Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1984.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1991.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Iowa, 2009. / Thesis supervisor: James C. Torner. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-56).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1984.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Technology in Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2018. / Research Problem Statement Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) that involves a combination of emotional and physical symptoms that result in significant functional impairment. PMDD can be debilitating and there are multiple treatment options available, but these are not without side effects. Although complimentary or alternative medicine may be beneficial in treating PMDD, however, there is not enough data available to validate their effectiveness. This study aimed at comparing and determining the efficacy of a homoeopathic mother tincture complex (Vitex agnus castus, Melissa officinalis and Valeriana officinalis) compared to placebo in the management of PMDD. Methodology A sample size of 30 consenting female participants with PMDD who met the inclusion criteria as set out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The duration of the study was three months for each participant. Participants were randomly divided into experimental and placebo groups with three consultations over the study period where Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and Visual Analogue Scale were applied. Non-parametric and inferential analysis of data were performed to analyse and compare the effects of treatment and time on symptoms over the three consultation periods (α.05). Results Results for both scales showed no statistical significance in the interaction between time and treatment. The results showed no statistical differences between the control and experimental group in the management of PMDD. However, the mean value measured in the experimental group were consistently lower than the control. Conclusion The conclusion derived from this study is that the homoeopathic complex studied is not effective in the treatment of PMDD. None of the results showed significant differences between the treatment and the placebo group trials. Further studies are highly recommended in this field. / M

Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Farmácia (bff@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-11T17:31:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos, Larissa Almenara Silva dos [Dissertação, 2011].pdf: 692855 bytes, checksum: 153140a6b56a719a5213e3977c23a824 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T17:31:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos, Larissa Almenara Silva dos [Dissertação, 2011].pdf: 692855 bytes, checksum: 153140a6b56a719a5213e3977c23a824 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Os hormônios sexuais femininos influenciam alterações metabólicas durante o ciclo menstrual. Estas, são estudadas em mulheres com síndrome pré-menstrual (SPM) porém, no Brasil há poucas informações em mulheres sadias. O objetivo foi avaliar a concentração sérica de eletrólitos e hormônios esteróides femininos em mulheres jovens, na fase lútea do ciclo menstrual, e sua relação com os sintomas da SPM. Noventa e três voluntárias foram acompanhadas durante três meses. O estado nutricional foi avaliado baseado no Índice de massa corporal (IMC), percentual de gordura e água corporal. Foram utilizados 3 “mapas de sintomas diários” para investigar a frequência de ansiedade, edema, depressão, constipação intestinal, diarréia, mastalgia e náuseas. No 1º mês, foi coletado 10 mL de sangue, após jejum noturno de 12 horas, na fase lútea (FL), para determinar hematócrito, hemoglobina, sódio, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, estrogênio, progesterona, hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH), hormônio luteinizante (LH) e prolactina. Os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva através do programa GraphPad Instat®. A ingestão alimentar (energética, macro e micronutrientes) foi avaliada através de 6 registros: 03 na FL e 03 na fase folicular (FF) e utilizou-se o Software NutWin®- Programa de Apoio à Nutrição. O estado nutricional manteve-se inalterado porém, na FL, mais da metade (>62%) das voluntárias apresentavam água corporal acima da referência (>500mL/Kg). Os sintomas ansiedade, edema, depressão e mastalgia foram mais percebidos na fase menstrual do ciclo, de forma leve. Foi constatado voluntárias com hiponatremia (4,22%) e hipernatremia (7,04%); hipocalcemia (86,49%); hipocalemia (2,70%), hipomagnesemia (14,08%), hipermagnesemia (5,08%) e a presença de anemia em 24% delas. Quanto aos hormônios: Estrogênio (<25,00%; >2,08%); Progesterona (<22,54%; >14,08%); FSH (<10,17%; >30,51%); LH (<6,12%; >14,28%); Prolactina (>22,53 %). Foi verificado maior (p<0,05) ingestão de energia (Kcal) (FL:1652,50 ± 408,08; FF:1550,99 ± 334,87), carboidrato (g) (FL: 223,54 ± 58,29; FF: 210,75 ± 49,17), proteína (g) (FL: 69,00 ± 18,64; FF: 65,08 ± 17,57) e lipídios (g) (FL: 52,67 ± 17,44; FF: 50,90 ± 14,51) na FL comparado com a FF (p<0,05). A ingestão dos micronutrientes foi inadequada: Sódio (>27,14% FL; >21,74% FF), Potássio (<100,00% FL e FF), Cálcio (<90,00% e >10,00% FL; <97,10% e >2,89% FF) e Magnésio (<90,00% FL; <92,75% FF). Apesar de o estado nutricional estar adequado, foi constatada grande freqüência de voluntárias anêmicas e conclui-se que o ciclo menstrual parece alterar o equilíbrio eletrolítico e hormonal, provoca aumento da ingestão de energia e macronutrientes na fase lútea e favorece a exacerbação de sintomas pré-menstruais na fase menstrual do ciclo, em mulheres jovens / Female hormones influence metabolic changes during the menstrual cycle. These are studied in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) but in Brazil there is little information on healthy women. The aim was to evaluate serum electrolytes and female steroid hormones in young women in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and its relation to the symptoms of PMS. Ninety-three subjects were followed for three months. Nutritional status was assessed based on body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat and water. We used 3 "maps of daily symptoms" to investigate the frequency of anxiety, edema, depression, enteric costiveness, diarrhea, nausea and breast tenderness. At 1 month was 10 mL of blood collected after an overnight fast of 12 hours in the luteal phase (LP) to determine hematocrit, hemoglobin, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, estrogen, progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics through the GraphPad Instat ®. Dietary intake (energy, macro and micronutrients) was assessed by 6 records: 03 in LP and 03 in the follicular phase (FP) and used the Software NutWin ® - Nutrition Support Programme. Nutritional status remained unchanged but in LF, more than half (>62%) of the volunteers had body water above the reference (> 500mL/Kg). The anxiety symptoms, edema, depression and breast tenderness were more perceived during the menstrual cycle, lightly. It has been found volunteers with hyponatremia (4,22%) and hypernatremia (7,04%), hypocalcemia (86,49%), hypokalemia (2,70%), hypomagnesemia (14,08%), hypermagnesemia (5,08%) and the presence of anemia in 24% of them. As for the hormones: estrogen (<25,00%; >2,08%), progesterone (<22,54%; >14,08%), FSH (<10,17%; >30,51%), LH (<6,12%; >14,28%), prolactin (>22,53%). It was found higher (p<0,05) energy intake (kcal) (LP: 1652,50 ± 408,08; FP: 1550,99 ± 334,87), carbohydrate (g) (LP: 223,54 ± 58,29; FP: 210,75 ± 49,17), protein (g) (LP: 69,00 ± 18,64; FP: 65,08 ± 17,57) and lipids (g) (LP: 52,67 ± 17,44; FP: 50,90 ± 14,51) in LP compared to FP (p<0,05). The intake of micronutrients was inadequate: Sodium (>27,14% LP; >21,74% FP), potassium (<100,00% LP and FP), calcium (<90,00% and >10,00% LP; <97,10% and >2,89% FP) and magnesium (<90,00% LP; <92,75% FP). Although the nutritional status to be adequate, was found high frequency of voluntary anemic and conclude that the menstrual cycle seems to alter the electrolyte balance and hormonal causes an increase in energy and macronutrient intake in the luteal phase and favors the exacerbation of symptoms pre-menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle in young women.

This thesis examines how the women's movement of the 1960s and 1970s influenced scholarship in the social sciences, and how the feminism growing out of this movement affected premenstrual syndrome (PMS) research. Since the 1980s social science paradigms guiding P M S research have begun to consider how biology and the environment mutually influence one another to produce premenstrual changes. The work examined in this thesis uses feminism to challenge traditional scientific approaches to PMS, including claims o f "objectivity," negative evaluations of menstrual changes in women, the claim that women experience natural cycles and men do not, and the belief that the expression of anger contradicts the feminine role. The research herein is based on all psychology research on PMS produced in the greater Vancouver area during the 1980s and 1990s. The knowledge that has been constructed about PMS through social sciences research also contributes to a common narrative about gender. This narrative holds that femininity and masculinity are not only linked to concepts of biological sex but also to concepts of culture that are heavily influenced by power relationships. The research examined here contributes to this narrative by challenging traditional theories about women's nature and by implementing research methods that add to our understanding of the way that cultural values influence research and knowledge production. The image of women as passive victims of "that time of the month" has been called into question by an image o f women that takes society and culture into account when explaining "women's nature." / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Prior research has pointed to an association between a history of traumatic events and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in women. The objective of this study was to further investigate the relationship between trauma and PMS among female veterans, a population with high rates of sexual and physical abuse, as well as combat-related exposures. We conducted a case-control study of 502 women veterans under the age of 52 who were associated with the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Trauma history, gynecological health, mental health (including posttraumatic stress disorder), and other variables were obtained through telephone interview. Cases were women who had moderate to severe PMS as defined by validated criteria and controls were women without PMS. The prevalence of PMS was 14.3%. Thirty-three percent of subjects reported a completed sexual assault, 29% a combat-related trauma, and 86% a non-combat related trauma. Factors significantly associated with PMS (p<0.05) in the univariate analysis were: attempted, completed, and number of rapes during a woman's lifetime; rape before age 18; rape during military service; childhood sexual abuse; and number of non-combat related traumas. Childhood physical abuse and combat-related trauma were not associated with PMS in univariate analyses. In our final multivariate model, lifetime completed sexual assault was associated with PMS (odds ratio =2.42, 95% confidence interval = 1.33-4.40). Findings from this study among female veterans indicate that a history of trauma, particularly sexual trauma, is associated with moderate to severe PMS. Further study is warranted to confirm temporal relationships and causal mechanisms.

Bakgrund: Menstruationscykeln är en komplex cykel fertila kvinnor upplever varje månad. Cykeln innefattar hormonvariationer som påverkar kroppen på flera olika sätt. PMS är ett syndrom som inträffar innan menstruationsfasen av kvinnans cykel och kan pågå i upp till två veckor innan menstruation. Det föreligger en syn på den premenstruella kvinnan som svag, instabil och oberäknelig. Sjuksköterskans grundläggande ansvarsområden innefattar att främja hälsa och lindra lidande. Sjuksköterskan ska visa medkänsla, lyhördhet och respekt för patienten och arbeta för jämlikhet och social rättvisa. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med premenstruellt syndrom. Metod: Metoden som valdes var en litteraturöversikt med vetenskapliga studier som identifierades genom litteratursökningar i databaserna CINAHL, PsycINFO, Medline samt genom sekundärsökningar. I resultatet användes åtta kvalitativa studier och två studier med blandad metod. Analys genomfördes med identifiering av kategorier för att sammanställa vetenskapligt kunskap. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i fyra kategorier vilka beskriver kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med PMS. Dessa kategorier är kroppsliga och emotionella förändringars påverkan i vardagen, att känna sig påverkad av egna uppfattningar och andras attityder, förståelse och stöd genom samtal och att försöka hantera PMS i vardagen. Resultatet visade att kvinnor upplevde stor variation av fysiska och emotionella förändringar vid PMS. Det framkom även att kvinnor upplevde att män hade negativa attityder kring menstruation och PMS. Kvinnor upplevde också ett behov av stöd och förståelse. Diskussion: Författarna diskuterade kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med PMS med stöd av Martha C Nussbaums förmågemodell och ICNs etiska kod. Diskussionen fördes vidare med hjälp av vetenskaplig litteratur samt författarnas reflektioner relaterat till resultatet. PMS påverkar kvinnors vardag och kan leda till begränsningar i livet. Dessa upplevelser kan även vara påverkade av samhällets syn på kvinnors hälsa och rådande sociala strukturer. Sjuksköterskor har en betydelsefull roll i att stödja kvinnor vid hantering av PMS och även arbeta för jämlikhet inom vården. / Background:  The menstruation cycle is a complex cycle that fertile women experience every month. It consists of hormone variations that affect the body in many ways. PMS is a syndrome that appears before the menstruation phase of the cycle and can be experienced up to two weeks before menstruation. Society contains a view of the premenstrual women as weak, unstable and erratic. The nurse's primary professional responsibility is to promote health and alleviate suffering. The nurse should show compassion, responsiveness and respect towards the patients and work towards equality and social justice. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to describe women's experiences of living with premenstrual syndrome. Method: The method chosen was a literature study with scientific studies that were identified by searching the databases CINAHL, PsycINFO, Medline and through secondary searches. Eight qualitative and two mixed method studies form the basis for the results part. Analysis was carried out with the identification of categories to compile scientific knowledge. Results: The results are presented in four categories which describes women's experiences of living with premenstrual syndrome: The influence of bodily and emotional changes in everyday life, to feel affected by one’s own perception and the attitude of others, understanding and support through conversation and to try to manage PMS in everyday life. The results show that women experienced a variation of mental and physical changes during PMS. Women felt that men have negative attitudes about menstruation and PMS. Women also experienced a need for understanding and support. Discussion: The authors discussed women’s experiences of living with PMS with the support of Marta C Nussbaum’s capabilities model and ICN’s code of ethics. The discussion was developed further by scientific literature and the authors own reflections related to the result. Suffering from PMS can bring consequences and restrictions to women's daily life. These experiences may also be influenced by society's views on women's health and prevailing social structures. Nurses have a significant role in supporting women in managing PMS and also work for equality in health care.

Premenstruellt syndrom (PMS) drabbar 30–40 % av kvinnor. Premenstruella symtom uppstår i menstruationscykelns luteala fas och kan ge både kroppsliga och psykiska förändringar. Syftet med studien var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelse av den premenstruella fasen. En litteraturgenomgång gjordes utifrån tio vetenskapliga kvalitativa artiklar som hittades i databaserna Cinahl och PsycInfo. Studierna kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av Fribergs modell. Analysen av litteraturstudien resulterade i tre huvudteman med åtta subteman. Temana var, Fysisk och psykisk påverkan, Påverkan i nära relationer och Hanteringsstrategier. Kvinnors upplevelser av premenstruellt syndrom varierar i både fysiska och känslomässiga symtom. PMS påverkar kvinnan och hennes dagliga liv och relationer. Användbara hanteringsstrategier identifierades som kvinnlig solidaritet och tillfredsställande av förändrade behov. Ytterligare forskning är viktig för att öka kunskapen och medvetenheten hos vårdpersonal och för att lindra symptomen av PMS. / Premenstrual syndrome is a syndrome that affects 30-40% women. Premenstrual symptoms occur in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and affects both embodied and psychological changes. The aim of this study was to describe women's experience of premenstrual phases. A literature review was conducted based on ten scientific qualitative articles found in the databases Cinahl and PsycInfo. The quality of the studies was reviewed and analyzed using Friberg’s model. The analysis of this literature study resulted in three major themes with eight subthemes. The themes were Physical and psychological influence, Influence in close relationships and Coping strategies. Women's experiences of premenstrual syndrome vary in both physical and emotional symptoms. PMS affects the woman and her day-to-day life and relationships. Useful coping strategies were identified as female solidarity and satisfying changing needs. Further research is important to increase the knowledge and awareness in health care professionals, and to help relieve the symptoms of PMS.