reintegrate the abstracted Rectangular Shapes and Planar Figures. In order to achieve this physical abstraction, I created a modified camera obscura. This exploration produced clearly defined images-as-products that were interpreted as pre-architectural forms, which allowed me to translate color abstractions into architectural form studies, or models-as-products. Thus, the experiment created architectural volumes using light and color in order to draw points, lines, planes, and spatial depth. / Master of Architecture

Ce travail a pour objectif de développer un outil analytique multi-physiques de dimensionnement d’une gamme de moteurs « hybrides » à démarrage direct, intégrant les avantages des deux technologies : l’auto-démarrage de la technologie asynchrone et les bonnes performances énergétique en régime permanent de la technologie synchrone à aimants permanents en répondant aux nouveaux enjeux d’efficacité énergétique et en ajoutant à cela les aspects économiques.La validation de cet outil est effectuée par des modèles éléments finis créés avec un logiciel commercial ANSYS/Maxwell et par des essais expérimentaux réalisés à l’aide de deux prototypes LSPMSM 7.5kW. / This work aims to develop a multi-physical generic model (and a pre-design software) for a range of LSPMSMs which would integrate the advantages of both technologies: self-start asynchronous technology and good energy performance of synchronous permanent magnet technology. The validation of this model is carried out by finite element commercial software ANSYS / Maxwell and by experimental tests using two 7.5kW.LSPMSM prototypes.

Habitar ambientes dimensionados a partir de estudos antropométricos e Avaliações Pós-Ocupação (APOs) dos aspectos funcionais é conseqüência de processos de projeto arquitetônico a serem consolidados. A tecnologia tem permitido obter um maior controle sobre todas as fases da produção de edificações, sendo a fase de pré-projeto decisiva para o efetivo sucesso de um empreendimento. A presente pesquisa objetiva o desenvolvimento de um roteiro para a elaboração de um programa computacional de Projeto e Desenho Arquitetônico Auxiliado por Computador (CAADD - Computer Aided Architectural Design and Drafting) que contribua para o trabalho do arquiteto nas análises geométricas de dimensionamento funcional de edificações habitacionais sociais multi-familiares, no momento do pré-projeto, considerando as especificidades do conjunto de variáveis envolvidas em cada situação de projeto. Ao escolher as alternativas de composição de Programa de Necessidades no sistema, este geraria maquetes eletrônicas (modelo digital) a partir dos parâmetros definidos no próprio programa. Os volumes abstraídos em meio digital são tratados genericamente no sistema como objetos volumétricos (mobiliário, eletrodomésticos, peças sanitárias, esquadrias, estrutura, vedação). A tecnologia de representação gráfica digital escolhida foi o padrão aberto para a distribuição de conteúdo tridimensional denominado X3D. A montagem do roteiro contempla conceitos de Computação Gráfica e de Geometria Computacional, aplicando critérios para arranjo físico de ambientes da habitação, relação entre ambientes, distribuição de unidades habitacionais (apartamentos) e análises de locação da edificação no sítio urbano. Utilizam-se como referências dimensionais resultados de APOs (classificadas como dados dinâmicos, os quais se alteram com maior freqüência no tempo) e legislação e normas vigentes (classificados como dados estáveis, os quais se alteram com menor freqüência no tempo), visando melhorias espaciais e manutenção contínua da abordagem do projeto e desenho arquitetônico funcional nos novos projetos habitacionais. / The possibility of living in environments that have been sized on the basis of anthropometric studies and post-occupancy evaluations (POEs) of the functionality of buildings is the consequence of architectural design processes yet to be consolidated. This technology has enabled greater control over all stages in the construction of buildings, the pre-design stage being decisive for the success of an enterprise. The objective of the present study is to develop guidelines for designing a computer program for architectural designing and drafting (CAADD-Computer Aided Architectural Design and Drafting) that will serve as an aid to architects in terms of geometrical analyses of the functional dimensions of low-income housing during the pre-design stage, considering the specific aspects of the variables involved in each design. By choosing alternatives for programming the software, the system is set up to enable designers to generate digital models based on standards defined in the program itself. The digitally extracted volumes are treated generically in the system as volumetric objects (furniture, appliances, plumbing fixtures, door and window frames, structures, waterproofing and others). The open standard for distributing tridimensional contents, known as X3D, was chosen as the technology for digital graphic representation. The guidelines take into account concepts for graphic computing and computational geometry and apply criteria for the physical arrangement of living environments, relationships among environments, distribution of the apartments and analyses of the location of the buildings in their urban context. Dimensional references are used to establish these guidelines, including the results of POEs (classifying the data that changes most often over time as \"dynamic\"). Other factors that must be taken into consideration are the local laws, norms and regulations (classified as \"stable\" data, which change less often over time). The objective is to develop spatial improvements and continuous feedback of the approach of the design and functional architectural drafting in new housing designs.

Habitar ambientes dimensionados a partir de estudos antropométricos e Avaliações Pós-Ocupação (APOs) dos aspectos funcionais é conseqüência de processos de projeto arquitetônico a serem consolidados. A tecnologia tem permitido obter um maior controle sobre todas as fases da produção de edificações, sendo a fase de pré-projeto decisiva para o efetivo sucesso de um empreendimento. A presente pesquisa objetiva o desenvolvimento de um roteiro para a elaboração de um programa computacional de Projeto e Desenho Arquitetônico Auxiliado por Computador (CAADD - Computer Aided Architectural Design and Drafting) que contribua para o trabalho do arquiteto nas análises geométricas de dimensionamento funcional de edificações habitacionais sociais multi-familiares, no momento do pré-projeto, considerando as especificidades do conjunto de variáveis envolvidas em cada situação de projeto. Ao escolher as alternativas de composição de Programa de Necessidades no sistema, este geraria maquetes eletrônicas (modelo digital) a partir dos parâmetros definidos no próprio programa. Os volumes abstraídos em meio digital são tratados genericamente no sistema como objetos volumétricos (mobiliário, eletrodomésticos, peças sanitárias, esquadrias, estrutura, vedação). A tecnologia de representação gráfica digital escolhida foi o padrão aberto para a distribuição de conteúdo tridimensional denominado X3D. A montagem do roteiro contempla conceitos de Computação Gráfica e de Geometria Computacional, aplicando critérios para arranjo físico de ambientes da habitação, relação entre ambientes, distribuição de unidades habitacionais (apartamentos) e análises de locação da edificação no sítio urbano. Utilizam-se como referências dimensionais resultados de APOs (classificadas como dados dinâmicos, os quais se alteram com maior freqüência no tempo) e legislação e normas vigentes (classificados como dados estáveis, os quais se alteram com menor freqüência no tempo), visando melhorias espaciais e manutenção contínua da abordagem do projeto e desenho arquitetônico funcional nos novos projetos habitacionais. / The possibility of living in environments that have been sized on the basis of anthropometric studies and post-occupancy evaluations (POEs) of the functionality of buildings is the consequence of architectural design processes yet to be consolidated. This technology has enabled greater control over all stages in the construction of buildings, the pre-design stage being decisive for the success of an enterprise. The objective of the present study is to develop guidelines for designing a computer program for architectural designing and drafting (CAADD-Computer Aided Architectural Design and Drafting) that will serve as an aid to architects in terms of geometrical analyses of the functional dimensions of low-income housing during the pre-design stage, considering the specific aspects of the variables involved in each design. By choosing alternatives for programming the software, the system is set up to enable designers to generate digital models based on standards defined in the program itself. The digitally extracted volumes are treated generically in the system as volumetric objects (furniture, appliances, plumbing fixtures, door and window frames, structures, waterproofing and others). The open standard for distributing tridimensional contents, known as X3D, was chosen as the technology for digital graphic representation. The guidelines take into account concepts for graphic computing and computational geometry and apply criteria for the physical arrangement of living environments, relationships among environments, distribution of the apartments and analyses of the location of the buildings in their urban context. Dimensional references are used to establish these guidelines, including the results of POEs (classifying the data that changes most often over time as \"dynamic\"). Other factors that must be taken into consideration are the local laws, norms and regulations (classified as \"stable\" data, which change less often over time). The objective is to develop spatial improvements and continuous feedback of the approach of the design and functional architectural drafting in new housing designs.

Caisson; Documento Técnico; Estudios Básicos; Pre-Diseño; Construcción. Keywords: Caisson; Technical Document; Basic Studies; Pre-Design; Building / La presente investigación busca proponer un documento técnico que contemple los criterios necesarios a tomar en cuenta en el pre-diseño y construcción de caissons en puentes. La realización de un análisis de estudios básicos de diferentes proyectos de puentes con cimentación con caissons y una validación de la investigación bajo la metodología de juicio de expertos permitieron plantear diferentes criterios y recomendaciones que permitan decidir las características de los caissons a implementar y que a su vez procuren disminuir los riesgos en el proceso constructivo de caissons abiertos y neumáticos. Dicho documento técnico nace de la necesidad de complementar y ordenar la información existente en manuales y normas nacionales para definir el uso de caissons. En el año 2017, muchos puentes colapsaron debido a los fuertes niveles de socavación producidos por las grandes avenidas provocadas por el Fenómeno del Niño. Estos puentes fallaron porque no contaban con la cimentación adecuada para soportar las circunstancias ya descritas y por eso, es que es importante la correcta definición de la cimentación a utilizar. En cuanto al contenido del documento técnico, se pueden observar criterios de definición según el nivel de socavación y según el tipo de suelo. Por ejemplo, si nuestro proyecto se ve afectado por una socavación total de más de dos metros, se recomienda utilizar caissons, de lo contrario, bastaría una cimentación superficial. Por otro lado, también se plantean medidas para mejorar o solucionar problemas durante la construcción como el control de la nivelación en el hundimiento mediante equipos apropiados para evitar desplomes y acciones que nos permitan recuperar la verticalidad de la estructura. Finalmente, se concluyó que los estudios básicos son imprescindibles como punto de partida para evaluar los criterios de pre-diseño y definir el tipo de caisson a utilizar según el tipo de suelo, sus características y las de la superestructura a recibir. Además, se tiene que considerar que este tipo de infraestructura requiere mano de obra calificada. / The present investigation seeks to propose a technical document that contemplates the necessary criteria to be taken into account in the pre-design and construction of caissons in bridges. The realization of an analysis of basic studies of different bridge projects with foundations with caissons and a validation of the research under the expert judgment methodology allowed to propose different criteria and recommendations that allow to decide the characteristics of the caissons to be implemented and that try to reduce the risks in the construction process of open and pneumatic caissons. This technical document arises from the need for scarcity of information in manuals and national standards to define the use of caissons. In the year 2017, many bridges collapsed due to the strong levels of scour caused by the great floods caused by the El Niño Phenomenon. These bridges failed because they did not have the adequate foundation to withstand the circumstances already described and that is why the correct definition of the foundation to be used is important. Regarding the content of the technical document, you can observe definition criteria according to the level of scour and according to the type of soil. For example, if our project is affected by a total scour of more than two meters, it is recommended to use caissons, otherwise a surface foundation would suffice. On the other hand, measures are also proposed to improve or solve problems during construction such as the control of leveling in the subsidence by means of appropriate equipment to avoid crashes and actions that allow us to recover the verticality of the structure. Finally, it was concluded that the basic studies are essential as a starting point to evaluate the pre-design criteria and define the type of caisson to be used according to the type of soil, its characteristics and those of the superstructure to be received. In addition, it must be considered that this type of infrastructure requires skilled labor. / Tesis