The study is grounded in the concept of “Start where the people are” (Nyswander, 1956) which suggests that effective health campaigns that promote prevention strategies to enhance the quality of life for those targeted must be rooted in the prevalent cultural practices and religious values of the receivers of the slogans, themes, and taglines. Health campaigns that superimpose the values of the outsiders promoted as universalized solutions have limited effectiveness. Sub-Saharan Africa has only 1.3 billion people out of an estimated eight billion of which China and India each recording above two billion, cumulatively accounting for more than half of the world population. Yet sub-Saharan Africa is the epicenter of HIV infections with more than 68% (avert.org), or nearly 26 million out of almost 38 million people living with HIV, globally. This scenario demands that global citizens should foster effective collaborations to end human suffering. Among the ten nations in the world hardest hit by HIV, seven of them are in the southern African region where Botswana, in position three at 18.6% is trailing her next-door neighbors, Lesotho (20.9%) and Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) which leads the pack with 27.9% (UNAIDS Report 2022). This study, therefore, focuses on children and adolescents between 15 and 24 in Botswana. According to a surveillance report (Botswana AIDS Impact Survey 2021) covering the period from March to August, adolescents and youths in Botswana are a source of concern. The report puts the national prevalence at 20.8% or 329,000 persons of the reproductive population (15-49 ages) are living with HIV. This sobering picture is despite the free availability of treatment drugs at no cost since 2002, when Botswana became the first African nation to roll out antiretroviral treatment (HAART interchangeably called ARVs) that was adapted as Masa – ‘a ray of hope of a new dawn’ in 2002. Further, the continued increase in new HIV infections among people of ages 15 to 24 since 2010 is recorded amid major prevention campaigns sponsored through global health partnerships, translating into billions of U S dollars. Numerous HIV prevention strategies developed in the West using empirical data and technology include condom use, antiretroviral regimens known as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and treatment as prevention popularized as undetectable equals untransmissible (U = U). Social media channels like Facebook, TikTok, YouTube, Snapchat, and Instagram are awash with these HIV prevention strategies, and the adolescent population of Botswana consumes information about everything, including these HIV prevention campaigns. These mentioned strategies seem to provide effective barriers against the intrusion of HIV in the “key populations,” a United Nations preferred term to refer to members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intravenous drug users (LGBTQI) communities in the Western nations. However, these strategies require major adjustments when launched in sub-Saharan Africa, this study’s results show, or they are the right message targeted to the wrong audience, mainly because of a lack of cultural representation in the nuanced taglines, headlines, slogans, and themes. The study suggests that for HIV to be eliminated, participatory research and co-learning where Western science and technology on one hand, and African indigenous knowledge, on the other hand, can fuse in the design of strategies should be prioritized as an emergency.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Forestal / La presente Memoria de Título tiene como propósito formular estrategias que orienten una futura campaña de prevención de incendios forestales basadas en la sensibilización, en las comunas de la provincia de Melipilla, Región Metropolitana. Para tales efectos, se realizó un análisis de la población respecto al conocimiento sobre el medio ambiente, su percepción sobre los incendios forestales, la prevención y su participación en el control de incendios forestales. El estudio contempló a las comunas de Alhué, Curacaví, María Pinto, Melipilla y San Pedro, que, en su totalidad, abarcan una superficie de 406.570 ha, en las cuales se describió y analizó la ocurrencia y causalidad de incendios forestales para un período de 17 temporadas (1999/00 a 2015/16, inclusive), basándose en la información registrada por el Programa de Manejo del Fuego de la Región Metropolitana de CONAF. Las percepciones sobre la ocurrencia y causalidad de incendios forestales, así como las medidas de prevención realizadas, se evaluaron a través de encuestas y entrevistas, en donde los resultados sirvieron de base para realizar un análisis que permitiese fundamentar las propuestas para futuras campañas de prevención basados en la sensibilización. Los resultados demostraron que la población estudiada posee escaso conocimiento en materia de prevención de incendios forestales y, además, se puede constatar que las campañas anteriormente realizadas han sido de escaso aporte, en cuanto a la identificación del público objetivo, su mensaje, el medio por el cual se ha entregado el mensaje, la cobertura y el impacto deseado para sensibilizar a las personas. Las instituciones que más relaciona la población como organismos activos en la prevención de incendios forestales son CONAF y Bomberos, los que destacan por su constancia y por ser las que demuestran más interés en el tema. Por otra parte, Bomberos es identificada como la organización a la que se acude cuando se origina un incendio forestal. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos permitieron sustentar la formulación de la propuesta de estrategia de prevención. Al respecto, se definió la línea de acción básica identificada como Educación y Difusión, en la cual se propone un protocolo del ámbito de su aplicación, con las estrategias específicas correspondientes y por último, la secuencia de acciones a desarrollar para llevar a cabo su implementación y ejecución. / The present Title Memory aims to formulate strategies for a future campaign to prevent forest fires based on sensitization, in the communes of the Province of Melipilla, Metropolitan Region, based on the sociological characterization of the population. For this purpose, an analysis of the behavior of the population was made regarding knowledge about the environment, their perception of forest fires, their perception about prevention and their participation in the prevention of forest fires. The study contemplated at the communes of Alhué, Curacaví, María Pinto, Melipilla and San Pedro, all belonging to the Province of Melipilla, which, in their totality, cover an area of 406.570 ha, in which the occurrence and causality of forest fires for a period of 17 seasons (1999/00 to 2015/16), based on information recorded by the Fire Management Program of the Metropolitan Region from CONAF. The perceptions about the occurrence and causality of forest fires and the done prevention measures were evaluated through surveys and interviews, where the results served as the basis for an analysis that would allow basing the proposals for future fire prevention campaigns based on sensibilization. The results showed that there is a population with little knowledge about forest fire prevention and it is also possible to verify that the previous campaigns have been of little contribution, as to the identification of the target public, its message, the medias by which has been delivered the message, the coverage and the impact that has been wished to achieve in the sensitivity of people. The institutions that most closely relate the population to the organisms active in the prevention of forest fires are the CONAF and the Fire Department, which stand out for their constancy and for being the ones that show more interest in the subject. The Fire Department is identified as the organization that people come to when a forest fire occurs. Finally, the obtained results allowed to support the formulation of the proposed prevention strategy. In this regard, the basic line of action identified as Education and Dissemination was defined, in which, is proposed a definition of the scope of application, the corresponding specific strategies and, finally, the protocol of actions to be developed to carry out its implementation and execution.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-12T15:58:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandadeottirodrigues.pdf: 657636 bytes, checksum: a638d9bc0ab90452d6b1b057f0c64489 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T16:51:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandadeottirodrigues.pdf: 657636 bytes, checksum: a638d9bc0ab90452d6b1b057f0c64489 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T16:51:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandadeottirodrigues.pdf: 657636 bytes, checksum: a638d9bc0ab90452d6b1b057f0c64489 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O presente estudo teve o intuito de analisar os conteúdos midiáticos das campanhas de comunicação de massa produzidas pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, voltadas à prevenção do HIV/aids. Tais mídias são concebidas como dispositivos produtores de determinados enunciados que se apresentam como verdades no contexto do HIV/aids. Resultado produzido pela articulação entre saberes-poderes em torno da questão da aids e estratégias de governamentalidade que definem modos de viver. A aids, enquanto fenômeno social, sobre o qual se desenvolvem políticas públicas de prevenção, quando enunciada por meio de certos dispositivos como a mídia, estabelece determinadas concepções sobre a doença e prescreve condutas à população. As campanhas de prevenção ao HIV/aids do Ministério da Saúde são pautadas por estas políticas públicas e, ao produzirem enunciações acerca da prevenção, instituem posições de sujeito a serem ocupadas por pessoas que acessam os serviços de saúde, onde as políticas públicas são implementadas e por onde circulam essas mídias. Tais posições são então ocupadas por indivíduos, que irão ou não aderir a uma mudança de atitude comportamental, terem ou não práticas sexuais seguras, utilizar preservativos, enfim, consumir os produtos da prevenção. Assim, os conteúdos e informações acerca da aids que foram e ainda são construídos e enunciados pela mídia, de 1998 a 2010, em especial a partir dessas campanhas, constitui a principal fonte documental desta pesquisa. Os enunciados que compõem os releases das campanhas foram analisados a partir do referencial teórico de Michel Foucault, por meio do método da Análise do Discurso. O objetivo geral foi investigar como estas campanhas enunciam os sujeitos das políticas públicas de prevenção à aids e quais enunciados de prevenção são propagados, sendo, assim, possível investigar a mídia como dispositivo produtivo para a governamentalidade no âmbito da saúde pública brasileira. Ao focar nestas fontes de pesquisa, esta proposta de investigação ressalta o atributo político destes dispositivos midiáticos, em seu caráter produtivo, em sua capacidade de disseminar discursos e de fabricar verdades sobre temas tão complexos como a aids. Os resultados constatam que o discurso das campanhas utiliza-se, basicamente, da estratégia de incentivo ao uso do preservativo masculino, responsabilizando e culpabilizando o indivíduo no que se refere às medidas de prevenção e meios diagnósticos; emprega-se uma pedagogia propositiva que incide nos comportamentos e nos modos de vivência da sexualidade; e, principalmente, ao tratar da prevenção, não abarca a proposta da prevenção posithiva, uma das mais importantes contribuições para a renovação da política nacional de combate à epidemia. / The present study had the aim of analyzing the midia contents of mass media campaigns produced by the Brazilian health Ministry, targeting HIV/aids prevention. Such medias are conceived as devices which produce certain statements that are presented as truths in the HIV/aids context. Result produced by the articulation between knowledge-power surrounding the issue of aids and the strategies of governability which define ways to live. Aids, as a social phenomenon, about which public policies on prevention are developed, when enunciated by means of certain devices such as the media, establishes conceptions about the disease and prescribes conducts to the population. The campaigns of HIV/aids prevention by the Health Ministry are based by such public policies and, by producing statements about prevention, institute subject positions to be occupied by people who access health care services, where the public policies are implemented and where these medias circulate. Such positions are then occupied by individuals, who will adhere or not to a change in behavioral attitude, have or not safe sexual practices, use condoms, thus, consume the prevention products. Therefore, the content and information about aids which were and still are constructed and enunciated by the media, from 1998 to 2010, especially by means of such campaigns, constitutes the main document source of this research. The statements which compose the campaign releases were analyzed from the theoretical perspective of Michel Foucault, by means of Discourse Analysis. The main goal was to investigate how these campaigns enunciate the subjects of the public policies of aids prevention and which statements of prevention are propagated, being, therefore, possible to investigate the media as a productive device to governability in the scope of Brazilian public health care. By focusing on these research sources, this investigation proposal highlights the political attribute of such media devices, in their productive character, in their capacity to disseminate discourses and fabricate truths about issues as complex as aids. The results prove that the discourse of the campaigns utilizes basically of the incentive strategy to the use of the male condom, placing responsibility and culpability on the individual in regards to preventive measures and means of diagnosis; a positive pedagogy is applied which regards behaviors and means of living sexuality; and mainly, in terms of prevention, it does not encompass the positive prevention proposal, one of the most important contributions to the renewal of the national policy of combat to the epidemic.

La recherche menée dans le cadre de ce mémoire s’intéresse à la prévention des cybercrimes. De façon plus précise, l’étude avait pour objectif d’évaluer les effets perçus d’une campagne de prévention des cybercrimes réalisée par une institution financière canadienne. Une attention particulière a été accordée aux perceptions des personnes en lien avec leur sentiment de sécurité. Après la fin de la campagne (qui a eu lieu en octobre 2018), 1452 clients francophones (831 hommes et 521 femmes) ont répondu au sondage par l’entremise d’un panel web disponible en ligne. Les résultats indiquent que la campagne de prévention a été bien perçue pour une majorité des répondants (75%), en particulier chez les participants plus âgés (55 ans et plus). Les analyses ont aussi révélé que le genre n’était pas un facteur associé significativement aux réponses des répondants. De façon générale, les participants ont estimé que la campagne avait contribué à augmenter leur sentiment de sécurité, cependant, on constate que la campagne a manqué de visibilité car seulement un faible pourcentage d’individus se souvient l’avoir vue avant de répondre au sondage. Il en ressort néanmoins que la plupart des répondants sondés ont démontré de l’intérêt à recevoir plus d’informations sur la cybercriminalité et les moyens de s’en protéger. Dans le futur, il serait utile de mener des campagnes de prévention plus ciblées afin de mieux atteindre les objectifs poursuivis. La discussion fait état de plusieurs autres recommandations qui prennent appui sur les résultats obtenus et sur l’analyse de la documentation consultée. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a prevention campaign about cybercrimes that was run by a Canadian financial institution. More specifically, we examined how participants/clients perceived the financial institution’s initiative to inform them about cybercrimes. The study also explored whether or not the campaign had the desired effect, which was to reinforce their sense of security. This campaign took place on October 2018 and 1,452 adults (831 males and 521 females) participated in the online web survey. The results indicated that the prevention campaign had been positively perceived by most of the respondents (75%), especially among older individuals (55 y/o and over). Further analysis has shown no gender differences in participants’ responses. In general, participants felt that the campaign has increased their sense of safety; however, they also noted that the campaign lacked visibility and only a low percentage of individuals had seen it prior to the completion of the survey. Nonetheless, most participants have expressed an interest in receiving more information on cybercrime and how to take actions on protecting one’s self. In the future, it would be advisable to conduct targeted prevention campaigns in order to better achieve its objectives. Discussion also includes recommendations based on the results and the review of the literature.

L’objectif majeur de cette thèse a été d’appréhender les conséquences de la comparaison sociale sur l’auto-évaluation implicite et explicite en termes de prudence, les affects et les comportements à risque. Les participants ont été exposés à un standard de comparaison prudent (standard haut) ou imprudent (standard bas) en matière d’alcool. Les résultats montrent que les sujets confrontés au standard haut se perçoivent implicitement plus imprudents et ressentent plus d’anxiété que les sujets exposés au standard bas. En revanche, le standard de comparaison n’influence pas l’auto-évaluation explicite et les comportements contrôlés. Ces résultats témoignent en faveur d’une dissociation entre les processus automatiques (implicites) et contrôlés (explicites) en jeu dans la comparaison sociale. Au niveau appliqué, nos données suggèrent que dans une campagne de prévention il serait potentiellement plus efficace de mettre en scène un standard prudent plutôt que de montrer un preneur de risque. / The main goal of this PhD research was to study the consequences of social comparison on implicit and explicit self-evaluation in terms of cautiousness, on affect and on risk-taking behavior. In a series of studies, participants were exposed to a comparison standard who displayed either cautious (high standard) or reckless (low standard) drinking behavior. Results show that participants confronted with the high standard implicitly perceive themselves as more reckless and experience higher levels of anxiety than participants exposed to the low standard. On the other hand, the comparison standard does not influence explicit self-evaluation and controlled behaviors. These results indicate that there might be a dissociation between automatic (implicit) and controlled (explicit) processes involved in social comparison. On an applied level, regarding alcohol prevention campaigns, our findings suggest that it could be more effective to show a cautious standard rather than a reckless one.