Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva förebyggande omvårdnadsåtgärder vid ventilatorassocierad pneumoni (VAP), vilket är en form av pneumoni som är sjukhusförärvad och relaterad till att patienten är intuberad, så kallad nosokomial infektion. Längre vårdtid, ökad kostnad samt mortalitet ses vid VAP. Resultatet som framkom var att personal ska ha god handhygien vilket var en av viktigaste åtgärden för att förebygga VAP. Andra förebyggande omvårdnadsåtgärder är att vårdpersonal ska hjälpa patienten som vårdas i respirator med munvården och använda hjälpmedel för detta. Personal ska även hjälpa patienten med lämplig höjning på huvudgärden då detta också minskar riken för VAP, även sugning och befuktning av luftvägar är en åtgärd som patienten behöver hjälp med.

Kaohsiung Harbor is located on the strategic point among Northeast , Southeast Asia and the Chinese Mainland. It¡¦s not only the largest international business harbor in our country but also the sixth largest container harbor in the world. Recently, with the rapid expansion of economy and the revolution of industrial promotion in our country, the variety and quantity of importing and exporting chemicals (dangerous goods) also increase rapidly. For example, the total amount of imports and exports of chemicals and related industrial products in 2004, has reached 9,074,295 tons. Besides the busy intercourse of all kinds of ships in the harbor area, the goods loading and unloading are also very complicated. If anything disastrous occurs, it will cause a serious influence on the operation of the whole harbor, including 1. the damage of public wealth 2. the responsibility of goods damage 3. the risk of suspending operation in the harbor 4. the reputation of an international harbor 5. the influence on national economy. If the disaster of dangerous goods spreads, it will cause enormous influences in many fields. It can even threat the lives and health of the residents nearby. Therefore, almost every port has special wharves for different purpose and special warehouse areas. They should also standardize related safe operation procedures to reduce the unexpected occurances or reduce the damage as little as possible while the disaster occurs. In Kaohsiung harbor, they should build public wharves for dangerous goods, special wharves for oil products, rent wharves for petrochemical companies and special warehouse districts. Within these wharf districts , how to enhance the crisis consciousness and management as well as the operation security of all the petrochemical companies has become a very important topic. It¡¦s really necessary to take a deep research and find out where the dangerous factor is so that they can make sure serious chemical disasters can be completely avoided, not to endanger the security of the harbor area and the lives of the residents nearby. Kaohsiung city and country are the heavy industry centers of Southern Taiwan. The petrochemical industry is flourishing and all of the raw materials they need are imported to Kaohsiung harbor by special ships and then pumped into different kinds of dangerous goods storage tanks through pipes. Finally, delivered to the factories by tank cars. At present, the total number of storage tank in Kaohsiung harbor has reached 512, and the overall capacity is 43,160,940 tons, belong to twelve companies that engage in the operation of dangerous goods tanks. The main purpose of this research is to discuss the crisis consciousness and management about the disaster invention and treatment of the companies that engage in the operation of dangerous goods storage tanks in Kaohsiung harbor area. This research also discussed the practical operations and current condition analysis of every stage¡Asuch as crisis invention and sense of risk. It¡¦s purpose is to find out where the problem is and provide references for¡]both¡^the manage department of Kaohsiung harbor¡]and¡^the private companies that engage in the operation of dangerous good storage tanks. It can avoid the disaster from occurring or once the urgent accidents occurs, it can also provide prompt and effective treatment to reduce the damage and protect the health and the security for both the members in the harbor area and residents nearby. This research is based on the review and discussion of literatures as well as the questionnaires. Through the discussion of literatures, we can understand the meanings of disaster crisis managements and the related theories, operation methods of crisis prevention, preparation and response. With the help of questionnaires, we can analyze and discuss the shortages of managements on crisis prevention and response for the companies that engage in the operation of dangerous goods storage tanks in Kaohsiung harbor area. Moreover, it provides the best suggestion to disaster prevention, enhances the disaster prevention ability of the companies that engage in the operation of dangerous goods storage tanks in Kaohsiung harbor area and raises the overall ability in crisis response.

<p>The purpose of the thesis is to see how operational prevention has been carried out in cases of internal conflicts in the last five to six years in order to see whether it has been ineffective just due to lack of political will or if there could be other explanations to it. To fulfil the purpose, two main questions are answered in two steps. The first question is:</p><p>What other factors than political will are necessary for operational prevention to be more effective? These other factors then form a model for more effective operational prevention together with political will. The second question is based on this model and is as follows:</p><p>Is the model that these factors form followed when operational prevention is applied in practise?</p><p>Three cases of conflict are looked at in order to answer the second question, Darfur, Nepal and Haiti. Both steps of the analysis are conducted by means of qualitative text analysis. The results support the common notion that effective conflict prevention is due to political will to act within the international community, but the results also indicate that political will is not all it takes for operational prevention to be effective.</p>

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing

published_or_final_version / Criminology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

published_or_final_version / Criminology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

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This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

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This thesis reports on a formative evaluation study conducted, firstly, to inform an adaptation of the Collaborative HIV Prevention and Adolescent Mental Health Program (CHAMP) so as to strengthen the adult protective shield in order to prevent high risk behaviour and HIV among children in the targeted community in Embo, Kwadedangendlale, KwaZulu-Natal (Study 1); and secondly, after a pilot intervention, to evaluate the adapted programme in order to understand the processes involved in strengthening the adult protective shield (Study 2). The research design for both Study 1 and Study 2 was qualitative in nature. More specifically, the two studies used a focused ethnographic case study approach. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data from both studies and three theoretical approaches facilitated the understanding of the data: Joffe’s psychoanalytic extension of social representation theory, Carpiano’s integrative theory of social capital, and Campbell and Murray’s critical approach to community health psychology. The participants in the first study were a volunteer convenience sample of parents of children aged 9-12 years from a school in the targeted community. Focus groups and in depth follow up interviews were conducted with the parents. Interviews were also conducted with key members of the community. At the community level, lack of containment emerged as an overarching theme, with splitting and lack of trust as subthemes interpreted as emerging to deal with anxiety. Anxiety was also linked to stigmatization of people suspected of being HIV positive or having AIDS. Coping mechanisms used to deal with stigmatization were silence and denial. Linked to the issue of stigmatization was that of death and bereavement. At the family level, disempowerment of caregivers emerged as an overarching theme creating anxiety for parents, one of the sources of which was the generational knowledge gap, with parents being generally less educated than their children. This was linked to two issues: that of children’s rights; and parents’ attempts to resort to severe forms of authoritarian parenting. In the second study, in-depth semi-structured interviews, based on the themes that had emerged from the pre-intervention focused ethnographic study, were conducted with a volunteer convenience sample of nine mothers who had been part of the CHAMPSA intervention. Two broad themes emerged: Individual empowerment, including the subthemes parental empowerment, women empowerment, and social support and social leverage; and collective empowerment, including the subthemes informal social control and community organisation, and HIV/AIDS stigma. The findings of the second study contributed to the development of a model showing how improved parent child communication and parental HIV knowledge at the individual level as well as renegotiated, empowered parental identities facilitated through the group process restored parental authority at the individual level as well as collectively, strengthening social capital and restoring the adult and community protective shields. / Theses (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.