<p dir="ltr">Piezoelectric polymers and ceramics have applications throughout many fields, including their use as pressure sensors and transducers. Of the polymers, poly(vinylidene fluoride – trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)), has been the go-to for its high piezoelectric performance. With the addition of aluminum nanopowders (nAl), P(VDF-TrFE) acts as a binder and oxidizer, creating an energetic composite, a so-called piezoenergetic. However, this typically results in lower d₃₃ coefficients and can have lower reactivity since ideal mixtures may short when poled. Here, we develop and demonstrate single-layer and multilayer polymer composite films with high piezoelectric and energetic content. We prepared single-layer thin film piezoelectric energetic composites of nAl and P(VDF-TrFE) and a combination of thermal annealing and poling at elevated temperatures enabled full poling of 9 wt.% nAl/P(VDF-TrFE) films with d₃₃ of 22.7 pC/N that is comparable to P(VDF-TrFE) films. We also investigated the addition of barium titanate (BaTiO₃) particles as a piezoelectric ceramic to enhance the d₃₃ coefficient. In the neat polymer, BaTiO₃ had differing effects depending on the particle size, with 200 nm particles improving the d₃₃ coefficient more than the 1 μm particles. However, neither size of BaTiO₃ particle had a substantial effect on the piezoelectricity in the 9 wt.% nAl/P(VDF-TrFE) films. We also prepared hot-pressed, three-layer “sandwich” P(VDF-TrFE) – 30 wt.% nAl/P(VDF-TrFE) – P(VDF-TrFE) composites, which had marginally lower d₃₃ coefficients than the single-layer 9 wt.% nAl/P(VDF-TrFE) films. However, the 30 wt.% nAl/P(VDF-TrFE) sandwich films were far more energetic than the 9 wt.% nAl/P(VDF-TrFE) films, as confirmed by simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (DSC/TGA) and deflagration studies. The single films will often fail to fully sustain a deflagration, while the sandwich films burn completely. In addition, we can ignite the sandwich samples with an electrical discharge making these films also useful in ignition applications. To demonstrate the use of piezoenergetic films, 9 wt.% nAl/P(VDF-TrFE) single layer and 30 wt.% nAl/P(VDF-TrFE) sandwich films were calibrated as pressure gauges using a mini drop weight setup, and then demonstrated as a pressure gage. The improvements in the piezoelectric coefficient of the 9 wt.% nAl/P(VDF-TrFE) single layer films, as well as the energetic performance in the form of the 30 wt.% nAl/P(VDF-TrFE) sandwich films strongly amplify the existing potential of these multifunctional composites in energetic and pressure sensing applications.</p>

No final da década de 90, foi observado que filmes de espumas poliméricas carregadas eletricamente poderiam apresentar elevados coeficientes piezoelétricos quando eletricamente carregados. Isso devido a macro dipolos elétricos, formados por cargas elétrica opostas aprisionadas nas superfícies internas das cavidades do material. Esses filmes porosos, receberam os nomes de piezoeletretos ou ferroeletretos. Inicialmente produzidos por microextrusão aerada a partir de polipropileno, esses piezoeletretos estimularam as pesquisas devido aos elevados coeficientes piezoelétricos apresentados. No entanto, à baixa estabilidade térmica desse material, limitou sua aplicação em temperaturas mais elevadas. Isso direcionou as pesquisas para técnicas de produção de espumas com outros materiais. Recentemente, uma nova abordagem com dois filme de Teflon FEP moldados e colados por fusão, mostrou-se viável na produção de estruturas com cavidades fechadas. Por meio desse processo termo-moldado, não só estruturas termicamente mais estáveis foram produzidas mas também com elevados coeficientes piezoelétricos. Porém a principal vantagens desse processo foi a possibilidade de produzir estruturas com cavidades bem definidas, o que permite um carregamento mais uniforme e controle na freqüência de ressonância. Contudo, todos os processos de produção de piezoeletretos apresentados, possuem algumas limitações, como, por exemplo, o controle efetivo das cavidades e limites quanto ao número de camadas, o que tem se observado aumenta a resposta elétrica. Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma nova técnica para a produção de piezoeletretos, baseada em um sistema de laminação. Este possibilita elaborar estruturas com total controle das cavidades, através da fusão de dois poliméricos juntamente com um molde pré-fabricado. Os coeficientes piezoelétricos obtidos com essas estruturas foram similares aos encontrados nas espumas e termicamente mais estáveis quando produzidas com fluoropolímeros. Ainda neste trabalho foram analisadas a influência da altura e largura das cavidades no coeficiente piezoelétrico, o comportamento de estruturas formadas com diferentes polímeros, e também a versatilidade de estruturas com múltiplas camadas. / At the end of 90´s, it was observed that electrically charged foams made from polymers films could exhibit very high piezoelectric coefficients, due to macro-dipoles formed by trapped charges in the inner surfaces of the internal voids of the film. This films with small cavities after has been electrically charged received the names of piezoelectrets or ferroelectrects. They were initially prepared from polypropylene grains extruded into films in a physical blow process. However, the low thermal stability of the piezoelectric coefficient presentec by this voided films, motivated researches to explore different materials which were thermically more stables. Recently a new approach, were two Teflon FEP films were molded and fused to produce cavities with bubbles shapes was presented. These thermo-fused structures reveal also to present very high piezoelectric coefficients, after received properly charging. One of the major advantages of this molded structures piezoelectrets is the possibility to create piezoelectrets with well defined voids, which is supposed to provide a more homogeneous charging and a broadband frequency control. Nevertheless, the methods to produce homogenic structures developed so far are still facing problems to control the cavities and to create multi-layer structures. In this work a new process to produce piezoelectrets is presented. The method based on the lamination of two polymer films with a pre-fabricated template provides full control of the air cavities. After the template is removed, a well defined open channel structures is formed. Later when electrodes are deposited on both sides of the fused films the structure is electrically chargec and a piezoelectret with piezoelectric coefficients similar to the foams is formed. With this new controlled process to prepare piezoeletrets several parameters of the cavities were investigated, including the comparison of ferroelectretcs made from different materials and multi-layers samples.

No final da década de 90, foi observado que filmes de espumas poliméricas carregadas eletricamente poderiam apresentar elevados coeficientes piezoelétricos quando eletricamente carregados. Isso devido a macro dipolos elétricos, formados por cargas elétrica opostas aprisionadas nas superfícies internas das cavidades do material. Esses filmes porosos, receberam os nomes de piezoeletretos ou ferroeletretos. Inicialmente produzidos por microextrusão aerada a partir de polipropileno, esses piezoeletretos estimularam as pesquisas devido aos elevados coeficientes piezoelétricos apresentados. No entanto, à baixa estabilidade térmica desse material, limitou sua aplicação em temperaturas mais elevadas. Isso direcionou as pesquisas para técnicas de produção de espumas com outros materiais. Recentemente, uma nova abordagem com dois filme de Teflon FEP moldados e colados por fusão, mostrou-se viável na produção de estruturas com cavidades fechadas. Por meio desse processo termo-moldado, não só estruturas termicamente mais estáveis foram produzidas mas também com elevados coeficientes piezoelétricos. Porém a principal vantagens desse processo foi a possibilidade de produzir estruturas com cavidades bem definidas, o que permite um carregamento mais uniforme e controle na freqüência de ressonância. Contudo, todos os processos de produção de piezoeletretos apresentados, possuem algumas limitações, como, por exemplo, o controle efetivo das cavidades e limites quanto ao número de camadas, o que tem se observado aumenta a resposta elétrica. Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma nova técnica para a produção de piezoeletretos, baseada em um sistema de laminação. Este possibilita elaborar estruturas com total controle das cavidades, através da fusão de dois poliméricos juntamente com um molde pré-fabricado. Os coeficientes piezoelétricos obtidos com essas estruturas foram similares aos encontrados nas espumas e termicamente mais estáveis quando produzidas com fluoropolímeros. Ainda neste trabalho foram analisadas a influência da altura e largura das cavidades no coeficiente piezoelétrico, o comportamento de estruturas formadas com diferentes polímeros, e também a versatilidade de estruturas com múltiplas camadas. / At the end of 90´s, it was observed that electrically charged foams made from polymers films could exhibit very high piezoelectric coefficients, due to macro-dipoles formed by trapped charges in the inner surfaces of the internal voids of the film. This films with small cavities after has been electrically charged received the names of piezoelectrets or ferroelectrects. They were initially prepared from polypropylene grains extruded into films in a physical blow process. However, the low thermal stability of the piezoelectric coefficient presentec by this voided films, motivated researches to explore different materials which were thermically more stables. Recently a new approach, were two Teflon FEP films were molded and fused to produce cavities with bubbles shapes was presented. These thermo-fused structures reveal also to present very high piezoelectric coefficients, after received properly charging. One of the major advantages of this molded structures piezoelectrets is the possibility to create piezoelectrets with well defined voids, which is supposed to provide a more homogeneous charging and a broadband frequency control. Nevertheless, the methods to produce homogenic structures developed so far are still facing problems to control the cavities and to create multi-layer structures. In this work a new process to produce piezoelectrets is presented. The method based on the lamination of two polymer films with a pre-fabricated template provides full control of the air cavities. After the template is removed, a well defined open channel structures is formed. Later when electrodes are deposited on both sides of the fused films the structure is electrically chargec and a piezoelectret with piezoelectric coefficients similar to the foams is formed. With this new controlled process to prepare piezoeletrets several parameters of the cavities were investigated, including the comparison of ferroelectretcs made from different materials and multi-layers samples.

Shear layer development over a NACA 0018 airfoil at a chord Reynolds number of 100,000 was investigated experimentally. The effects of experimental setup and analysis tools on the results were also examined. The sensitivity of linear stability predictions for measured separated shear layer velocity profiles to both the analysis approach and experimental data scatter was evaluated. Analysis approaches that are relatively insensitive to experimental data scatter were identified. Stability predictions were shown to be more sensitive to the analysis approach than to experimental data scatter, with differences in the predicted maximum disturbance growth rate and corresponding frequency of approximately 35% between approaches. A parametric study on the effects of experimental setup on low Reynolds number airfoil experiments was completed. It was found that measured lift forces and vortex shedding frequencies were affected by the end plate configuration. It was concluded that the ratio of end plate spacing to projected model height should be at least seven, consistent with the guideline for circular cylinders. Measurements before and after test section wall streamlining revealed errors in lift coefficients due to blockage as high as 9% and errors in the wake vortex shedding frequency of 3.5%. Shear layer development over the model was investigated in detail. Flow visualization images linked an observed asymmetry in wake velocity profiles to pronounced vortex roll-up below the wake centerline. Linear stability predictions based on the mean hot-wire profiles were found to agree with measured disturbance growth rates, wave numbers, and streamwise velocity fluctuation profiles. Embedded surface pressure sensors were shown to provide reasonable estimates of disturbance growth rate, wave number, and convection speed for conditions at which a separation bubble formed on the airfoil surface. Convection speeds of between 30 and 50% of the edge velocity were measured, consistent with phase speed estimates from linear stability theory.

Shear layer development over a NACA 0018 airfoil at a chord Reynolds number of 100,000 was investigated experimentally. The effects of experimental setup and analysis tools on the results were also examined. The sensitivity of linear stability predictions for measured separated shear layer velocity profiles to both the analysis approach and experimental data scatter was evaluated. Analysis approaches that are relatively insensitive to experimental data scatter were identified. Stability predictions were shown to be more sensitive to the analysis approach than to experimental data scatter, with differences in the predicted maximum disturbance growth rate and corresponding frequency of approximately 35% between approaches. A parametric study on the effects of experimental setup on low Reynolds number airfoil experiments was completed. It was found that measured lift forces and vortex shedding frequencies were affected by the end plate configuration. It was concluded that the ratio of end plate spacing to projected model height should be at least seven, consistent with the guideline for circular cylinders. Measurements before and after test section wall streamlining revealed errors in lift coefficients due to blockage as high as 9% and errors in the wake vortex shedding frequency of 3.5%. Shear layer development over the model was investigated in detail. Flow visualization images linked an observed asymmetry in wake velocity profiles to pronounced vortex roll-up below the wake centerline. Linear stability predictions based on the mean hot-wire profiles were found to agree with measured disturbance growth rates, wave numbers, and streamwise velocity fluctuation profiles. Embedded surface pressure sensors were shown to provide reasonable estimates of disturbance growth rate, wave number, and convection speed for conditions at which a separation bubble formed on the airfoil surface. Convection speeds of between 30 and 50% of the edge velocity were measured, consistent with phase speed estimates from linear stability theory.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:38:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Euzebio Pereira de Oliveira.pdf: 3969043 bytes, checksum: cfa66f3e9f3a18e9e86b364cd01a2c0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-13 / In this dissertation the transmission properties of photonic crystal fibers are assessed under the influence of pressure and temperature for sensing applications. A review is given of the light propagation in conventional optical fibers and the effects of pressure and temperature on the refractive index of silica are studied. Photonic crystals in 1 and 2 dimensions are also studied. Then, microstructured fibers and photonic crystal fibers are addressed and their guidance properties and general applications are shown. A review is made of temperature and pressure sensors based on conventional fibers, Bragg gratings and microstructured and photonic crystal fibers described in the literature. Finally, results are shown and discussed of the experiments with the application of pressure on a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber, for which high-order bandgaps, in the visible spectral region, were identified and characterized for the first time. These bandgaps are shown to be pressure sensitive. Applying external hydrostatic pressure over the fiber, optical transmission variations of a few dB were observed for pressures of hundreds of kgf/cm², while when the fiber holes were internally pressurized a similar variation was achieved for units of kgf/cm². The response of light polarization, and hence of the fiber birefringence, to internal pressure was also analyzed.. In the other part of the experimental work, the temperature-induced bandgap spectral shift of photonic bandgap fibers was characterized. The response of a hollow-core fiber, a hybrid fiber and an all-solid fiber was characterized with bandgap shifts of up to 36 pm/°C in straight fibers. For the all-solid fiber the influence of bending over the bandgaps was characterized, as well as temperature-induced bandgaps shifts under these conditions. For a straight fiber, a simple model for the bandgap shift calculation is presented and showed good agreement with the experimental results. Closing the work, the conclusions are presented. / Nessa dissertação são avaliadas as propriedades de transmissão em fibras de cristal fotônico sob influência da pressão e da temperatura visando aplicações em sensoriamento. Antes é feita uma revisão da propagação da luz em fibras ópticas convencionais e os efeitos da pressão e temperatura sobre o índice de refração da sílica. Também são estudados os cristais fotônicos em 1 e 2 dimensões. Em seguida são estudadas as fibras microestruturadas e de cristal fotônico e são mostradas suas propriedades de guiamento e aplicações gerais. Em seguida é mostrada uma revisão sobre sensores de temperatura e pressão utilizando fibras convencionais, redes de Bragg e fibras de cristal fotônico. Finalmente são mostrados e discutidos os resultados dos experimentos com pressão em uma fibra de cristal fotônico de núcleo oco, para a qual foram identificados, caracterizados e reportados pela primeira vez bandgaps de ordem superior localizados na região visível do espectro, que são sensíveis à pressão. Aplicando-se pressão hidrostática na parte externa da fibra obteve-se variação de alguns dB na transmissão óptica para pressões de centenas de kgf/cm², enquanto que quando a pressão era aplicada no interior dos buracos da fibra obteve-se variação semelhante para unidades de kgf/cm². Também foi analisada a resposta da polarização da luz guiada, e portanto da birrefringência da fibra, à pressão interna. Em outra parte do trabalho experimental foi caracterizada a resposta à temperatura do deslocamento espectral dos bandgaps em fibras de bandgap fotônico. Foram caracterizadas as respostas de uma fibra de núcleo oco, uma fibra híbrida e uma fibra totalmente sólida com deslocamentos de até 36 pm/°C para fibras esticadas. Para a fibra totalmente sólida foi também caracterizada a influência da curvatura da fibra sobre os bandgaps e como o deslocamento devido à temperatura é afetado nessas condições. Para uma fibra esticada é apresentado um modelo para o cálculo aproximado do deslocamento dos bandgaps em função da temperatura obtendo-se resultados satisfatórios com o experimento. Na ultima parte do trabalho são apresentadas as conclusões finais.

Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude des propriétés de transport électronique des nanotubes de carbone soumis à des pressions hydrostatiques de l'ordre du gigapascal. L'originalité de ce travail réside dans le fait d'étudier ces propriétés sur des nanotubes individuels. Ceci permet de simplifier la géométrie du système et de faire apparaître des comportements propres à chaque type de nanotubes. Le cas d'un nanotube multifeuillets composé d'un tube externe à faible bande interdite et d'un tube interne métallique a permis d'observer i) l'évolution sous pression de la barrière de Schottky aux contacts or-nanotube, ii) l'évolution de la résistance inter-feuillet, mettant en évidence une transition associée au changement de section du nanotube, iii) la diminution de l'hystérésis en tension de grille. D'autre part, une étude systématique sur des nanotubes métalliques permet de faire ressortir un comportement général pour le contact or-nanotube sous pression, indépendant de la chiralité du nanotube et du milieu transmetteur de pression. Nombre de ces effets peuvent être utilisés pour des applications électroniques ou électro-mécaniques, tels que des capteurs de pression miniatures et environ dix fois plus sensibles que certains standards actuels. Un modèle simple de calculs par la méthode des liaisons fortes est aussi mis en œuvre afin de prédire l'évolution des propriétés électroniques des nanotubes de carbone sous pression en fonction de leur chiralité. Ce modèle permet de prédire d'autres phénomènes qui pourraient être observés grâce à une étude approfondie et systématique utilisant la méthode expérimentale développée au cours de cette thèse / This thesis focuses on the electronic transport properties of carbon nanotubes under hydrostatic pressures as high as one gigapascal. The originality of this work is the study of these properties on individual nanotubes. This simplifies the geometry of the system and allows studying the behaviour of each type of nanotubes. The case of a multiwalled nanotube made of at least an external semiconducting tube and an internal metallic one led us to observe i) a pressure induced change of the Schottky barrier at the gold-nanotube contacts, ii) a evolution of the intershell resistance, featuring a transition associated to the change of the nanotube cross section, iii) the decrease of the gate voltage hysteresis. Additionally, a systematic study on metallic nanotubes allowed pointing out a general behaviour of the gold-nanotube contact under pressure, which is independent on the nanotube chirality and on the pressure transmitting medium. Many of these effects can be useful to design electronic or electro-mechanical devices, such as miniature pressure sensors that would be about ten times more sensitive than some of today's standards. A simple tight-binding model is also applied to predict the evolution of the carbon nanotube electronic properties under pressure with respect to their chirality. This model allows predicting other phenomena, which could be observed in the context of a deeper and systematic study using the experimental method that was developed in this thesis.

This thesis discusses design and realization of air temperature, pressure and relative humidity measuring device, transmission of measured data over internet and their presentation on a web site. First chapter introduces reader into principles of measuring air temperature, pressure and relative humidity and various types of sensors used for measuring . Next, the conception of designed system is described. Designed system must accomplish tasks from reading raw data from the sensor up to thein graphical presentation to the internet user. Second and third chapter describes hardware and software design of air temperature, pressure and relative humidity measuring unit. In next part one can find description of software used to transmit measured data over internet and software for generating web pages which are shown to users. The work is revieved in the final part of this thesis.

<p>The recent advances in flexible piezoelectric technologies have sparked a great interest in developing multifunctional next-generation transducers and actuators that are increasingly becoming high demand for a range of challenging applications, including self-powered structural and personal health monitoring systems to flexible loudspeaker devices. </p><p>In this research, novel <i>quasi </i>1–3 piezoelectric nanocomposites are introduced with record-high piezoelectric voltage coefficients (g₃₃), reaching up to 0.709 Vm N⁻¹ (approximately 20 percent greater than the recently reported highest g₃₃ value in the literature). These materials are produced via dielectrophoretic process where both piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticles and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are simultaneously aligned in a silicone-based polymer matrix (polydimethylsiloxane—PDMS) at a range of concentrations up to 13 vol%, leading to densely structured cone-shaped "nanocolumn forests" in the thickness direction. It is shown that the electric field induced alignment of particles not only improves the overall piezoelectric properties of the composite at relatively low filler concentrations, but also increases the transparency of the system by enabling the light to travel with little scattering or absorption in the “Z” direction through the particle depleted zones created between micro- and nano-sized columns. The details of these unique column morphologies are investigated by various off-line and on-line characterization techniques such as microcomputed tomography—microCT and real-time light transmission measurements to better understand the effect of both material (i.e., concentration) and process-based parameters (e.g., electric field, frequency) on pearl-chain formation. </p><p>To show its versatility and high-performance, the applications comprising both direct (e.g., force sensing, energy harvesting, structural and personal health monitoring) and inverse (e.g., loudspeaker) piezoelectric effect are also demonstrated and extensively characterized. </p><p>Additionally, to demonstrate the scalability of the process, large-area samples are also produced via the continuous dielectrophoretic process (utilizing a novel 44 ft long custom designed multifunctional roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing line), resulting in the largest single piece piezoelectric films ever reported in the literature. </p>

This semestral thesis deals with continuous monitoring of pulmonary ventilation during the patients' theraphy and focuses especially on monitoring of their ventilation processes. It is necessarry to detect, monitor and differentiate abdominal and thoracic breathing during the theraphy. This thesis describes the very basic and common method, a spirometry. Next, an overview of more advanced state-of-the-art methods based on both, tactile and proximity principles is given. In addition to that, two recently developed methods by BUT are discussed as well -- a tactile-based measurement similar to blood pressure sensor and a proximity-based measurement method employing TOF cameras. The data acquired by these two methods are proccesed and examined in order to evaluate and justify their performance in a real application.