Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-17T11:24:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO VIRGILIO FELIPE LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2008.pdf: 1580123 bytes, checksum: 646e6481713a3034daf096d2a8ef020c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T11:24:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO VIRGILIO FELIPE LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2008.pdf: 1580123 bytes, checksum: 646e6481713a3034daf096d2a8ef020c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-09 / Capes / A água, até bem pouco tempo, era considerada um recurso livre da natureza e para qualquer que fosse a demanda sobre ela, esta poderia ser suprida, indefinidamente. Porém, o desenvolvimento econômico, industrial e social, ligado ao aumento da poluição industrial e os problemas decorrentes da falta de saneamento e abastecimento de água contribuiu para a formação de uma consciência mais adequada à realidade, não existindo dúvidas de que deve haver uma forma eficaz de controle do uso da água. A Lei Federal 9.433/97 que instituiu a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos e criou o Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos traz como fundamento que a água é um bem de domínio público, dotado de valor econômico. Ela prevê a gestão integrada e tem dentre seus instrumentos a cobrança pelo uso da água bruta. O objetivo desta pesquisa é levantar funções de demanda ordinária e a partir das mesmas, estabelecer a elasticidade-preço para cada um dos usuários e as reduções de benefícios resultantes de possíveis exigências de diminuição da carga poluidora. A Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Pirapama (em Pernambuco) e seu setor sucro-alcooleiro foram selecionados como caso de estudo. Os resultados obtidos indicam um alto potencial poluidor oriundo principalmente da vinhaça, efluente gerado no processo de fabricação do álcool e aguardente, e uma série de perda de benefícios quando são incorporadas aos custos privados às externalidades provocadas aos demais usuários. / The water, until recently, was considered a free resource of nature and whatever the demand about it, this could be supplied indefinitely. However, the economic, industrial and social development, related to increased industrial pollution and the problems arising from poor sanitation and water supply contributed to the formation of more adequate awareness to reality. There is no doubt that there must be an effective way to control water use. The Federal Law 9.433/97 established the National Water Resources Policy and created the National System of Water Resources Management. It defines water as a public good with economic value. The Law defined an integrated water resources management. It has among its instruments, charging for the use of raw water. The objective of this research was to get ordinary demand functions and from them, the price elasticity for each of water user and the reductions of benefits resulting from possible demands for reduction of pollution load. Pirapama River Basin (Pernambuco State, Brazil) and its sugarcane industry were selected as case study. The results indicate a high potential pollutant derived mainly from vinasse effluent generated in the manufacturing process of alcohol and spirits, and a number of loss of benefits when incorporated into private costs to externalities caused to other users.

O planejamento de produção é um elemento essencial para as empresas, pois permite definir os volumes a serem produzidos, conforme a estimativa de demanda e a capacidade produtiva disponível. Este trabalho contribui para o planejamento da produção, integrando variáveis e parâmetros que podem ajudar na maximização do resultado econômico das organizações. Esta dissertação apresenta três objetivos principais relacionados a esse tema: (i) identificar os problemas e as variáveis que precisam ser analisadas no desenvolvimento de métodos que se adéquam às necessidades das áreas envolvidas; (ii) desenvolver algoritmo para integrar as variáveis identificadas e os dados empresariais, de forma a viabilizar a aplicação do modelo, baseado em programação matemática e distribuições de probabilidade; (iii) aplicar os modelos propostos, a fim de avaliar sua utilidade e discutir os resultados obtidos. O estudo realizado revela a importância do uso de métodos formais de planejamento da produção integrados à definição do preço do produto. A definição de preços ou volumes de produção diferente dos valores ótimos pode afetar substancialmente o lucro global do sistema produtivo. / Production planning is an essential tool for companies, since it establishes the volumes to be produced, according to estimated demand and available production capacity. This work contributes with production planning field by integrating variables and parameters that impact the economic results of the organizations. This study presents three main objectives: (i) identification of issues and variables that need to be analyzed to develop methods suited to the needs of the areas involved, (ii) development of algorithms to integrate the identified variables and business data, in order to enable the application of the model, based on mathematical programming and probability distributions, (iii) application of the proposed models to evaluate their usefulness and discuss results. The study reveals the importance of using production planning formal methods that integrate products’ prices. The establishment of prices or production volumes different from optimum values may substantially affect production system global profit.

O planejamento de produção é um elemento essencial para as empresas, pois permite definir os volumes a serem produzidos, conforme a estimativa de demanda e a capacidade produtiva disponível. Este trabalho contribui para o planejamento da produção, integrando variáveis e parâmetros que podem ajudar na maximização do resultado econômico das organizações. Esta dissertação apresenta três objetivos principais relacionados a esse tema: (i) identificar os problemas e as variáveis que precisam ser analisadas no desenvolvimento de métodos que se adéquam às necessidades das áreas envolvidas; (ii) desenvolver algoritmo para integrar as variáveis identificadas e os dados empresariais, de forma a viabilizar a aplicação do modelo, baseado em programação matemática e distribuições de probabilidade; (iii) aplicar os modelos propostos, a fim de avaliar sua utilidade e discutir os resultados obtidos. O estudo realizado revela a importância do uso de métodos formais de planejamento da produção integrados à definição do preço do produto. A definição de preços ou volumes de produção diferente dos valores ótimos pode afetar substancialmente o lucro global do sistema produtivo. / Production planning is an essential tool for companies, since it establishes the volumes to be produced, according to estimated demand and available production capacity. This work contributes with production planning field by integrating variables and parameters that impact the economic results of the organizations. This study presents three main objectives: (i) identification of issues and variables that need to be analyzed to develop methods suited to the needs of the areas involved, (ii) development of algorithms to integrate the identified variables and business data, in order to enable the application of the model, based on mathematical programming and probability distributions, (iii) application of the proposed models to evaluate their usefulness and discuss results. The study reveals the importance of using production planning formal methods that integrate products’ prices. The establishment of prices or production volumes different from optimum values may substantially affect production system global profit.

My thesis is aiming to answer the question what are the impacts of alcohol regulative legislation (especially the excise tax) on demand for it. The theoretical part presents various opinions and conclusions regarding the regulatory measures (apart from others Stigler, 1975) and the impact of alcohol price change on the demand for it (Becker, 1988 and his successors). Further on, individual regulatory measures, their development in time and basic reasoning for introducing of the measures are introduced in the work. In its analytical part, the thesis deals with comparison of states with different alcohol consumption levels and with different regulatory measures in effect; the work thus divides the EU-countries to groups of different traditions and level of control (the Global Alcohol Policy Report by WHO is used as a source of information in this regard). The data available for the selected countries are then subject to research regarding statistical relevance of the excise tax - consumption relation. The paper thus answers a question of alcohol demand elasticity and also the question of the differences in the consumption attributes in various cultural and regulatory conditions. As a source of the relevant information, analytical parts of OECD, WHO and CSU (Czech Statistical Office) databases are used in the paper.

Understanding how car travel and ownership respond to income and fuel prices, and how that response varies between households is crucial for car use policies and forecasts. This thesis, consisting of two papers, aims to investigate this by estimating the intemporal income and fuel price elasticities of car use using micro registry panel data on all Swedish households from 1998 to 2018. In Paper I, the income and fuel price elasticities of vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) is estimated for all Swedish households using a linear fixed effects model. In order to investigate how different groups respond, the elasticities are estimated by income group and municipality type. The effect of income and fuel prices on VKT is largest in the middle of the income distribution but is relatively stable across municipality types. The effect of fuel prices on VKT is largest in densely populated municipalities compared to rural municipalities. Moreover, it is shown that the income elasticity is underestimated if income variable is misspecified. Paper II utilises a discrete-continuous model accounting for the effect of income and fuel prices on car ownership. It is shown that income impacts car ownership and VKT conditional on car ownership of similar magnitude, while fuel prices primarily impact VKT conditional on car ownership. Furthermore, we also estimate the model on six partially overlapping sample periods and find that the income elasticity has decreased over time, while the absolute fuel price elasticity increased up until the early 2010s and decreased thereafter. / <p>2022-10-13: ISBN (PDF) has been added in the E-version.</p>

Understanding how car travel and ownership respond to income and fuel prices, and how that response varies between households is crucial for car use policies and forecasts. This thesis, consisting of two papers, aims to investigate this by estimating the intemporal income and fuel price elasticities of car use using micro registry panel data on all Swedish households from 1998 to 2018. In Paper I, the income and fuel price elasticities of vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) is estimated for all Swedish households using a linear fixed effects model. In order to investigate how different groups respond, the elasticities are estimated by income group and municipality type. The effect of income and fuel prices on VKT is largest in the middle of the income distribution but is relatively stable across municipality types. The effect of fuel prices on VKT is largest in densely populated municipalities compared to rural municipalities. Moreover, it is shown that the income elasticity is underestimated if income variable is misspecified. Paper II utilises a discrete-continuous model accounting for the effect of income and fuel prices on car ownership. It is shown that income impacts car ownership and VKT conditional on car ownership of similar magnitude, while fuel prices primarily impact VKT conditional on car ownership. Furthermore, we also estimate the model on six partially overlapping sample periods and find that the income elasticity has decreased over time, while the absolute fuel price elasticity increased up until the early 2010s and decreased thereafter.

The housing market is one of the most important markets for many economic agents. Large differences in the local market across Sweden suggest regional heterogeneity, however. This study aims to answer if the price and income elasticities of demand for small houses vary between different types of Swedish municipalities. This answer is explored in the light of the central place theory and location theory to see if they follow a hierarchal structure across space. To test this empirically, the 290 municipalities were grouped based on the Swedish Association of Local Authority and Regions’ definitions and tested group-wise using a log-log fixed-effect average hedonic price model using data for 2013-2020. The main findings indicate some differences in the estimates of price and income elasticities between different types of municipalities, but mixing results whether they follow a hierarchal relationship. The conclusions changes depending on which scale one measure, which indicate how local the housing market is.

This study uses logistic regression to estimate the probability of choosing the brand-name drug despite the presence of cheaper generics given patient and drug characteristics in the Czech pharmaceutical market in the period 2009-2013. Results of the analysis may help guide policies to decrease pharmaceutical costs. In order to motivate people who are more likely to choose the original version of drug, policy makers may impose higher copayments and lower subsidies on the original drugs which they use. Additionally, two supplementary analyses were applied to sub-sectors of the pharmaceutical market: antihypertensive drugs and antibiotics. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test the robustness of the results.

As mudanças nos usos da terra no Brasil têm sido muito discutidas atualmente, principalmente por causar desmatamento, degradação do solo, redução da biodiversidade e aumento da emissão de gases de efeito estufa, influenciando nas mudanças climáticas. Entretanto, a atividade agropecuária é importante para a economia brasileira por ser grande geradora de emprego e renda. Dessa forma, é necessário que o governo brasileiro, por meio de políticas agrícolas e ambientais, consiga regular a interação entre o meio ambiente e a produção agrícola de modo a gerar os maiores benefícios possíveis para a sociedade tanto do ponto de vista econômico quanto do ambiental. Para contribuir nessa discussão esse trabalho é composto por três artigos. O primeiro discutiu a evolução recente das políticas e instrumentos de políticas públicas que atuam diretamente nos usos das terras agrícolas privadas: o Código Florestal Brasileiro, o Importo Territorial Rural além de políticas públicas mais recentes de pagamentos por serviços ambientais. Concluiuse que a pouca fiscalização prejudica a efetividade das políticas e, consequentemente, não induz ao comportamento esperado dos produtores. Entretanto, as políticas de pagamentos por serviços ambientais e a criação da cota de reserva ambiental tem grande potencial de influenciar os produtores em direção a atitudes mais responsáveis ambientalmente. O segundo artigo discutiu as mudanças no uso do solo e a evolução da produção agrícola abordando o Brasil e cada um dos biomas brasileiros separadamente. Observou-se que as lavouras tem se expandido sobre as áreas de pastagens e florestas. Assim, é necessário aumentar a fiscalização e controle das atividades agrícolas de modo a direcionar a pressão para as áreas de pastagens, estimulando a intensificação da bovinocultura. Além disso, é necessário o desenvolvimento de alternativas específicas para a região da caatinga, visando melhorar a produção agrícola desse bioma. O terceiro e último artigo estudou os principais determinantes do uso do solo no Brasil e nos biomas. Identificou-se grande influência da mecanização em todos os usos de solo e, para o caso da cana-de-açúcar, da presença de usinas no município. Ainda, no modelo para o Brasil, as dummies de biomas e as variáveis de altitude, precipitação e temperatura apresentaram influencia significativa. Ainda, as elasticidades área preço calculadas identificaram pouca influência dos preços sobre as áreas plantadas, principalmente relacionados às áreas de pastagens e florestas. Concluiu-se que os resultados do modelo estimado podem não refletir adequadamente as pressões para as alterações nos usos da terra e diversas melhorias são sugeridas. Finalmente, conclui-se que é necessária uma abordagem interdisciplinar para compreender e abordar adequadamente as mudanças do uso do solo no Brasil. / Changes in the land use in Brazil have been much discussed today, mainly for causing deforestation, soil degradation, decrease of biodiversity and increased emission of greenhouse gases, influencing the climate change. The agricultural activity, however, is important for the Brazilian economy as it is a great generator of employment and income. Thus, it is necessary that the Brazilian government, through agricultural and environmental policies, gets to regulate the interaction between the environment and agricultural production in order to generate the greatest possible benefits to society not only from the economic but also from the environmental point of view. This work consists of three articles to contribute to this discussion. The first discussed the recent development of the public policies and policy instruments that act directly on the uses of private agricultural land: the Brazilian Forestry Code, the Rural Land Tax besides the latest public policies on payments for environmental services. It was concluded that little oversight undermines the effectiveness of policies and therefore does not lead to the expected behavior of producers. However, the policies of payments for environmental services and the creation of environmental reserve quota has great potential to influence attitudes towards producing more environmental responsibility. The second article discussed the changes in land use and the development of agricultural production in Brazil and each of the Brazilian biomes separately. It was observed that crops have expanded over the grazing areas and forests. Thus, it is necessary to increase the supervision and control of agricultural activities in order to direct the pressure to grazing areas, encouraging intensification of livestock production. Moreover, it is necessary to develop specific alternatives to the caatinga region, to improve agricultural production in this biome. The third and final article studied the main determinants of land use in Brazil and its biomes. A major influence of mechanization was identified in all land use and, for the sugar cane, the presence of industrial plants in the county also influenced its area. Still, in the model for Brazil, the dummies of biomes and the variables of altitude, rainfall and temperature had significant influence. Still, the area price elasticities calculated identified little influence of the prices on the areas planted, mainly related to grazing areas and forests. It was concluded that the results of the estimated model may not accurately reflect the pressures for changes in land uses and several improvements are suggested. Finally, it is concluded that an interdisciplinary approach is required to understand and properly deal with the changes of land use in Brazil.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo estimar a elasticidade renda e preço da demanda por gás natural no Brasil para o setor industrial brasileiro. O segmento de consumo industrial representa cerca de dois terços do consumo de gás natural no país, destacando sua importância estratégica na elaboração de política energética relacionada ao gás. Este trabalho apresenta também o incremento nas trocas internacionais de gás natural e a perspectiva de aumento do uso desse energético no Brasil e no mundo. Alguns desafios ainda se colocam para a efetiva globalização dessa indústria, como: a necessidade de realização de investimentos em infraestrutura de produção, transporte e distribuição; o aprimoramento do acesso às principais reservas do hidrocarboneto; e as incertezas com relação à evolução da demanda. Utiliza-se o estudo estatístico econométrico para estimar as elasticidades preço e renda, ou seja, para investigar como a demanda industrial brasileira reage frente a um aumento ou diminuição de preço do gás e das variações na renda disponíveis no Brasil. Como proxy da renda industrial utilizam-se os dados do PIB industrial brasileiro. Após identificar que as séries estudadas eram não estacionárias, optou-se pela utilização do conceito de cointegração. Os resultados obtidos por meio do referido modelo mostraram que a demanda estudada é muito mais sensível a variações do preço do gás natural do que a variações na renda. Desse modo, constatou-se que, no Brasil, preços mais competitivos obtêm melhores resultados para o crescimento da demanda por gás natural do que aumentos da renda. / The purpose of the present study is to estimate the elasticity, mainly in terms of price and income, of the demand for gas natural in the Brazilian industrial sector. The industry represents around two-thirds of the natural gas consumption in the country, highlighting strategic importance in creating energy policy related to natural gas. This paper also presents the evolution in international trade of natural gas and the perspectives of increased in the use of this energy source in Brazil and worldwide. Some challenges still lay ahead for effective intensification of the gas industry in the country, such as: the increase of investments in infrastructure for production, transport and distribution; the development to the access to major hydrocarbon reserves; the improvements to deal with uncertainties regarding the evolution of demand. Econometric tools are used to estimate price and income elasticity for the Brazilian industrial sector, in other words, to investigate how the natural gas demand reacts to an increase / decrease in the price of gas and in the available income. The industrial GDP is used as a proxy for income. After determining that the series under study were non-stationary, the co-integration approach was chosen and Vector Error Correction Model (VEC Model) was applied. The obtained results show that the price elasticity in the industrial sector in Brazil is significantly higher than income elasticity.