The current work maps the social circumstances and the underlying theological conflicts to the insertion process of Protestantism in the Sergipe state in the late 19th century, during the transition from Brazilian Empire to Brazilian Republic, in the city of Laranjeiras. This city at the time was known as “AtenasSergipana”, due of its cultural, social and politic leadership in the state. The research evaluates the religious basis of laranjeirense society and the reasons that led the Presbyterians to initiate their insertion in Sergipe from this city, pointing out certain favorablecircumstances which made the sectors of society to join the Protestant message. However, the present study also observes that insertion wasn’t peaceful, but envolved theological and social conflicts that manifested in form of physical violence against the ones who adhered to Protestantism, motivating deep theological discussions in the newspapers of the time based on biblical interpretation and authenticity. At the end, the research aims to demonstrate that, under these conditions, the insertion of Protestantism in a catholic society contributes to establishment of Brazilian Republic, which caused a debate about the right to freedom of religion and the laic state, putting at risk the secular hegemony of Catholic Church. / O presente trabalho mapeia as circunstâncias sociais e os conflitos teológicos subjacentes ao processo de inserção do Protestantismo no Estado de Sergipe no final do século XIX, durante a transição do Brasil Império para o Brasil República na cidade de Laranjeiras. Esta cidade na época era conhecida como “Atenas Sergipana” em virtude de sua liderança cultural, social e política no Estado. A pesquisa avalia a base religiosa da sociedade laranjeirense e os motivos que levaram os presbiterianos a iniciarem sua inserção no Estado sergipano a partir desta cidade, apontando certas circunstancias favoráveis que fizeram setores da sociedade a aderirem à mensagem Protestante. Contudo, o presente estudo observa também que essa inserção não foi pacífica, mas envolveu conflitos teológicos e sociais que se manifestaram na forma de violência física contra os que aderiram ao Protestantismo, motivando profundas discussões teológicas nos jornais da época com base na interpretação e autenticidade Bíblica. No final, a pesquisa visa demonstrar que nestas condições a inserção do protestantismo em uma sociedade católica contribuiu para o estabelecimento da República brasileira, o que provocou um debate sobre o direito à liberdade de religião e o estado laico, colocando em risco a hegemonia secular da Igreja Católica. / São Cristóvão, SE

This thesis explores how Scotland's federal theology helped to perpetuate the seventeenth-century Presbyterian conception of a covenanted Church and nation among a significant portion of eighteenth-century evangelical Presbyterians. It examines how both a seventeenth-century form of federal theology and a social ethic based on Scotland's Covenants were preserved among many Scottish Presbyterians between 1690 and the 1790s, until a broader and more individualistic evangelicalism increasingly eclipsed the corporate aspects of federal theology. The thesis focuses on the experiences of the Secession and Reformed Presbyterian Churches, Presbyterian denominations which broke away from the established Church of Scotland. Chapter one traces the origins of federal theology in Scotland, and considers the Scottish covenant idea within Post-Reformation Calvinism generally, and more particularly within the Presbyterian Church of Scotland after the Revolution Settlement of 1689-90. Chapter two considers how federal theology was preserved and perpetuated among Presbyterian evangelicals after 1690, how these evangelicals continued the covenanting practice of identifying Scotland with biblical Israel, and how their longings for national revival came to hinge upon the renewal of Covenant obligations. Chapter three considers the impact of the Marrow controversy in prolonging the predominant influence of federal theology on eighteenth-century Scottish popular piety, particularly among the Secession and Reformed Presbyterians. Chapter four considers a further aspect of the Marrow controversy-that is, its emphasis on the connection between the moral law and the covenant of grace. In analyzing both the individual and corporate dimensions of federal theology, this chapter examines the thought that informed the practice of covenanting, and considers why many Secession and Reformed Presbyterians believed in the 'perpetual obligation' of Scotland's Covenants for subsequent generations. The chapter also introduces the theological criticisms that would in the course of the eighteenth-century largely undermine federal theology's corporate applications for most Presbyterians and that would greatly weaken adherence to the Covenants within the two Secession Synods (Burgher and Anti burgher). Chapter five examines the application of the covenant idea to the sacraments of Baptism and the Lord's Supper. It explores how the sacraments kept alive the social ideal of federal theology and its aspirations for national revival within the Secession and Reformed Presbyterian Churches between 1690 and the 1820s, despite the mounting theological criticisms of federal theology and covenanting. Finally, chapter six examines how federal theology's corporate aspects affected the Secession and Reformed Presbyterians' views on Church and State and the role of the civil magistrate. Consideration is given to how Scotland's changing social, political, and intellectual contexts eroded the commitments to a Covenant piety among evangelical Presbyterians, and to how this led to further schisms within the two Secession Synods at the close of the eighteenth century.

The nineteenth century saw the revival and widespread propagation in Scotland of a view of Scottish history that put Presbyterianism at the heart of the nation's identity, and told the story of Scotland's history largely in terms of the church's struggle for religious and constitutional liberty. Key to this development was the Anti-Burgher minister Thomas M'Crie, who, spurred by attacks on Presbyterianism found in eighteenth-century and contemporary historical literature, between the years 1811 and 1819 wrote biographies of John Knox and Andrew Melville and a vindication of the Covenanters. M'Crie generally followed the very hard line found in the Whig- Presbyterian polemical literature that emerged from the struggles of the sixteenth and seventeenth century; he was particularly emphatic in support of the independence of the church from the state within its own sphere. His defence of his subjects embodied a Scottish Whig interpretation of British history, in which British constitutional liberties were prefigured in Scotland and in a considerable part won for the British people by the struggles of Presbyterian Scots during the seventeenth century. M'Crie's work won a huge following among the Scottish reading public, and spawned a revival in Presbyterian historiography which lasted through the century. His influence was considerably enhanced through the affinity felt for his work by the Anti- Intrusionists in the Church of Scotland and their successors in the Free Church (1843- 1900), who were particularly attracted by his uncompromising defence of the spiritual independence of the church. The steady stream of historical works from Free Church ministers and laymen during the lifetime of the church corresponded with a very weak output of academic history, and in consequence the Free Church interpretation was probably the strongest single influence in forming the Scots' picture of their history in the late nineteenth century. Much of this interpretation, - particularly the belief in the particularly Presbyterian nature of the Scottish character and of the British constitution, was accepted by historians of the other main branches of the Presbyterian community, while the most determined opposition to the thesis was found in the work of historians of the Episcopal Church. Although the hold of the Presbyterian interpretation was weakened at the end of the century by factors including the merger of most of the Free Church in 1900 and the increasing appearance from 1900 of secular and sometimes anti-Presbyterian Scottish history, elements of it continued to influence the Scottish national self-image well into the twentieth century.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-06-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_sl_dr_assis.pdf: 2363397 bytes, checksum: 6a27ccf265f459a46277b72d900fcb07 (MD5) / Este trabalho estuda o apoio da Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil ao governo militar. Essa sustentação ideológica pode ser entendida como parte da disputa por espaço no campo religioso brasileiro, enfrentando, principalmente, o catolicismo. O apoio ao governo militar foi também parte da estratégia de participar das transformações pelas quais o país deveria passar para se tornar um país avançado. Esse progresso seria alcançado pela adoção da verdadeira religião que os presbiterianos ofereciam aos brasileiros. Nesse sentido, a aprovação aos militares é resultado de sua herança teológica e ideológica. O presbiterianismo veio dos Estados Unidos da América do Norte e em seu bojo vieram o pensamento liberal e o fundamentalismo teológico, dois elementos essenciais para prover a base ideológica do apoio ao governo militar. A sustentação e o aplauso estiveram presentes nas páginas do jornal oficial da Igreja, Brasil Presbiteriano, e em diversas decisões conciliares, desde 1964, mas especialmente após a reunião de 1966, quando o grupo fundamentalista ascendeu ao poder. No entanto, houve um grupo de oposição ao governo eclesiástico estabelecido em 1966, cuja linha teológica e ideológica poderia representar oposição ao regime militar. A disputa entre as duas partes não aparecia como disputa ideológica, mas sim puramente teológica. As ideias desse segundo grupo se mostram nas críticas que o jornal oficial da denominação fazia, nas decisões conciliares e, principalmente, no próprio jornal criado como órgão de debate e oposição, o Jornal Presbiteriano. O ecumenismo, com o pensamento da responsabilidade social da igreja e o movimento evangelical, com o conceito de missão integral, eram ideias correntes desse grupo. Esses conceitos recebiam a acusação de esquerdismo e comunismo, demonstrando um tipo de... / This work studies the support of the Presbyterian Church of Brazil to the military government. This ideological support can be understood as part of the fight for space in the Brazilian religious field, facing Catholicism and Pentecostalism. Support for the military government was also part of the strategy to participate in the transformations that the country should move to become an advanced country. This progress would be achieved by the adoption of true religion that Presbyterians provided Brazilians. In this sense, the military approval is a result of their theological and ideological heritage. The Presbyterianism came to the United States of North America and in its wake came the thought liberal and also theological fundamentalism, two essential elements to provide the ideological basis of support for the military government. The aid and applause were present in the pages of the official newspaper of the Church, Brasil Presbiteriano, and several conciliar decisions since 1964, but especially after the 1966 meeting, when the fundamentalist group came to power. However, there was a group opposed to the ecclesiastical government established in 1966, whose theological and ideological lines could represent opposition to the military regime. The dispute between the two parties of dispute do not appeared as ideological, but purely theological. The ideas of this second group are shown in criticizing the newspaper's official of church, in conciliar decisions and especially the newspaper itself created as an agency of opposition and debate, the Jornal Presbiteriano. Ecumenism, with the thought of social responsibility of the church and the evangelical movement, with the concept of integral mission, were current ideas of this group. These concepts were given the charge of leftism and communism, demonstrating a kind of thinking... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Milton Carlos Costa / Banca: Célia Reis Camargo / Banca: Ricardo Gião Bortolotti / Banca: Breno Martins Campos / Banca: Richard Gonçalves André / Resumo: Este trabalho estuda o apoio da Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil ao governo militar. Essa sustentação ideológica pode ser entendida como parte da disputa por espaço no campo religioso brasileiro, enfrentando, principalmente, o catolicismo. O apoio ao governo militar foi também parte da estratégia de participar das transformações pelas quais o país deveria passar para se tornar um país avançado. Esse progresso seria alcançado pela adoção da verdadeira religião que os presbiterianos ofereciam aos brasileiros. Nesse sentido, a aprovação aos militares é resultado de sua herança teológica e ideológica. O presbiterianismo veio dos Estados Unidos da América do Norte e em seu bojo vieram o pensamento liberal e o fundamentalismo teológico, dois elementos essenciais para prover a base ideológica do apoio ao governo militar. A sustentação e o aplauso estiveram presentes nas páginas do jornal oficial da Igreja, Brasil Presbiteriano, e em diversas decisões conciliares, desde 1964, mas especialmente após a reunião de 1966, quando o grupo fundamentalista ascendeu ao poder. No entanto, houve um grupo de oposição ao governo eclesiástico estabelecido em 1966, cuja linha teológica e ideológica poderia representar oposição ao regime militar. A disputa entre as duas partes não aparecia como disputa ideológica, mas sim puramente teológica. As ideias desse segundo grupo se mostram nas críticas que o jornal oficial da denominação fazia, nas decisões conciliares e, principalmente, no próprio jornal criado como órgão de debate e oposição, o Jornal Presbiteriano. O ecumenismo, com o pensamento da responsabilidade social da igreja e o movimento evangelical, com o conceito de missão integral, eram ideias correntes desse grupo. Esses conceitos recebiam a acusação de esquerdismo e comunismo, demonstrando um tipo de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work studies the support of the Presbyterian Church of Brazil to the military government. This ideological support can be understood as part of the fight for space in the Brazilian religious field, facing Catholicism and Pentecostalism. Support for the military government was also part of the strategy to participate in the transformations that the country should move to become an advanced country. This progress would be achieved by the adoption of true religion that Presbyterians provided Brazilians. In this sense, the military approval is a result of their theological and ideological heritage. The Presbyterianism came to the United States of North America and in its wake came the thought liberal and also theological fundamentalism, two essential elements to provide the ideological basis of support for the military government. The aid and applause were present in the pages of the official newspaper of the Church, Brasil Presbiteriano, and several conciliar decisions since 1964, but especially after the 1966 meeting, when the fundamentalist group came to power. However, there was a group opposed to the ecclesiastical government established in 1966, whose theological and ideological lines could represent opposition to the military regime. The dispute between the two parties of dispute do not appeared as ideological, but purely theological. The ideas of this second group are shown in criticizing the newspaper's official of church, in conciliar decisions and especially the newspaper itself created as an agency of opposition and debate, the Jornal Presbiteriano. Ecumenism, with the thought of social responsibility of the church and the evangelical movement, with the concept of integral mission, were current ideas of this group. These concepts were given the charge of leftism and communism, demonstrating a kind of thinking... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:48:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wilson Ferreira de Souza Neto.pdf: 385218 bytes, checksum: 4fbbbc3bef0b595c4ce539ad89b76255 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-12 / It is in the 19th Century that happens the great changes in Europe; and, in the long run, we can see in the World. The new ideas tend to renew Brazilian s society in many aspects, including religious one. The Masonry is considered an institution that works in the society based on its motto: Freedom, Iqualility, Brotherhood. So, in history development, we can see its influence on plenty of events. Maybe the French Revolution is the great one. Its arriving to Brazil is through the students that will put in practice those ideas that are occurring in Europe. In this atmosphere of changes that gospels immigrants arrive in Brazilian place and start their religious activities, achieving space through the help of the masons and Masonry Story; something that can be clearly observed in this paper. Therefore, we conclude with the definition of the Masonry in Brazil, mostly through the Presbyterianism, was such important to consolidate and development of this reformed tradition in Brazil until nowdays. / É no século XIX que ocorrem as grandes mudanças na Europa e, com o tempo, em todo o mundo; são estas novas idéias que chegam ao Brasil. As novas idéias tendem a renovar a sociedade brasileira em vários aspectos, inclusive no religioso. A Maçonaria é considerada uma instituição que atua na sociedade com base em seu lema: Liberdade, Igualdade e Fraternidade. Assim, no desenvolvimento da história, vemos sua influência em inúmeros eventos. Talvez a Revolução Francesa venha a ser a de maior destaque. Sua chegada ao Brasil é por meio de estudantes que retornam da cidade de Coimbra com novos ideais; são estes estudantes que irão colocar em prática estas idéias que estão ocorrendo na Europa. É neste cenário, de mudanças, que chegam imigrantes protestantes em solo brasileiro e iniciam suas atividades religiosas, ganhando espaço através do auxilio de maçons e de Lojas Maçônicas; algo que pode ser claramente observado neste trabalho. Portanto, concluímos definindo que o papel exercido pela Maçonaria no Brasil, especificadamente aos presbiterianos, foi de suma importância para a fixação e desenvolvimento desta tradição reformada em solo brasileiro que vem até os nossos dias.

Please note: this work is indefinitely embargoed in OpenBU. No public access is forecasted. To request private access, please click on the lock icon and fill out the appropriate web form. / Based on a qualitative study on the new development of Presbyterianism in China, this thesis explores the urban and rational side of Chinese Christianity, so as to open an empirical window on meso-level social change in urban China. From an empirical perspective, although the organizational form of the Presbyterian Church in China and its scope are still in the fledging stage, the discursive practices and the institutional and coalition building of Chinese Presbyterians fit into the profile of a social movement. This preliminary data collected so far examines the emerging Protestant elites and their role in the precarious civil society of today’s China. On the normative side, these Chinese Presbyterians articulate a strong political theology that blends the Anabaptist and the reformed theologies. In addition, the institutional and the missional tension of this movement is also under examination. In the end, this project is an experiment that tests the commensurability between theology and social sciences, especially the viability of theologically engaged ethnography. / 2031-01-01

This thesis offers a new interpretation of the origins of eighteenth-century popular political consciousness in Scotland during the second half of the eighteenth century by considering the relationship between Presbyterianism, literacy and political activity, and it examines the long-standing enmity to the authority of the elite expressed through patronage disputes, the burgh reform movement and opposition to Catholic relief. In particular it discusses the ongoing debate over lay ecclesiastical patronage arguing that religious dispute was a major stimulus to the process of politicising ordinary people. This process was aided by the inherent radicalism within Presbyterianism which was egalitarian and anti-hierarchical, and which was used to justify inclusion in the political process. It also emphasises the continuing relevance of Scotland’s Covenanting tradition for people from all walks of life who engaged with ideas predominantly through polemical religious books, particularly Covenanting theology and history, and it argues that the clergy provided a crucial link between the general populace and the issues of the day through their ability to draw people into contemporary debate as a result of their preaching and publications.

The Cape of Good Hope was discovered by Ba.rtholomew Diaz, a Portuguese navigator, in 1487, but it did not occur to any European nation to make a settlement there until one hundred and sixty.years after that date. On the 6th April, 1652, Jan van Riebeeck founded the earliest settlement at the foot of Tab1e Mountain. Holland was at that time at the height of her political and commercial prosperity. The Dutch East India Company, founded in 1602, had acquired a practica~ monopoly of the sea-borne traffic with India and the East, and it was in order to provide a port of call for the outgoing and returning vessels of this Company that a tawnship was established and a castle built at the Cape of Good Hope in 1666, under the nsme and title of "the frontier fortress of India".

As one of the most remarkable of the Scottish Covenanters, George Gillespie had a reputation in England and Scotland as an orthodox Puritan theologian and apologist for Scottish Presbyterianism. He was well known for his controversial works attacking the ceremonies of the Church of England, defending Presbyterianism, opposing religious toleration, and combating Erastianism. He is best remembered as one of the Scottish Commissioners to the Westminster Assembly in London, which sought to reform the English Church and establish a uniform religion for the two kingdoms. This study assesses his life, ideas, and legacy. In Gillespie's estimation revelation and reason played complementary roles in the Christian life. While the Fall had affected man's reasoning abilities, man could rely upon natural law and scholarship as long as one kept them within the limits of God's truth revealed in Scripture. Moreover, he insisted that the church structure its worship ceremonies, government, and discipline according to the pattern set forth in the Bible. In addition, he emphasized the central role of God's Word and the sacraments in the worship of God and stressed the importance of cultivating personal piety. At the heart of Gillespie's political thought lay the Melvillian theory of the two kingdoms, which led him to reject Erastianism as subordinating the church to the power of the state. Furthermore, his delineation of the limits of the authority of the civil magistrate, presented a challenge to the state's authority and led him to formulate a radical version of the Covenanter doctrine of resistance to the state. While Gillespie supported uniformity of religion between England and Scotland, opposed religious toleration, and rejected the Engagement with King Charles, none of these causes proved successful in his lifetime. Yet these ideas influenced generations of Resolutioners, Protestors, Cameronians, and other heirs of the Scottish Covenanter tradition.