Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2010. / "February 2010." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references. / Primary producers play a critical role in the oceanic food chain and the global cycling of carbon. The marine diazotroph Trichodesmium is a major contributor to both primary production and nitrogen fixation in the tropical and subtropical oceans. These regions are often characterized by low phosphorus (P) concentrations, and P deficiency of Trichodesmium could limit growth, and constrain nitrogen fixation by this genus. Three key components of P metabolism in cyanobacteria include: inorganic phosphate (Pi) uptake, dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) hydrolysis, and polyphosphate (polyP) biosynthesis and catabolism. These three pathways lay the foundation for the four chapters that make up the body of this thesis. Chapter two examines the relative importance of Pi and DOP in Trichodesmium in the Sargasso Sea by measuring uptake rates and uptake kinetics of ³³pi and DOP (using alpha labeled adenosine-5'-triphosphate ³³P-ATP as a model P ester compound). The in situ uptake rates suggest that the contribution of P ester to total P uptake can be greater than 25% for Trichodesmium, and therefore P esters are important for supplementing Trichodesmium's P demand. Chapter three confirms the presence of polyP in the Sargasso Sea populations. This is the first detection of polyP in an oligotrophic system and may indicate micro-scale variability in DIP or DOP supply. Chapter four examines the regulation of several genes involved in P scavenging in cultures of Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101: two copies of a high affinity phosphate binding protein (pstS and sphX) and two putative alkaline phosphatases (phoA and phoX). / (cont.) Chapter five calibrates the expression of phoX to decreases in nitrogen fixation rate in Trichodesmium cultures allowing the use of phoX expression as a molecular indicator of P limitation of nitrogen fixation. Detection of phoX expression in the North Atlantic and South Pacific identified the extent and magnitude of P limitation in these regions. Taken together this thesis provides new insights into how Trichodesmium survives in low P environments, utilizes DOP, stores polyP, and the extent to which P can limit nitrogen fixation by this genus. / by Elizabeth Duncan Orchard. / Ph.D.

Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2014. / This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections. / Cataloged from PDF student-submitted version of thesis. "September 2014." / Includes bibliographical references (pages 191-201). / Synechococcus is a ubiquitous marine primary producer. Our understanding of the factors that determine its abundance has been limited by available observational tools, which have not been able to resolve population dynamics at timescales that match response times of cells (hours-days). Development of an automated flow cytometer (FlowCytobot) has enabled hourly observation of Synechococcus at the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO) since 2003. In order to ascribe changes in cell abundances to either growth or loss processes, information on division rate is needed. I refined a matrix population model that relates diel changes in the distribution of cell volume to division rate and demonstrated that it provides accurate estimates of daily division rate for both cultured and natural populations. Application of the model to the 11-year MVCO time series reveals that division rate is temperature limited during winter and spring, but light limited during fall. Inferred loss rates closely follow division rate in magnitude over the entire seasonal cycle, suggesting that losses are mainly generated by biological processes. While Synechococcus cell abundance, division rate, and loss rate demonstrate striking seasonal patterns, there are also significant shorter timescale variations and important multi-year trends that may be linked to climate. Interpretation of population dynamic patterns is complicated by the diversity found within marine Synechococcus, which is partitioned into 20 genetically distinct clades. Each clade may represent an ecotype, with a distinct ecological niche. To understand how diversity may affect population dynamics, I assessed the diversity at MVCO over annual cycles with culture-independent and dependent approaches. The population at MVCO is diverse, but dominated by clade I representatives throughout the year. Other clades were only found during summer and fall. High through-put sequencing of a diversity marker allowed a more quantitative investigation into these patterns. Five main Synechococcus oligotypes that comprise the population showed seasonal abundance patterns: peaking either during the spring bloom or during late summer and fall. This pattern strongly suggests that features of seasonal abundance are affected by the underlying diversity structure. Synechococcus abundance patterns result from a complex interplay among seasonal environmental changes, diversity, and biological losses. / by Kristen Rachell Hunter-Cevera. / Ph. D.

Decisões tomadas no planejamento da implantação florestal, como a densidade do plantio e o material genético, alteram a disponibilidade de recursos naturais tais como nutrientes, água e luz e consequentemente afetam a assimilação do carbono, que está diretamente relacionada ao crescimento da planta. Ainda são escassas as informações de como e quanto a densidade de plantio e o material genético afetam a fixação de carbono pelas ávores. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os padrões de fixação e alocação de carbono em plantações clonais de Eucalyptus sp. em duas densidades de plantio (3x2 m e 3x4 m), em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico T ípico A moderado. O estudo foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais de Itatinga-SP - ESALQ/USP, com três materiais clonais de Eucalyptus urophylla: AEC 0144, AEC 224 e COP 1404. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com esquema fatorial 3 x 2, sendo composto por três clones de eucalipto em dois espaçamentos, com 6 repetições para cada tratamento. Durante o intervalo de um ano (dos 40 aos 52 meses de idade) foram determinados a Produtividade Primária Líquida da Parte Aérea (ANPP: incremento da biomassa aérea somada ao folhedo), a Respiração Autotrófica da Parte Aérea (Rp: respiração das folhas e do tronco com base com base na ANPP, assumindo um valor constante de eficiência de uso do carbono (CUE) de 0,53 (GIARDINA et al., 2003)), o Fluxo de Carbono Abaixo do Solo (TBCF: produção e respiração das raízes grossas e finas, exsudatos das raízes e produção de substratos usados por micorrizas) e a Produtividade Primária Bruta (GPP: somatório dos fluxos de carbono) para os seis tratamentos avaliados. A maior produtividade encontrada para o clone AEC 0144 no espaçamento 3x2 m foi resultado de uma maior GPP (5997,45 g C m-2 ano-1), maior partição de carbono para incremento de tronco (30%) e menor partição da GPP para TBCF (34%). A ANPP variou de 1453,99 g C m-2 ano-1 (Clone COP 1404 no espaçamento 3x2 m) a 2288,78 g C m-2 ano-1 (Clone AEC 0144 no espaçamento 3x2 m), sendo os maiores fluxos encontrados para os clones AEC 0144 em ambos espaçamentos e para o clone COP 1404 no espaçamento 3x4 m. A variação encontrada nos valores de respiração da parte aérea seguiram o mesmo padrão dos resultados da ANPP. O TBCF foi significadamente superior para os clones AEC 0144 e AEC 224 no espaçamento 3x2 m com 2056,36 g C m-2 ano-1 e 1903,83 g C m-2 ano-1, respectivamente; e para o clone COP 1404 no espaçamento 3x4 m (1927,43 g C m-2 ano-1). Houve correlação positiva do TBCF com a GPP, mas não com a ANPP. / Decisions not planned for forest deployment, such as planting density and genetic material, alter the availability of natural resources such as nutrients, water and light and consequently affect the assimilation of carbon, which is directed to plant growth. They are still scarce as information on how and how much planting density and genetic material for a fixation of carbon by trees. The objective of this work was to evaluate the carbon allocation patterns in clonal plantations of Eucalyptus sp. in two planting densities (3x2 m and 3x4 m), in a typical Typic A moderate Dystrophic Red Latosol. The study was developed at the Experimental Station of Forest Sciences of Itatinga-SP - ESALQ / USP, with three clonal materials of Eucalyptus urophylla: AEC 0144, AEC 224 and COP 1404. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with a factorial scheme 3 x 2, being composed of three clones of eucalyptus in two spacings, with 6 replicates for each treatment. During the one-year interval (from 40 to 52 months of age) was determined Aboveground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP: increase of the aerial biomass added to the litterfall), Aboveground Autotrophic Respiration (Rp: leaf respiration and (CUE) of 0.53 (GIARDINA et al., 2003)), Total Belowground Carbon Flux (TBCF: production and respiration of the roots) and Gross Primary Productivity (GPP: sum of the carbon fluxes) for the six treatments evaluated. The higher productivity found for the clone AEC 0144 in the 3x2 m spacing resulted from a higher GPP (5997.45 g C m-2 year-1), larger carbon partition for trunk increment (30%) and smaller partition from GPP for TBCF (34%). The ANPP ranged from 1453.99 g C m-2 year-1 (Clone COP 1404 in spacing 3x2 m) to 2288.78 g C m-2 year-1 (Clone AEC 0144 in 3x2 m spacing) Found for clones AEC 0144 in both spacings and COP 1404 in 3x4 m spacing. The variation found in aboveground autotrophic respiration values followed the same pattern of ANPP results. The TBCF was significantly higher for clones AEC 0144 and AEC 224 at 3x2 m spacing with 2056.36 m-2 year-1 and 1903.83 m-2 year-1, respectively; and for clone COP 1404 in 3x4 m spacing (1927.43 m-2 year-1). There was a positive correlation between TBCF and GPP, but not with ANPP.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-18T10:23:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Catherine Torres de Almeida.pdf: 4011870 bytes, checksum: 95ec0ec572d24a8a7285ec3bb17fac37 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T10:23:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Catherine Torres de Almeida.pdf: 4011870 bytes, checksum: 95ec0ec572d24a8a7285ec3bb17fac37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) is the rate at the atmospheric CO2 is converted by photosynthetic activity in organic substances and is a measure of the total carbon fixed by the ecosystem. In the context of climate change, the focus for the fixation of carbon by forest ecosystems is the basis to mitigate emissions of anthropogenic CO2. There are several methods for the quantification of carbon stored in the vegetation, using data obtained by micrometeorological towers or by remote sensing. Among these methods, stands out the eddy covariance technique, that is much used to quantify the CO2 flux in many forest ecosystems. However, this technique has a high cost, limited operation and covers a small extent. Accordingly, the methods that employ remote sensing have the advantage of providing terrestrial primary productivity estimates for large areas where the methods at the field level are not feasible. This work has as main objective to evaluate the dynamics of the GPP in the Brazilian Legal Amazon over land use and land cover and weather variables. For understanding the relationship of the eddy covariance GPP with meteorological data, rainfall data from TRMM 3B43 product and environmental variables of flux towers were used. Data from TRMM satellite were validated with data from seven conventional weather stations of Amazonas state. The comparison was based on the Average Error (AE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), linear correlation coefficient (r) and Wilmott agreement index (d). We also used the Spearman correlation coefficient and a regression tree model to assess the relationship between flux tower GPP and environmental variables. To evaluate GPP estimates from two versions of the MOD17A2 product, derived from MODIS sensor data, these have been validated with surface data from seven LBA flux towers, of which four are in forest cover, one in transition forest and two in disturbed areas. The statistical analyzes were performed with R software, version 3.1.0. The results of the validation of TRMM 3B43 were positive, with high linear correlation (r = 0.83), high level of agreement (d = 0.85) and an adequate RMSE (59.77 mm), showing that this product can be used as an alternative source of quality data. Regarding the influence of the land use and land cover in GPP, it was found that the disturbed areas had lower productivity compared to the conserved areas and had their water balance affected, presenting higher values of the Bowen ratio. The GPP seasonality was predominantly related to radiation at the top of the atmosphere in forest areas of the equatorial Amazon. In areas more distant of the Ecuador, the GPP was influenced by radiation at the top of the atmosphere and also by rainfall and VPD, indicating limitation both by radiation and by water availability. MOD17A2 had no satisfactory agreement between in estimating GPP compared to the method of eddy covariance, underestimating productivity for most locations studied. The seasonality derived from the MODIS algorithm was only similar to the seasonality of GPP by eddy covariance method for non-equatorial locations. The areas in Equatorial Amazon exhibit distinct MOD17A2 GPP seasonal pattern of that verified by data from the micrometeorological towers. Given this, it is necessary to improve the MOD17A2 algorithm to enable it to estimate GPP depending on the different vegetation responses to drought and radiation. This improved understanding may help to produce better estimates of GPP in Amazon and the use of remote sensing in conjunction with the surface data can contribute to generate an overview of GPP in this biome. / A Produtividade Prim?ria Bruta (PPB) ? a taxa na qual o CO2 atmosf?rico ? convertido pela atividade fotossint?tica em subst?ncias org?nicas e ? uma medida do total de carbono fixado pelo ecossistema. No contexto das mudan?as clim?ticas, o enfoque para a fixa??o de carbono pelos ecossistemas florestais ? a base para mitigar as emiss?es de CO2 antropog?nico. Existem diversos m?todos destinados ? quantifica??o do carbono estocado na vegeta??o, que utilizam dados obtidos por meio de torres micrometeorol?gicas de fluxo ou atrav?s de sensoriamento remoto. Dentre esses m?todos, se destaca a t?cnica de covari?ncia de v?rtices turbulentos, por ser muito empregada para quantificar o fluxo de CO2 em diversos ecossistemas florestais. Por?m, esta t?cnica possui um custo alto, operacionalidade restrita e abrange uma pequena extens?o. Nesse sentido, os m?todos que empregam o sensoriamento remoto t?m a vantagem de fornecer estimativas de produtividade prim?ria terrestre para grandes ?reas, onde os m?todos ao n?vel do terreno n?o s?o vi?veis. Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral avaliar a din?mica da PPB na Amaz?nia Legal brasileira em rela??o ao uso e cobertura do solo e ?s vari?veis meteorol?gicas. Para compreender a rela??o da PPB obtida pelo m?todo de covari?ncia de v?rtices turbulentos com dados meteorol?gicos, foram utilizados dados de chuva do produto 3B43 do sat?lite TRMM e vari?veis ambientais das torres de fluxo. Os dados do sat?lite TRMM foram validados com dados de sete esta??es meteorol?gicas convencionais do estado do Amazonas. A compara??o foi baseada no Erro M?dio (EM), Raiz do Erro M?dio Quadr?tico (REMQ), coeficiente de correla??o linear (r) e ?ndice de concord?ncia de Wilmott (d). Tamb?m utilizou-se o coeficiente de correla??o de Spearman e um modelo de ?rvore de regress?o para avaliar a rela??o entre a PPB da torre de fluxo e as vari?veis ambientais. Para avaliar as estimativas de PPB de duas vers?es do produto MOD17A2, derivadas de dados do sensor MODIS, estas foram validadas com dados de superf?cie de sete torres de fluxo do Projeto LBA, das quais quatro se encontram em cobertura florestal, uma em floresta de transi??o e duas em ?reas antropizadas. As an?lises estat?sticas foram realizadas no software R, vers?o 3.1.0. Os resultados da valida??o do produto 3B43 do TRMM foram positivos, com alta correla??o linear (r = 0,83), alto ?ndice de concord?ncia (d = 0,85) e REMQ satisfat?rio (59,77 mm), mostrando que este produto pode ser utilizado como uma fonte alternativa de dados de qualidade. Em rela??o ? influ?ncia do uso e da cobertura do solo na PPB, verificou-se que as ?reas antropizadas apresentaram menor produtividade em rela??o ?s ?reas conservadas e tiveram seu balan?o h?drico afetado, pois apresentaram altos valores da raz?o de Bowen. A sazonalidade da PPB foi predominantemente relacionada ? radia??o no topo da atmosfera nas ?reas de floresta da Amaz?nia equatorial. Nas ?reas mais distantes do Equador, a PPB foi influenciada pela radia??o no topo da atmosfera e tamb?m pela chuva e VPD, indicando limita??o tanto pela radia??o quanto pela disponibilidade de ?gua. O MOD17A2 n?o apresentou boa estimativa de PPB comparado ao m?todo de v?rtices turbulentos, subestimando a produtividade para a maioria das localidades estudadas. A sazonalidade da PPB deste algoritmo somente foi similar ? sazonalidade da PPB pelo m?todo de v?rtices turbulentos para as localidades n?o-equatoriais. As ?reas na Amaz?nia Equatorial apresentaram padr?o sazonal da PPB do MOD17A2 distinto do verificado pelos dados das torres micrometeorol?gicas. Diante disto, ? necess?rio melhorar o algoritmo MOD17A2 para que este possa estimar PPB em fun??o das diferentes respostas da vegeta??o ? seca e ? radia??o. Esse melhor entendimento poder? contribuir para produzir melhores estimativas da PPB para a Amaz?nia e o uso do sensoriamento remoto em conjunto com os dados de superf?cie pode contribuir para gerar uma vis?o geral da PPB nesse bioma.

In the southern Great Plains, the encroachment of grassland ecosystems by mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), is widespread, and prescribed fire is commonly used in its control. Despite this, substantial quantitative information concerning their influences on the community composition, functional dynamics, and soil organic carbon (SOC) storage potential of grassland ecosystems is lacking. The objectives of this study were to: a) quantify the effects of seasonal prescribed fire treatments and mesquite encroachment on aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and herbaceous community composition; b) characterize SOC pool sizes, turnover, and storage potential relative to vegetation type and fire treatment; c) evaluate the structure and diversity of soil microbial communities relative to vegetation type; and d) characterize the functional diversity of these same microbes using the GeoChip functional gene microarray. Repeated winter and summer fires led to increased ANPP rates (average, 434 and 313 g m-2 y-1, respectively), relative to unburned controls (average, 238 g m-2 y-1), altered herbaceous community composition, and increased the storage of resistant forms of SOC, but did not affect overall SOC storage. Herbaceous ANPP rates did not differ significantly as a result of mesquite encroachment, but herbaceous community composition and SOC storage did. Mesquite soils contained significantly more total, slow-turnover, and resistant forms of SOC than those that occurred beneath C3 or C4 grasses. Similarity among the soil bacterial and fungal communities associated with the major vegetation types in this system was low to moderate. Significant differences were detected among soil fungi, with the mesquite-associated fungi harboring significant differences in community structure relative to the fungal communities associated with each of the other vegetation types examined. Despite this result, few significant differences were detected with respect to the functional diversity of these communities, suggesting either a high degree of functional redundancy, or that the functional differences harbored by these communities are beyond the scope of the GeoChip. The results of this study demonstrate that both fire and mesquite encroachment have the potential to alter ecosystem components and processes significantly, providing new insight regarding the effects of these widespread land use and land cover changes on ecosystem structure and function.

Mémoire (M.Ress.Renouv.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1999. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

This study contributes to developing terrestrial and marine palynological indicators of winter or summer monsoon signals as well as oceanographic environments of the South China Sea (SCS). The high-resolution reconstructions of Holocene East Asian Monsoon (EAM) climate and oceanographic condition of the northern SCS provide insights into regional climate events in the western low-latitude Pacific Ocean and their impacts on local oceanography and ecology. Sediment trap samples from the southwest Taiwan waters of the SCS in winter monsoon (March-April) and summer monsoon (July-August) seasons identify abundances of Pinus and Ulmus pollen as indicators of the winter monsoon whereas fern spores appeared to be indicators of the summer monsoon. The increased fluxes of dinoflagellate cyst (DC) taxa during summer are correlated with decreased sea-surface salinity (SSS) associated with nutrient-rich river inputs. DC distributions across the SCS show that some taxa are good indicators of changes in sea-surface temperature (SST), SSS, water depth and chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations associated with EAM and oceanographic conditions. In particular, the concenrations of Brigantedinium spp. and cysts of Protoperidinium together with Echinidinium spp. are positively correlatd with SST in January and SST in July, and chl-a concentrations, respectively, which are linked to past monsoon strength and primary productivity. In total, four high cyst concentration regions have been observed off southern Vietnam, Borneo, Hainan, and South China. High-resolution palynological records from a sediment core in the northern SCS reflect several EAM climatic and oceanographic events over the last 12.5 kyr. A short-term Impagidinium decrease implied that the Taiwan Strait opened at ~11.7–11.0 cal kyr BP, with reduced Kuroshio Current influence when the East China Sea waters entered through the strait. Three Holocene relative sea-level stages were identified in the palynomorph records. The highest herb pollen abundances were observed before ~10.4 cal kyr BP, reflecting the shortest distance from the grassland sources on the exposed shelf at the low sea-level stand. High Brigantedinium and cysts of Protoperidinium abundances also indicate a near-shore environment. During ~10.4- ~6.8-6.0 cal kyr BP at the rising sea-level stage, fern spore abundances increased and DC abundances decreased. Consistently low total DC concentrations and high fern spore abundance were observed after ~6.8-6.0 cal kyr BP when the present oceanographic conditions were formed. Increased abundances of Pinus pollen reflected three strengthened winter monsoon intervals at ~5.5, 4.0 and 2.5 cal kyr BP under the present oceanographic conditions. The highest Dapsilidinium pastielsii abundances reflected the warmest interval at ~6.8-5.5 cal kyr BP of the northern SCS. / Graduate / 2019-12-13

Decisões tomadas no planejamento da implantação florestal, como a densidade do plantio e o material genético, alteram a disponibilidade de recursos naturais tais como nutrientes, água e luz e consequentemente afetam a assimilação do carbono, que está diretamente relacionada ao crescimento da planta. Ainda são escassas as informações de como e quanto a densidade de plantio e o material genético afetam a fixação de carbono pelas ávores. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os padrões de fixação e alocação de carbono em plantações clonais de Eucalyptus sp. em duas densidades de plantio (3x2 m e 3x4 m), em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico T ípico A moderado. O estudo foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais de Itatinga-SP - ESALQ/USP, com três materiais clonais de Eucalyptus urophylla: AEC 0144, AEC 224 e COP 1404. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com esquema fatorial 3 x 2, sendo composto por três clones de eucalipto em dois espaçamentos, com 6 repetições para cada tratamento. Durante o intervalo de um ano (dos 40 aos 52 meses de idade) foram determinados a Produtividade Primária Líquida da Parte Aérea (ANPP: incremento da biomassa aérea somada ao folhedo), a Respiração Autotrófica da Parte Aérea (Rp: respiração das folhas e do tronco com base com base na ANPP, assumindo um valor constante de eficiência de uso do carbono (CUE) de 0,53 (GIARDINA et al., 2003)), o Fluxo de Carbono Abaixo do Solo (TBCF: produção e respiração das raízes grossas e finas, exsudatos das raízes e produção de substratos usados por micorrizas) e a Produtividade Primária Bruta (GPP: somatório dos fluxos de carbono) para os seis tratamentos avaliados. A maior produtividade encontrada para o clone AEC 0144 no espaçamento 3x2 m foi resultado de uma maior GPP (5997,45 g C m-2 ano-1), maior partição de carbono para incremento de tronco (30%) e menor partição da GPP para TBCF (34%). A ANPP variou de 1453,99 g C m-2 ano-1 (Clone COP 1404 no espaçamento 3x2 m) a 2288,78 g C m-2 ano-1 (Clone AEC 0144 no espaçamento 3x2 m), sendo os maiores fluxos encontrados para os clones AEC 0144 em ambos espaçamentos e para o clone COP 1404 no espaçamento 3x4 m. A variação encontrada nos valores de respiração da parte aérea seguiram o mesmo padrão dos resultados da ANPP. O TBCF foi significadamente superior para os clones AEC 0144 e AEC 224 no espaçamento 3x2 m com 2056,36 g C m-2 ano-1 e 1903,83 g C m-2 ano-1, respectivamente; e para o clone COP 1404 no espaçamento 3x4 m (1927,43 g C m-2 ano-1). Houve correlação positiva do TBCF com a GPP, mas não com a ANPP. / Decisions not planned for forest deployment, such as planting density and genetic material, alter the availability of natural resources such as nutrients, water and light and consequently affect the assimilation of carbon, which is directed to plant growth. They are still scarce as information on how and how much planting density and genetic material for a fixation of carbon by trees. The objective of this work was to evaluate the carbon allocation patterns in clonal plantations of Eucalyptus sp. in two planting densities (3x2 m and 3x4 m), in a typical Typic A moderate Dystrophic Red Latosol. The study was developed at the Experimental Station of Forest Sciences of Itatinga-SP - ESALQ / USP, with three clonal materials of Eucalyptus urophylla: AEC 0144, AEC 224 and COP 1404. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with a factorial scheme 3 x 2, being composed of three clones of eucalyptus in two spacings, with 6 replicates for each treatment. During the one-year interval (from 40 to 52 months of age) was determined Aboveground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP: increase of the aerial biomass added to the litterfall), Aboveground Autotrophic Respiration (Rp: leaf respiration and (CUE) of 0.53 (GIARDINA et al., 2003)), Total Belowground Carbon Flux (TBCF: production and respiration of the roots) and Gross Primary Productivity (GPP: sum of the carbon fluxes) for the six treatments evaluated. The higher productivity found for the clone AEC 0144 in the 3x2 m spacing resulted from a higher GPP (5997.45 g C m-2 year-1), larger carbon partition for trunk increment (30%) and smaller partition from GPP for TBCF (34%). The ANPP ranged from 1453.99 g C m-2 year-1 (Clone COP 1404 in spacing 3x2 m) to 2288.78 g C m-2 year-1 (Clone AEC 0144 in 3x2 m spacing) Found for clones AEC 0144 in both spacings and COP 1404 in 3x4 m spacing. The variation found in aboveground autotrophic respiration values followed the same pattern of ANPP results. The TBCF was significantly higher for clones AEC 0144 and AEC 224 at 3x2 m spacing with 2056.36 m-2 year-1 and 1903.83 m-2 year-1, respectively; and for clone COP 1404 in 3x4 m spacing (1927.43 m-2 year-1). There was a positive correlation between TBCF and GPP, but not with ANPP.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-26T16:39:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Thiago Figueiredo- versão final.pdf: 2633055 bytes, checksum: 86a95e9ae19fd0d3285680f00be05bd3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T16:39:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Thiago Figueiredo- versão final.pdf: 2633055 bytes, checksum: 86a95e9ae19fd0d3285680f00be05bd3 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências- Geoquímica Ambiental. Niterói, RJ / Pesquisas têm atribuído o enriquecimento de Hg em sedimentos de diferentes ecossistemas, às variações na produtividade primária e no clima. Nos oceanos, as concentrações deste elemento sofrem intensas variações devido aos fenômenos oceanográficos sazonais que aumentam a produtividade primária e o fluxo de carbono para os sedimentos. Este estudo teve como objetivo calcular o fluxo de Hg nos sedimentos da plataforma continental de Cabo Frio, relacionando possíveis efeitos da hidrodinâmica local na geoquímica e na deposição deste elemento. Quatro testemunhos do tipo box core foram coletados (BCCF10 -01, BCCF10- 04, BCCF10- 09 e BCCF10- 15) e datados através da medição da atividade do Pb210. As concentrações de Hg foram determinadas por meio da técnica de espectrometria de absorção atômica por geração de vapor frio (AASCV). Variáveis como carbono orgânico total (COT), Fe, Mn e granulometria também foram determinadas. Técnicas isotópicas, δ 13C e δ 15N assim como a razão molar C:N foram empregadas para os caracterizar a matéria orgânica dos sedimentos. A fração silte-argila predominou nos quatro testemunhos coletados. O conteúdo de COT variou de 0,7% a 2,7%, apresentando um conteúdo médio de aproximadamente 2% para toda a área de estudo. A razão molar C:N variou entre 6,78 a 9,95 e os isótopos estáveis δ 13C e δ 15N variaram respectivamente de -22,38 a -20,98 e de 3,07 a 7, 36. Isto indica que a MO depositada nos sedimentos da plataforma continental é predominantemente marinha. As concentrações de Fe e Mn variaram respectivamente de 3,25 a 8,21 e de 0,12 a 0,23, ambos apresentaram suaves oscilações ao longo de todos os perfis. O % de S total variou entre 0,08 a 0,46% e apresentou uma tendência ao incremento com a profundidade nos quatro testemunhos. O Hg apresentou uma distribuição vertical heterogênea e com grandes oscilações nos quatro perfis coletados. No testemunho BCCF10-09 o Hg apresentou uma forte correlação com o Mn, o que demonstra a importância deste elemento na geoquímica do Hg em ambientes oxidantes. Os fluxos de Hg na plataforma continental de Cabo Frio variaram de 0,46 a 20,0 ng cm-2 ano-1 e apresentaram uma variação temporal similar à encontrada em diferentes regiões do Hemisfério Norte, com uma forte tendência ao aumento a partir de 1900. Entretanto, os valores de fluxo para este elemento encontrados neste estudo foram maiores em relação aos valores comparados na literatura, sugerindo que as águas de ressurgência possam ser uma fonte importante de Hg para a região de Cabo Frio. O maior valor médio de fluxo de Hg foi obtido no testemunho BCCF10-09, este fato pode ser explicado pela dinâmica de frentes térmicas que podem favorecem a formação de zonas capazes de acumular grandes concentrações de material orgânico e inorgânico / Research has attributed the enrichment of Hg in sediments due to changes in primary productivity and climate. In the oceans, the concentration of this element undergoes intense variations due to seasonal oceanographic phenomena that increase primary productivity and carbon flux to the sediments. This study aimed to calculate the flow of mercury in the sediments of the continental shelf of Cabo Frio, listing possible effects of local hydrodynamics on the deposition and geochemistry of this element. Four cores was collected (BCCF10-01, BCCF10-04, BCCF10-09 and BCCF10-15) and dated by measuring the activity of Pb210. Mercury concentrations were performed trough of Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CVAAS). Variables such as total organic carbon (TOC), Fe and Mn and particle size were also determined. Isotopic techniques and molar C:N were employed to characterize the organic matter in sediments. The silt-clay predominated in all four cores collected. The TOC content varied from 0.7% to 2.7%, an average content of about 2% for the entire length of the shelf. The molar ratio C: N ranged from 6.78 to 9.95 and δ isotopes 13C and 15N δ varied from -22.38 to -20.98 and 3.07 to 7, 36. This indicates that the OM deposited in the sediments of the continental shelf is mainly marine. The concentrations of Fe and Mn ranging respectively from 3.25 to 8.21 and 0.12 to 0.23, both showed soft oscillations along all profiles. The% of total S ranged between 0.08 to 0.46% and had a tendency to increase with depth in the four cores collected. Mercury showed a distribution with large vertical oscillations in the four profiles collected. In BCCF10-09 the Hg has showed a strong correlation with Mn, which demonstrates the importance of this element in the geochemistry of Hg in oxidizing environments. Mercury flows on the continental shelf of Cabo Frio ranged from 0.46 to 20.0 ng cm-2 year-1 and showed a temporal variation similar to that found in different regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with a strong tendency to increase from 1900. However, in this study the Hg fluxes were greater compared with the values in literature. It suggests that Cabo Frio upwelling’s can be an important source of Hg for the region. The highest average Hg flux was obtained in the BCCF10-09, this fact can be explained by the dynamics of thermal fronts that can favor the organic and inorganic material accumulate

La zone intertropicale est une zone clé du climat mondial, dans la mesure où ce secteur joue un rôle essentiel dans le cycle du carbone à l’échelle globale, via la pompe du carbone par la productivité primaire, elle-même accrue dans les grandes cellules d'upwelling côtières. L’objectif principal de ce travail était de discuter la variabilité climatique haute fréquence ayant affecté l'Océan Atlantique Est tropical au cours des derniers 45 000 ans à l’échelle orbitale et sub-orbitale. Notre étude a ainsi mis en évidence les connexions liant le domaine océanique et le domaine continental (panaches fluviatiles) à travers la comparaison entre les conditions hydrologiques de surface reconstruites par les assemblages phytoplanctoniques microfossiles (kystes de dinoflagellés : principaux outils de cette étude) et la variabilité de la mousson africaine déduite de données géochimiques sédimentaires disponibles sur les 3 carottes d’étude, situées au large du Congo ainsi que dans le Golfe de Guinée. Ce travail de thèse a également permis de réaliser un travail approfondi de mise à jour de la base de données dinokystes modernes et des données environnementales qui leurs sont associées (température et salinité de surface, productivité primaire, mais aussi nouveaux ajouts : densité de l’eau, saisonnalité, ou encore anomalies de températures par rapport à la moyenne des températures calculée selon un axe latitudinal), afin de pouvoir quantifier les paramètres hydrologiques sur les carottes d’étude via la fonction de transfert dinokyste développée pour l’Océan Atlantique tropical. Les assemblages dinokystes ont révélé une grande sensibilité aux effets de la précession, avec des environnements chauds et soumis à de fortes décharges fluviatiles observés en contexte de minima de l'indice de précession, en particulier durant la dernière déglaciation, configuration amplifiée par le maximum d’obliquité. Les résultats issus de la fonction de transfert démontrent le rôle primordial du fleuve Congo dans l'évolution de la productivité primaire au cours du temps, via l'apport massif de nutriments, ainsi que via des mécanismes d'upwelling générés par l'activité du fleuve en elle-même. / The intertropical area is a key domain for the knowledge of past global climate, with indeed a prevalent role regarding of carbon cycle; high productive conditions in this area being induced by the large eastern boundary upwelling cells. The main purpose of this work consisted in discussing the high frequency climate variability that occurred in the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean over the last 45,000 years. This area then permitted to highlight land-sea linkages through the relationships existing between marine environments as deduced from microfossil assemblages (dinoflagellate cysts: main proxies of this study) and the African monsoon as reconstructed through river-plume activity, thanks to three cores located off the Congo river mouth and in Gulf of Guinea. Furthermore, this work permitted to deeply update the tropical dinocyst modern database used by the dinocyst-based transfer function method developed for the Tropical Atlantic Ocean (new modern sites and new environmental datasets : SST, SSS, net primary productivity, upwelling activity, seasonality). Dinocyst assemblages revealed a strong influence of precession effects, with warmer and wetter periods reconstructed during minima of precession, especially during the last deglaciation, strongly enhanced by the obliquity maximum. Dinocyst-based transfer function results also highlighted the prevalent role of the Congo River on past primary productivity evolution through strengthened terrigenous inputs to the ocean but also through river-induced upwelling mechanism.