Class of 2009 Abstract / OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention, regarding prescription errors, amongst pharmacy technician students. METHODS: Pharmacy technician students over the age of 18 years attending Apollo College in Tucson, Arizona were eligible to participate. Pretests were given to students to assess baseline knowledge of medication errors. Posttests consisting of questions regarding medication errors were administered to students following a PowerpointTM presentation to assess the effectiveness of the presentation. RESULTS: Pretests and posttests were completed by 18 women and 14 men. Test scores improved significantly from 5.652 to 8.13 out of 10 in the morning class (P< 0.01), 5.8 to 8 in the evening class (P< 0.01), and 5.697 to 8.091 for both classes combined (p< 0.01). Differences in scores based on gender and general employment status did not reach statistical significance (p> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: An educational intervention is effective in improving pharmacy technician student knowledge about prescription errors.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2017-03-31T14:29:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Deivid Nogueira Rafael.pdf: 793444 bytes, checksum: 5b5e4d5dc5b6a608b2bf1eb8da2900b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-31T14:29:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Deivid Nogueira Rafael.pdf: 793444 bytes, checksum: 5b5e4d5dc5b6a608b2bf1eb8da2900b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-08 / Errors involving medications are frequent in health care, causing preventable adverse events of different severities. In this case, prescriptions have great importance in this prevention when elaborated in a readable and complete form. Among the evolutions of the digital era in health care, one of them is the electronic prescription, which is the procedure where the prescriber elaborates the prescription using dedicated software and sends it by electronic means. The objective of this work was to analyze the evolution of the implantation of electronic prescription software in a compounding center, specialized in the preparation of parenteral nutrition. Qualitative exploratory and quantitative descriptive approaches were adopted in a single case study. In the qualitative approach, structured interviews were elaborated, based on theoretical assumptions, applied to the managers and the responsible for Software development. For the evaluation of the data and compilation of the results, a content analysis was used, grouping the questions by similarity and by creating categories. In the quantitative approach, a survey was made about the number of "deviations" in the period from 2006 to 2015, evaluating the impact of the implementation of electronic prescriptions and a comparison with the prescriptions sent by fax and e-mail. The obtained results indicated that the use of electronic prescription software and pharmacist care reduces considerably the number of deviations in prescriptions. The electronic prescription acts as an important tool to help the prescriber to reduce redoing prescriptions as well as possible errors of interpretation when compared to prescriptions sent manually by fax or e-mail. / Os erros envolvendo medicamentos são frequentes na área da saúde, causando eventos adversos preveníveis de diferentes gravidades. Nesse caso, as prescrições possuem grande importância nessa prevenção, quando elaboradas de forma completa e legível. Dentre as evoluções da era digital, na área da saúde, uma delas é a prescrição eletrônica que é o procedimento onde o prescritor elabora a prescrição utilizando um Software dedicado e o envia por meio eletrônico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a evolução da implantação de um Software de prescrição eletrônica em uma farmácia de manipulação especializada, Compounding Center, no preparo de nutrições parenterais. Foram adotadas abordagens qualitativa exploratória e quantitativa descritiva em um estudo de caso único. Na abordagem qualitativa foram realizadas entrevistas estruturadas, elaboradas a partir de um construto, baseado em pressupostos teóricos, aplicadas aos gestores e ao responsável pelo desenvolvimento do Software. Para a avaliação dos dados e compilação dos resultados foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo, agrupando as perguntas por semelhança e criando-se categorias. Na abordagem quantitativa foi realizado um levantamento do número de “desvios” no período de 2006 a 2015, avaliando o impacto da implantação da prescrição eletrônica e um comparativo com as prescrições enviadas via fax e e-mail. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a utilização do Software de prescrição eletrônica e a atenção farmacêutica, reduziram consideravelmente a quantidade de desvios nas prescrições. A prescrição eletrônica atua como uma importante ferramenta no auxílio do prescritor reduzindo possíveis retrabalhos e possíveis erros de interpretação, se comparadas às prescrições enviadas manualmente via fax ou e-mail.

Sammanfattning Syftet med föreliggande arbete var att studera förekomsten av felaktiga läkemedelsordinationer på en pediatrisk avdelning. Metoden bestod i journalgranskning av läkemedelsordinationer av inskrivna patienter (n = 94) under två månader, 2012. Journalgranskningen utfördes i journaldatabasen Cosmic och omfattade 543 läkemedelsordinationer vilka granskades utifrån flertalet variabler. Resultatet visade att 174 av 543 (32 %) ordinationslistor var felaktiga. Läkemedelsnamn samt hänvisning till speciallista var angivet i samtliga ordinationer. Läkemedelsform var angivet i majoriteten av läkemedelsordinationerna. Styrka var ej angivet i 1 %, dos var ej angivet i 2 %, administrationssätt var felaktigt angivet i 6 % och var ej angivet i 9 %, administrationstidpunkt var ej angivet i 2 %. Maxdos för vid behovsläkemedel var ej angivet i 35 % och spädningsschema eller hänvisning till spädningsschema var ej angivet i 10 % av läkemedelsordinationerna. Slutsatsen visar att de vanligaste felaktigheterna bestod i administrationssätt, maxdos för vid behovsläkemedel samt spädningsschema eller hänvisning till spädningsschema. Alla felaktigheter i läkemedelsordinationen har påverkan på arbetssituationen för sjuksköterskan i såväl handhavandet av läkemedel, tidsåtgång samt resurser inom vården, vilket äventyrar patientsäkerheten. / Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the incidence of drug prescription errors at a pediatric ward facility. The method used consisted of medical record review of drug prescription errors of enrolled patients (n = 94) for two months during 2012. Medical record review was performed and included 543 drug prescriptions, which were evaluated. The results showed that 174 of 543 (32 %) of prescription lists were incorrect, based on information given with the medication. The study found that drug name and reference to the specialist were always provided. However, errors included: dosage form not specified in 0.4%, strength was not specified in 1.1%, dose was not specified in 1.6%, route of administration was incorrectly stated in 5.9% and was not specified in 8.8%, administration time was not specified in 1.7%. Maximum dose for range order was not specified in 34.9% and dilution scheme or reference to dilution scheme was not specified in 9.6%. The conclusion of the study was that the most common prescription errors consisted of route of administration, the maximum dose if necessary drugs and dilution scheme or reference to dilution scheme. Prescription errors have effects in the workplace for nurses in the administration of drugs, which threatens patient safety.

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-10-26T11:46:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇAO MAURICIO OLIVEIRA JUNIOR.pdf: 1023259 bytes, checksum: 4ed2457b73e6102347a2ed9685dc851c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-10-26T11:47:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇAO MAURICIO OLIVEIRA JUNIOR.pdf: 1023259 bytes, checksum: 4ed2457b73e6102347a2ed9685dc851c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-26T11:47:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇAO MAURICIO OLIVEIRA JUNIOR.pdf: 1023259 bytes, checksum: 4ed2457b73e6102347a2ed9685dc851c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Centro de Ciências Médicas. Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro / A primeira etapa da chegada do medicamento até o paciente se inicia através da elaboração da prescrição, sendo um dos pontos críticos e que influencia diretamente possíveis erros em etapas posteriores. No Brasil, através da portaria 529 de 2013 do Ministério da Saúde fica instituído o Programa Nacional de Segurança do Paciente que tem como objetivo estimular a cultura de segurança e para isso determina algumas ações e estratégias. Ainda em 2013 é lançado uma coleção de 6 protocolos de segurança, ente eles o de prescrição, uso e administração de medicamentos, que traz orientação para minimização do risco quanto ao processo de utilização do medicamento dentro de estabelecimentos de saúde. O presente estudo teve como objetivos analisar a adequação das prescrições em um hospital universitário frente ao protocolo, analisando para tal os diferentes setores e quantificando os tipos de prescrições existentes. Para tanto foi feito um estudo retrospectivo, onde foram analisadas 2006 prescrições, totalizando 20255 medicamentos onde a média foi de 10,10 ± (5,10) medicamentos por prescrição. Dessas, 100% (n=2006) tiveram algum tipo de erro, 47,6% (n=954) tiveram antibióticos prescritos e 87,5% (n=1755) de injetáveis prescritos. Dos medicamentos analisados 79,2% (n=16049) foram prescritos pelo nome genérico e 96,4% (n=19524) constavam na lista de padronização do hospital. Quanto ao tipo de prescrições 73,8% (n=1480) foram digitadas, 16,7% (n=336) foram manuscritas e 9,5% (n=190) foram mistas, sendo que 5,98% (n=120) foram consideradas ilegíveis (n=6), ou parcialmente ilegíveis (n=114) e desse total 94,2% (n=112) foi proveniente das prescrições manuscritas o que mostra uma associação entre a legibilidade e o tipo de prescrição. É importante ressaltar que a busca pela qualidade e segurança é um processo constante, devendo estar sempre em evolução na instituição, e diante do exposto, a identificação das inadequações, pode contribuir com o direcionamento das ações internas para minimizar os riscos aos pacientes, assim como servir como base para estudos futuros / The first stage of the arrival of the drug to the patient begins with the elaboration of the prescription, being one of the critical points and that directly influences possible errors in later stages. In Brazil, starting in 2013, the National Patient Safety Program (PNSP) is set up in order to stimulate the safety culture, and for this purpose it determines some actions and strategies. Also in 2013, a collection of 6 safety protocols, including prescription, use and administration of medicines, is launched, which provides guidance on risk minimization regarding the process of drug use within health facilities. The present study had as objectives to analyze the adequacy of the prescription of a university hospital regarding such protocol, analyzing the different sectors and quantifying the types of prescriptions available. For that, a retrospective study was carried out, where 2006 prescriptions were analyzed and a total of 20255 drugs were used, where the average was 10.10 ± (5.10) prescription medications. Of these, 100% (n = 2006) had some type of error, 47.56% (n = 954) had prescribed antibiotics and 87.49% (n = 1755) of prescribed injectables. Of the drugs analyzed, 79.23% (n = 16049) were prescribed by the generic name and 96.39% (n = 19524) were on the hospital standardization list. Regarding the type of prescriptions 73.8% (n = 1480) were entered 16.7% (n = 336) were handwritten and 9.5% (n = 190) were mixed, with 5.98% (n=120 were considered illegible (n = 6) or partially illegible (n = 114) and 94.2% (n = 112) came from handwritten prescriptions, which shows an association between readability and type of prescription. It is important to emphasize that the search for quality and safety is a constant process, and should always be evolving in the institution and before the exposed the identification of the inadequacies, can contribute with the direction of the internal actions to minimize the risks as well as to serve as basis for studies Futures

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the use of a shared electronic primary health care record (EHR) to assist with medicines reconciliation in the hospital from admission to discharge. Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional, comparison evaluation for 2 phases, in a short-term elderly admissions ward in the United Kingdom. In phase 1, full reconciliation of the medication history was attempted, using conventional methods, before accessing the EHR, and then the EHR was used to verify the reconciliation. In phase 2, the EHR was the initial method of retrieving the medication history-validated by conventional methods. Results: Where reconciliation was led by conventional methods, and before any access to the EHR was attempted, 28 (28%) of hospital prescriptions were found to contain errors. Of 99 prescriptions subsequently checked using the EHR, only 50 (50%) matched the EHR. Of the remainder, 25% of prescriptions contained errors when verified by the EHR. However, 26% of patients had an incorrect list of current medications on the EHR. Using the EHR as the primary method of reconciliation, 33 (32%) of 102 prescriptions matched the EHR. Of those that did not match, 39 (38%) of prescriptions were found to contain errors. Furthermore, 37 (36%) of patients had an incorrect list of current medications on the EHR. The most common error type on the discharge prescription was drug omission; and on the EHR, wrong drug. Common potentially serious errors were related to unidentified allergies and adverse drug reactions. Conclusions: The EHR can reduce medication errors. However, the EHR should be seen as one of a range of information sources for reconciliation; the primary source being the patient or their carer. Both primary care and hospital clinicians should have read-and-write access to the EHR to reduce errors at care transitions. We recommend further evaluation studies.

There are 353 NHS hospitals in the United Kingdom, and within these hospitals there is wide variation in the electronic prescribing systems applied. Indeed, only one hospital uses a single system in all of its clinical areas. Medication error is the biggest issue in the health care profession in respect to patient safety—

Atualmente, uns dos assuntos mais discutidos na medicina quando se trata de erros é a prescrição médica. Estes erros podem causar grandes danos à saúde dos pacientes, e um dos grandes causadores destes erros é a prescrição feita de forma manual, ou seja, de forma escrita manuscrita pelos médicos. Outro problema decorrente é o fato que nos modelos existentes não contemplam todas as informações necessárias para a correta prescrição. A prescrição médica é um documento que deve conter dados do paciente e de seu tratamento, como medicamentos, doses, periodicidade e, entre outras informações. Como na maioria das vezes quem realiza a infusão dos medicamentos nos pacientes não são os mesmos médicos que os prescreveram, a escrita manuscrita pode dificultar a leitura e o entendimento para quem for realizar o procedimento no paciente. Assim, os problemas proporcionados pela prescrição médica manuscrita como a falta de informações, escrita ilegível, rasuras e informações incompletas, podem ocasionar interpretações errôneas por parte dos profissionais de saúde que os leem, provocando sérios prejuízos diretos aos pacientes. Como atualmente é inevitável à introdução da tecnologia da informação (T.I.) na medicina, houve a iniciativa de criar um questionário eletrônico com perguntas sobre quais informações devem contemplar uma prescrição eletrônica, a fim de não haver falta e nem excesso de informações no modelo de prescrição eletrônica evitando possíveis problemas. Foi criado um questionário contendo 24 questões de múltiplas escolhas, com respostas do tipo SIM ou NÃO. Os questionários foram enviados aos associados da Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Clínica. Foram 215 questionários respondidos, sendo que das 24 questões 17 tiveram 80% ou mais de respostas sim, onde significa que estas informações devem fazer parte do modelo de prescrição, que foi desenvolvido a partir destas informações. / Nowadays, one of the most discussed subjects in medicine when it comes to errors, is medical prescription. These errors can cause great harm to patients, and one of the great causes of these errors is the prescription made manually, that is, in handwritten by doctors. Another problem is the fact that in the existing models it is not include all the information necessary for the correct prescription. The medical prescription is a document that should contain data about the patient and their treatment, such as medications, doses, periodicity among other information. As most of the time those who infuse the drugs are not the same doctors who prescribed them, handwriting may make it difficult to read and understand for those who perform the procedure. Thus, the problems provided by medical prescription such as lack of information, illegible writing, erasures and incomplete information, can lead to misinterpretations by health professionals who read them, causing serious harm to patients. As it is currently unavoidable the introduction of informatics technology (IT) in medicine, there was the initiative to create an electronic questionnaire with questions about what information should contemplate an electronic prescription. In order to avoid lack or excess of information in the prescription model, avoiding possible problems, a questionnaire containing 24 multiple choice (YES or NO) questions was created. The questionnaires were sent to the members of the Brazilian Society of Clinical Oncology. There were 215 questionnaires answered, and of the 24 questions, 17 had 80% or more answers, which means that this information should be part of the prescription model.

The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate clinical pharmacist interventions with the focus on methods aiming to improve the quality of drug therapy and increase patient safety. Adverse drug events caused by medication errors, suboptimal dosages and inappropriate prescribing are common causes of drug-related morbidity and mortality. Clinical pharmacists integrated in multi-professional health-care teams are increasingly addressing these issues. A randomised controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of clinical pharmacists’ interventions in reducing morbidity and use of hospital care for patients 80 years or older. The results showed that the intervention group had fewer visits to hospital and that the intervention was cost-effective. In a subsequent study based on the population in the RCT, the appropriateness of prescribing was assessed using three validated tools. The results indicated improved appropriateness of prescribing for the intervention group as a result of the intervention. The tools and the number of drugs at discharge were then tested for validity in terms of causal links between the scores at discharge and hospitalisation. No clear correlations between high scores for the tools or a high number of drugs and increased risk of hospitalisation could be detected. During the inclusion period of the RCT a survey based study was conducted where the perceived value of ward-based clinical pharmacists, from the perspective of hospital-based physicians and nurses as well as from general practitioners (GPs) was evaluated. The respondents were positive to the new collaboration to a high degree and stated increased patient safety and improvements in patients’ drug therapy as the main advantages. In the last study the frequency and severity of prescription and transcription errors, when patients enrolled in the multidose-dispensed medications (MDD) system are discharged from hospital, was investigated. The results showed that errors frequently occur when MDD patients are hospitalised.

Atualmente, uns dos assuntos mais discutidos na medicina quando se trata de erros é a prescrição médica. Estes erros podem causar grandes danos à saúde dos pacientes, e um dos grandes causadores destes erros é a prescrição feita de forma manual, ou seja, de forma escrita manuscrita pelos médicos. Outro problema decorrente é o fato que nos modelos existentes não contemplam todas as informações necessárias para a correta prescrição. A prescrição médica é um documento que deve conter dados do paciente e de seu tratamento, como medicamentos, doses, periodicidade e, entre outras informações. Como na maioria das vezes quem realiza a infusão dos medicamentos nos pacientes não são os mesmos médicos que os prescreveram, a escrita manuscrita pode dificultar a leitura e o entendimento para quem for realizar o procedimento no paciente. Assim, os problemas proporcionados pela prescrição médica manuscrita como a falta de informações, escrita ilegível, rasuras e informações incompletas, podem ocasionar interpretações errôneas por parte dos profissionais de saúde que os leem, provocando sérios prejuízos diretos aos pacientes. Como atualmente é inevitável à introdução da tecnologia da informação (T.I.) na medicina, houve a iniciativa de criar um questionário eletrônico com perguntas sobre quais informações devem contemplar uma prescrição eletrônica, a fim de não haver falta e nem excesso de informações no modelo de prescrição eletrônica evitando possíveis problemas. Foi criado um questionário contendo 24 questões de múltiplas escolhas, com respostas do tipo SIM ou NÃO. Os questionários foram enviados aos associados da Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Clínica. Foram 215 questionários respondidos, sendo que das 24 questões 17 tiveram 80% ou mais de respostas sim, onde significa que estas informações devem fazer parte do modelo de prescrição, que foi desenvolvido a partir destas informações. / Nowadays, one of the most discussed subjects in medicine when it comes to errors, is medical prescription. These errors can cause great harm to patients, and one of the great causes of these errors is the prescription made manually, that is, in handwritten by doctors. Another problem is the fact that in the existing models it is not include all the information necessary for the correct prescription. The medical prescription is a document that should contain data about the patient and their treatment, such as medications, doses, periodicity among other information. As most of the time those who infuse the drugs are not the same doctors who prescribed them, handwriting may make it difficult to read and understand for those who perform the procedure. Thus, the problems provided by medical prescription such as lack of information, illegible writing, erasures and incomplete information, can lead to misinterpretations by health professionals who read them, causing serious harm to patients. As it is currently unavoidable the introduction of informatics technology (IT) in medicine, there was the initiative to create an electronic questionnaire with questions about what information should contemplate an electronic prescription. In order to avoid lack or excess of information in the prescription model, avoiding possible problems, a questionnaire containing 24 multiple choice (YES or NO) questions was created. The questionnaires were sent to the members of the Brazilian Society of Clinical Oncology. There were 215 questionnaires answered, and of the 24 questions, 17 had 80% or more answers, which means that this information should be part of the prescription model.