Integrerad Monitoring (IM) är ett miljöövervakningsprogram som bedriver studier i de fyra svenska avrinningsområdena Aneboda, Gårdsjön, Kindla och Gammtratten. Områdena, som är skyddade och ingår i Natura 2000, domineras av barrskog. Inom IM studeras bland annat vattenbalans, där evapotranspiration utgör en viktig men svårberäknad del. På avrinningsområdesnivå beräknas ofta evapotranspiration med hjälp av sambandet vattenbalans men denna metod medför stora osäkerheter kring hur lagring av vatten (i snö, sjöar, mark- och grundvatten) hanteras. Problematiken är särskilt stor när avdunstning beräknas för kortare tidsperioder, exempelvis på månadsbasis. Det finns istället flera ekvationer baserade på meteorologiska data som kan användas. Studiens syfte var att med hjälp av sådana ekvationer skapa möjlighet till beräkningar av evapotranspiration över olika tidsskalor. Efter en litteraturstudie valdes de två ekvationerna Penman-Monteith och Priestley-Taylor, och med platsspecifika meteorologiska data för IM-områdena beräknade de evapotranspiration som sedan skattades i jämförelse med beräkningar från andra modeller (vattenbalans, Fyris-Q och S-HYPE). Fyra hydrologiska år undersöktes och resultatet visade på stor variation mellan modellerna både på års- och månadsnivå. Vissa år genererade de liknande värden medan andra år skilde sig rejält. De två undersökta ekvationerna uppvisade liknande årliga mönster och påverkades båda mest av variabeln nettostrålning som varierar kraftigt över året. Flera faktorer har inverkan på resultatet och det finns en del osäkerheter kring anpassningar av ekvationerna. Dock kunde avvikande resultat i de flesta fall förklaras av brister i tillgängliga input-data. Om detta åtgärdas bör det därför vara möjligt att skatta evapotranspirationen även för kortare tidsperioder med hjälp av ekvationer baserade på meteorologiska data.

Las álgebras de De Morgan pseudocomplementadas fueron consideradas por primera vez por A. Romanowska ([66]) quien las denominó pM−álgebras y caracterizó las álgebras subdirectamente irreducibles finitas. Posteriormente, H. Sankappanavar ([67, 68]) continuó con el estudio de las pM−álgebras examinando las congruencias y caracterizando todas las subdirectamente irreducibles. Por otra parte, A. V. Figallo y P. Landini ([23, 21]) con el propósito de presentar distintas axiomáticas para las álgebra tetravalente modales ([42, 43]), mostraron que las pM−álgebras que verifican la condición adicional x V~x<_xV x* admiten una estructura de álgebra tetravalente modal y las denominaron álgebras de De Morgan pseudocomplementadas modales ó mpM−álgebras, para abreviar. En esta tesis hacemos un estudio detallado de la variedad de las mpM−álgebras. Al volumen lo hemos organizado en cuatro capítulos. En el Capítulo I, damos las definiciones básicas y hacemos un repaso de los resultados más importantes de álgebra universal. También hemos incluído una breve exposición sobre la teoría de la dualidad de Priestley para los retículos distributivos acotados y para las p−álgebras ([60, 61, 63]). Por último, describimos la dualidad de W. Cornish y P. Fowler ([18, 19]) para las álgebras de De Morgan. Todos estos temas los hemos incluido tanto para facilitar la lectura como para fijar los conceptos que utilizaremos en los capítulos posteriores. En el Capítulo II, comenzamos el estudio de las mpM−álgebras. En él abordamos el problema de caracterizar los miembros subdirectamente irreducibles de esta variedad para lo cual determinamos, en primer lugar, una dualidad topológica para estas álgebras la que nos permitió caracterizar al retículo de las congruencias. Cabe señalar que esta dualidad es utilizada fuertemente a lo largo de todo el trabajo. Además, probamos que las mpM−álgebras constituyen una variedad localmente finita, semisimple, residualmente pequeña y residualmente finita. En la última sección de este capítulo obtenemos, con técnicas algebraicas, otras caracterizaciones de las congruencias a partir de ciertos subconjuntos especiales del álgebra. Algunos de los resultados anteriores fueron expuestos en la Reunión Anual de Comunicaciones Científicas de la UMA en el 2004 y el 2006. En el Capítulo III, y con el propósito de obtener una mayor informaci´on sobre la variedad mpM de las mpM−álgebras, hacemos un estudio detallado de las congruencias principales. En primer lugar, indicamos dos descripciones de las mismas por medio de ciertos subconjuntos del espacio asociado lo que nos permitió concluir que ellas constituyen un álgebra de Boole. A continuación mostramos, entre otros resultados, que mpM es discriminadora lo cual nos proporcionó numerosas propiedades de las mpM−congruencias en general. Posteriormente, probamos que las congruencias principales y booleanas coinciden y esta afirmación hizo posible determinar el número de congruencias de las mpM−álgebras finitas. Finalizamos este caíıtulo determinando el polinomio discriminador ternario para esta variedad y estableciendo una descripci´on ecuacional de las congruencias principales. Cabe mencionar que algunos de los temas investigados en esta unidad fueron presentados en el XIII Simposio Latinoamericano de Lógica Matemática, Oaxaca, Méjico en el 2006 y en la Reunión Anual de Comunicaciones Científicas de la UMA en el 2007. El Capítulo IV consta de dos secciones. En la primera, nos abocamos al estudio de las propiedades de las mpM−álgebras finitas y finitamente generadas. En la segunda, determinamos la estructura de las mpM−álgebras libres con un conjunto finito de generadores libres y finalmente, indicamos la fórmula que nos permite calcular el cardinal de álgebra libre con un conjunto finito de generadores libres en función del número de generadores de la misma. En la Reunión Anual de Comunicaciones Cienificas de la UMA del 2008 fueron expuestos parte de los resultados anteriores. Alguno de los temas de esta tesis han sido aceptados para su publicación en ([24]). / De Morgan pseudocomplemented algebras were first considered by A. Romanowska ([66]) who called them pM−algebras and characterized the finite subdirectly irreducible algebras. Later on, H. Sankappanavar ([67, 68]) continued studying pM−algebras by examining congruences and characterizing all the subdirectly irreducible algebras. On the other hand, A. V. Figallo and P. Landini ([23, 21]), with the aim of presenting different axiomatic for tetravalent modal algebras ([42, 43]), they proved that pM−algebras verifying the additional condition x_V~ x < _ xVx* admit a tetravalent modal algebra structure. Hence, they called them De Morgan pseudocomplemented modal algebras, or mpM−algebras, for short. Our aim in this thesis is to study in deep the variety mpM of mpM−algebras. More precisely, we have organized this work in four chapters. In Chapter I, basic definitions are provided and we do also a review of the most important results in universal algebra. Furthermore, we have also included a brief discussion on Priestley’s dualities for bounded distributive lattices and p−algebras ([60, 61, 63]). Finally, we describe W. Cornish and P. Fowler’s duality ([18, 19]) for De Morgan algebras. These topics have been included not only to simplify the reading but also to fix the notations and the definitions that we will use in this volume. In Chapter II, we began the study of mpM−algebras. Here, we boarded the problem of characterizing the subdirectly irreducible members of this variety. To this aim, we determine a topological duality for these algebras which allowed us to characterize the congruence lattice.We must point out that this duality is strongly used throughout all this work. Furthermore, we prove that mpM−algebras constitute a locally finite, semisimple, residually small and residually finite variety. In the last section of this chapter we obtain, by means of algebraic techniques, other characterizations of the congruences by means of special subsets of the algebra. Some of the above results were presented in the Annual Meeting of the Uni´on Matemática Argentina in 2004 and 2006. In Chapter III, and in order to obtain more information on the variety mpM, we carried out a detailed study of the principal congruences. First, we indicate two descriptions of them by means certain subsets of the associated space to an mpM−algebra, which allowed us to conclude that they constitute a Boolean algebra. Next we show, among other results, that mpM is a discriminator variety which also provided us many properties of mpM−congruences. Later on, we prove that principal and Boolean congruences coincide and this statement allows us to determine the number of congruences in the finite mpM−algebras. By the end of this chapter, we determine the ternary discriminator polynomial for this variety and we also establish an equational description of the principal congruences. It is worth mentioning that some of the topics presented in this chapter were previously discussed at the XIII Latin American Symposium on Mathematical Logic, Oaxaca, Mexico, and in the Annual Meeting of the Unión Matem´atica Argentina in 2006 and 2007 respectively. Chapter IV consists of 2 sections. In the first one, we focus our study on the properties of finite and finitely generated mpM−algebras. In the second one, we determine the structure of the free mpM−algebras with a finite set of free generators. Finally, we indicate a formula which allows us to calculate the cardinal number of the free mpM−algebras in terms of the number of the free generators of the algebras. Some of the results of this chapter were presented at the Annual Meeting of the Uni´on Matem´atica Argentina in 2008, Some of the topics of this thesis have been accepted for publication in ([24]).

No description available.

The eddy covariance (EC) technique was used to measure half hourly fluxes of energy and evaporation from 15 December 2007 to 30 November 2008 at the Scott Research Farm, located 7 km east of Hamilton. Many other supporting measurements of climate and soil variables were also made. The research addressed three objectives: 1. To examine the accuracy of the eddy covariance measurement technique. 2. Understand the surface partitioning of energy and water vapour on a diurnal to annual timescale. 3. Compare measurements of evaporation to methods of estimation. Average energy balance closure at Scott Farm was deficient by 24%, comparable to published studies of up to 30%. Three lysimeter studies were carried out to help verify eddy covariance data. These resulted in the conclusions that; 1) lysimeter pots needed to be deeper to allow for vegetation rooting depths to be encompassed adequately; 2) forcing energy balance closure was not supported by two of the studies (summer and winter); 3) latent heat flux (λE) gap filling of night time EC data during winter over estimated values by about 10 W m-2; and 4) the spring lysimeter study verified eddy covariance measurements including the closure forcing method. Some uncertainty still exists as to the accuracy of both lysimeter and EC methods of evaporation measurement because both methods still have potential biases, however for the purpose of this study, it would appear data are sufficiently accurate to have confidence in results. Energy and water vapour fluxes varied on both a diurnal and seasonal timescale. Diurnally, fluxes were small or negative at night and were highest during the day, usually at solar noon. Seasonally, spring and summer had the highest energy and evaporation fluxes and winter rates were small but tended to exceed available energy supply. Evaporation was constrained by soil moisture availability during summer and by energy availability during winter. Estimated annual evaporation at Scott Farm was 755 mm, 72% of precipitation. Two evaporation models were compared to eddy covariance evaporation (EEC) measurements; the FAO56 Penman-Monteith model (Eo) and the Priestley-Taylor model (EPT). Both models over estimated evaporation during dry conditions and slightly under estimated during winter. The α coefficient that is applied to EPT was not constant and a seasonally adjusted value would be most appropriate. A crop coefficient of 1.13 is needed for Eo measurements during moist conditions. Eo began over estimating evaporation when soil moisture contents dropped below ~44%. A water stress adjustment was applied to both models which improved evaporation estimates, however early onset of drying was not able to be adjusted for. The adjusted Eo model is the most accurate overall, when compared to EEC.

No description available.

Submitted by Diogo Barreiros (diogo.barreiros@ufba.br) on 2016-06-14T14:54:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Emanuele Romero.pdf: 945237 bytes, checksum: cc06b7a0943c2fe576ba1ae1ef553446 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva (sivalda@ufba.br) on 2016-06-14T15:37:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Emanuele Romero.pdf: 945237 bytes, checksum: cc06b7a0943c2fe576ba1ae1ef553446 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-14T15:37:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Emanuele Romero.pdf: 945237 bytes, checksum: cc06b7a0943c2fe576ba1ae1ef553446 (MD5) / CAPES / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal apresentar a equivalência dual entre a categoria DLat, dos reticulados distributivos, e as categorias Pries, dos espaços Priestley, e Spec, dos espaços espectrais, por meio dos isomor smos entre estas últimas e a categoria PStone, dos espaços pairwise Stone; também estabelecer a equivalência dual de DLat com PStone, obtendo com isso uma alternativa para o isomor smo de Cornish. Estes isomor smos e as equivalências duais entre as referidas categorias, possibilitaram as descrições duais de alguns conceitos algébricos importantes na Teoria de Reticulados, como ltros e ideais de um reticulado. Por m, como alternativa para a dualidade de Esakia, são apresentadas dualidades bitopológicas para álgebras de Heyting. / This work aims to present the duality between the categories DLat of the distributive bounded lattices, and the categories Pries of the Priestley spaces and Spec of the spectral spaces, using isomorphisms between the last mentioned categories and the category PStone of the pairwise Stone spaces; also we establish the equivalence of DLat and PStone, receiving so an alternative for the Cornish isomorphism. These isomorphisms and the equivalencies between the above mentioned categories, make it possible to get dual descriptions of some important lattice theoretic notions, as lters and ideals of a lattice. Finally, to propose an alternative to the Esakia duality are shown bitopological dualities for Heyting algebras.

The thesis The Parish Community at the Church of St. Ignatius of Loyola in Prague in the Years 1950-1990 describes, as the title advises , about the history of theParish Community during the communist era. Studied Both the history of the church itself, and that of spiritual administration, Pastoral Care and Priestley House, which was established after the expulsion of the Jesuits in their residence, are investigated in the thesis. The aim of this work is to digest the history clearlyorganize and and hereby to fill the gap in the history of this place, because during the communist era the records on activities and events in the parish were not kept systematically. records about the events in the parish. Keywords Jesuits, Religious, History, Pastoral Care, Priestley House, Ignatius

The thesis The Parish Community at the Church of St. Ignatius of Loyola in Prague in the Years 1950-1990 describes, as the title suggests, the history of the Parish Community during the communist era. Both the history of the church itself and that of spiritual administration, Pastoral Care, and Priestley House, which was established after the expulsion of the Jesuits from their residence, are investigated in the thesis. The aim of this work is to fully comprehend and meticulously organize the sources of information and therefore fill the gap in the history of this place, for the records of activities and events in the parish were not kept systematically during the communist era.

No description available.

No description available.