In North America, the operation of buildings accounts for approximately one third of the total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions annually. Office buildings are responsible for roughly 35% of the total commercial/institutional secondary energy use in Canada, followed by retail buildings at 17% (NRCan, OEE, 2010). In recent years, a number of researchers from around the world have conducted life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies to investigate the impacts of buildings on the environment. Most studies have focused on three types of buildings: office buildings, single residential dwellings, and multi-unit residential apartments. There have been almost no comprehensive LCA studies of retail buildings, specifically single-storey retail buildings. This is a problem, since compared to office buildings, single residential dwellings, and multi-unit residential apartments, retail buildings consume approximately 1.2, 2.0, and 2.3 times more energy per floor area respectively (NRCan, OEE, 2010). In addition, retail buildings usually undergo major resource intensive renovations far sooner than other building types. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to conduct a comprehensive LCA for the components of a single-storey retail building located in Toronto, Canada, to determine which building components contribute the most towards the total life-cycle energy use and global warming potential (GWP) after 50 years. Using the latest LCA techniques, the total life-cycle energy use and GWP was calculated for 220 different building components including: exterior infill walls, roofs, structural systems, floors, windows, doors, foundations, and interior partition walls. Also, a comprehensive LCA study was conducted for five single-storey retail buildings (including a pre-engineered steel building system which is lacking in the literature), in order to determine which components of a single-storey retail building are responsible for the most environmental damage. For a typical single-storey retail building located in Toronto, Canada, the operating energy (and GWP) accounts for about 91% (88%) and the total embodied energy (and GWP) accounts for about 9% (12%) of the total energy (and GWP) after 50 years. The roof alone is responsible for nearly half of the total embodied energy and GWP of the entire building. The LCA study also found that after 50 years, the total energy (and GWP) of the five case study buildings only differed at most by 6% (7%), regardless of the choice of structural system, or whether the building was made predominately of steel or wood building components. This thesis concludes with a prioritized list of recommendations for reducing the total life-cycle energy use and GWP of a single-storey retail building in Canada.

In North America, the operation of buildings accounts for approximately one third of the total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions annually. Office buildings are responsible for roughly 35% of the total commercial/institutional secondary energy use in Canada, followed by retail buildings at 17% (NRCan, OEE, 2010). In recent years, a number of researchers from around the world have conducted life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies to investigate the impacts of buildings on the environment. Most studies have focused on three types of buildings: office buildings, single residential dwellings, and multi-unit residential apartments. There have been almost no comprehensive LCA studies of retail buildings, specifically single-storey retail buildings. This is a problem, since compared to office buildings, single residential dwellings, and multi-unit residential apartments, retail buildings consume approximately 1.2, 2.0, and 2.3 times more energy per floor area respectively (NRCan, OEE, 2010). In addition, retail buildings usually undergo major resource intensive renovations far sooner than other building types. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to conduct a comprehensive LCA for the components of a single-storey retail building located in Toronto, Canada, to determine which building components contribute the most towards the total life-cycle energy use and global warming potential (GWP) after 50 years. Using the latest LCA techniques, the total life-cycle energy use and GWP was calculated for 220 different building components including: exterior infill walls, roofs, structural systems, floors, windows, doors, foundations, and interior partition walls. Also, a comprehensive LCA study was conducted for five single-storey retail buildings (including a pre-engineered steel building system which is lacking in the literature), in order to determine which components of a single-storey retail building are responsible for the most environmental damage. For a typical single-storey retail building located in Toronto, Canada, the operating energy (and GWP) accounts for about 91% (88%) and the total embodied energy (and GWP) accounts for about 9% (12%) of the total energy (and GWP) after 50 years. The roof alone is responsible for nearly half of the total embodied energy and GWP of the entire building. The LCA study also found that after 50 years, the total energy (and GWP) of the five case study buildings only differed at most by 6% (7%), regardless of the choice of structural system, or whether the building was made predominately of steel or wood building components. This thesis concludes with a prioritized list of recommendations for reducing the total life-cycle energy use and GWP of a single-storey retail building in Canada.

The successful energy design of buildings requires that special attention be paid to the conceptual stage. However, it is a difficult task to find the most promising design alternatives satisfying several conflicting criteria. This thesis presents a simple multi-criteria decisions analysis method that could assist designers in green building design. Variables in the model include those alternatives that are common options when a residential building is to be constructed. The individual components that are considered are the building envelope, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, service water heating, power and lighting. The key actors, objectives and methodology of multi-criteria decisions analysis are presented and finally a case study for a residential building in Athens is performed. The criteria by which to evaluate each building component of the newly built construction were identified by the decision-makers. Subsequently, decision frameworks for the selection of roof, walls, windows, heating system, energy source for heating system, power source, lighting and service water heating system were built. The method is followed step-by-step to conclude on the optimal building components based on their score. Due to the equal scoring of the windows and an inapplicable combination of electric underfloor heating with air-to-water heat pump, the method is characterized by low accuracy. The fact that the building components have been treated individually sets the method as a basic one and indicates that a more complex one should be preferred when more trustworthy results are needed.

This investigation studied the level of knowledge that principals have concerning the maintenance of their schools. A questionnaire was developed to address three research questions. These research questions were: (1) what is the extent that facilities maintenance is an important issue for school principals? (2) in what specific areas of facilities maintenance do principals lack knowledge? and (3) in what specific areas does the lack of facilities maintenance knowledge by principals exceed 30%? A questionnaire was developed to gather data to analyze comparative relationships to the research questions. Data indicated that principals do believe facilities maintenance is an important issue. Reponses to the questionnaire indicated most principals have a general understanding of facilities maintenance in its broadest sense. However, the data supported that most principals lack knowledge concerning the specific facilities maintenance information and issues. Recommendations were made to address the lack of knowledge principals have concerning facilities maintenance. Recommendations were also made for additional research in the area of the principal's knowledge concerning facilities maintenance.

The waste framework directive from the European Commission states that 70 percent of allconstruction- and demolition waste (CDW) should be reused or recycled. In Sweden during theyear of 2018, 52,1 percent of the generated CDW was reused or recycled, but a report fromAvfall Sverige showed that reuse only accounted for small fractions of this. According to theEU's waste hierarchy, waste reduction followed by reuse are the most desirable ways to handlewaste. Research for how to reuse CDW is therefore considered an interesting and relevant topicfor research to help achieve the goal of the waste framework directive. The purpose of this master thesis was to further develop a Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA)model which was applied on different building components to evaluate how well suited theywere for reuse considering; (1) financial return, (2) environmental impact, (3) energyconsumption and (4) external aspects. The study was performed as a case study and the appliedmethods within the case study were interviews, a survey as well as the MCA model. To estimateaspects one to three of the MCA model, the theoretical framework consisted of a Cost BenefitAnalysis (CBA) and a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) in accordance with the European standardEN15978. The fourth aspect was evaluated with help of a survey to assess qualitativedimensions of reuse. The study concluded that there are many challenges related to reuse in demolition projects.Some major challenges identified were the limited time frames, absence of competence andexperience among actors as well as logistical challenges. According to the results from theMCA model, there is a difference in how well suited the studied components were for reuse.The two most beneficial components to reuse out of the investigated ones in the case studywere crushed concrete and aluminum doors. It was also concluded that the MCA model issuitable to apply in this component specific context. / Avfallsdirektivet från Europeiska kommissionen säger att 70 procent av allt bygg- ochrivningsavfall (CDW) ska återanvändas eller återvinnas. I Sverige under året 2018återanvändes eller återvanns 52,1 procent av den totala mängden genererad CDW. En rapportfrån Avfall Sverige visade dock att återanvändning endast stod för små andelar av dessa 52,1procent. Enligt EU:s avfallshierarki är avfallsminimering följt av återanvändning de mestönskvärda metoderna för hantering av avfall. För att uppnå målet i avfallsdirektivet är studierkring återbruk av CDW ett intressant och relevant ämne. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att vidareutveckla en MCA-modell (Multi CriteriaAnalysis) som tillämpades på olika byggkomponenter för att utvärdera hur lämpliga de var föråteranvändning. Fyra aspekter togs i beaktning i modellen, nämligen (1) finansiell avkastning,(2) miljöpåverkan, (3) energiförbrukning och (4) externa aspekter. Studien utfördes som enfallstudie och de tillämpade metoderna inom fallstudien var intervjuer, en enkät samt utförandetav MCA-modellen. Det teoretiska ramverket för att uppskatta aspekterna ett till tre i MCAmodellenvar en kostnadsnyttoanalys (CBA) och en livscykelanalys (LCA) som utfördes ienlighet med den europeiska standarden EN15978. Den fjärde aspekten utvärderades med hjälpav en enkät för att bedöma de kvalitativa dimensionerna av återanvändning. Slutsatsen av studien var att det finns många utmaningar relaterade till återanvändning irivningsprojekt. Några stora utmaningar som identifierats var begränsade tidsramar, avsaknadav kompetens och erfarenhet bland aktörer samt logistiska utmaningar. Enligt resultaten frånMCA-modellen finns det en skillnad i hur väl lämpade de studerade komponenterna var föråteranvändning. De två mest fördelaktiga komponenterna att återanvända av de undersökta ifallstudien var krossad betong och aluminiumdörrar. Vidare drogs slutsatsen att MCAmodellenär lämplig att använda i detta komponentspecifika sammanhang.

A wall might appear as basic, a clean surface without an identity of its own, nothing but a clean slate upon which to leave any impression. Though the walls surrounding us are all but anonymous. They are built with a structure making them stand tall and strong. They are filled with insulation to keep us warm and sheltered. They are hard and they are soft. They can allow us to isolate ourselves from each other or they are fragile enough to let us know someone is on the other side. They cover the basic necessities of our houses, and we in return cover them to make our spaces less anonymous. There is softness hidden in your walls mainly aims to highlight the textile components of architecture which we usually never see. While we tend to view textiles mostly as decoration, they constantly perform in a lot of various ways all around us. In this project I have worked with prefabricated building materials that according to me have textile qualities, but they aren’t viewed as textile. Or I have tried to adapt textile techniques to non-textile materials to test them in new ways. The wall as the leading actor has first and foremost been used as a conversation partner for the material exploration and contextualization. The main material used is wool sheep insulation though many other materials have been put to the test throughout the process.

Klimatpåverkan från bygg- och fastighetssektorn har under senare år varit en drivandeorsak till utsläpp av växthusgaser, vilket är en utmaning för samhället. I Sverige harklimatpåverkan orsakad av bygg- och fastighetssektorn år 2020 beräknats till cirka 9,8miljoner ton koldioxidekvivalenter som motsvarar 21% av Sveriges klimatpåverkan.Sverige är ett land som ständigt arbetar för att reducera klimatpåverkan från nyabyggnader och till följd av det har regeringen infört krav på klimatdeklarationer förnyuppförda byggnader. Lagen om klimatdeklaration trädde i kraft 2022-01-01 och är ettsteg för att uppnå klimatmålen år 2045 som syftar till att inte ha några nettoutsläpp avväxthusgaser. Klimatdeklarationer delas upp i ett antal moduler som omfattar en byggnadsproduktskede (moduler A1 – A3), transport (modul A4) samt byggspill ochenergiförbrukning på arbetsplatsen (modul A5). Klimatdeklarationens syfte är att ökamedvetenheten, bidra till mer kunskap om byggnaders klimatpåverkan och bidra till minskning av klimatpåverkan. Detta examensarbete har genomförts i samarbete med Region Kalmar län med syftet att tafram referensvärden för klimatpåverkan för nyligen uppförda sjukhusbyggnader. Målet äratt redovisa klimatpåverkan för olika byggnadsmaterial i efterhand samt att redogöra förhur en klimatdeklaration kan beräknas med hjälp av arkitekt- och konstruktionsritningar.Nya psykiatrilokaler vid Kalmar länssjukhus använts som fallstudie. Den redovisadeklimatpåverkan i detta projekt omfattar olika konstruktionsmaterial och byggnadsdelaroch beräkningarna har gjorts enligt Boverkets föreskrifter om klimatdeklarationer. Examensarbetet har genomförts med hjälp av 3D-modelleringsprogrammet Revit,Boverkets klimatdatabas samt SundaHus databas. Revit användes för att räkna utmaterialmängder som ska ingå i klimatdeklarationen. Boverkets och SundaHus databaseranvändes för att samla in materialens klimatdata. Beräkningen av klimatpåverkan av psykiatribyggnaden genomfördes med 17%produktspecifika värden, dvs. hur mycket en produkt har påverkat miljön under utvinningav råmaterial, transport och tillverkning. De produktspecifika värdena motsvarar 91𝑘𝑔𝐶𝑂2𝑒/𝑚2𝐵𝑇𝐴 och resterande 83 % som motsvarar 454 𝑘𝑔𝐶𝑂2𝑒/𝑚2𝐵𝑇𝐴 beräknadesmed generiska värden som är genomsnittsvärden av klimatpåverkan för produkter som ärrepresentativa för svenska förhållanden. Det har även använts schablonvärden som äruppskattade värden gällande diesel och eldningsolja på byggarbetsplatsen. Resultatet i detta examensarbete är baserat på Boverkets föreskrifter omklimatdeklarationer och det redovisar det totala klimatpåverkan som motsvarar 545𝑘𝑔𝐶𝑂2𝑒/𝑚2𝐵𝑇𝐴. Resultatet av klimatpåverkan omfattas av modulerna A1 – A5, därproduktskede har bidragit med 492, transport 28, byggspill 15 och energiförbrukning påbyggarbetsplatsen med 10 𝑘𝑔𝐶𝑂2𝑒/𝑚2𝐵𝑇𝐴. Lagen om klimatdeklaration bidrar till ökad kompetens och förståelse inom bygg- ochfastighetssektorn samt hur olika material påverkar klimatet. I dagsläget finns ingagränsvärden att förhålla sig till vid beräkning av klimatpåverkan och därför är det svårt attgöra en bedömning av resultatet. Beräkningarna som gjordes speglar det uppskattadevärdet för sjukhus som stöds av schablonvärden samt tidigare undersökningar avbyggnader med samma funktion. / The climate impact from the construction and property sector has in recent years been adriving cause of emissions of greenhouse gases, which is a challenge for society. InSweden, the climate impact caused by the construction and real estate sector in 2020 hasbeen estimated at approximately 9.8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents, whichcorresponds to 21% of Sweden's climate impact. Sweden is a country that constantlyworks to reduce the climate impact from new buildings and as a result the governmenthas introduced requirements for climate declarations for newly constructed buildings.Climate declarations must cover a building's product stage (module A1 – A3), transport(A4), construction waste and energy consumption on the construction site (A5). The thesis has been carried out with the help of the 3D modeling program Revit,Boverket's climate database and SundaHus's database. Revit was used to calculatematerial quantities to be included in the climate declaration. Boverket's and SundaHus'sdatabase was used to collect the material's climate data. In the climate declaration, the total climate impact is reported, which corresponds to 545𝑘𝑔𝐶𝑂2𝑒/𝑚2𝐵𝑇𝐴. The result of the climate impact covers the modules concerning theconstruction phase, i.e. A1 – A5 where product stage A1 – A3 has amounted to 492,transport 28, construction waste 15 and energy 10 in 𝑘𝑔𝐶𝑂2𝑒/𝑚2𝐵𝑇𝐴. The climate declaration act contributes to increased competence and understanding withinthe construction and property sector for how different materials affect the climate.Currently, there are no limit values to refer to when calculating the climate impact andtherefore it is difficult to assess the result. The calculations made reflect the estimatedvalue of hospitals supported by the standard values, which are estimated values regardingdiesel and heating oil at the construction site.