Los primates no humanos, son mantenidos comúnmente en cautiverio. La inmovilización química es una técnica que permite manipular de forma segura a estos animales durante la ejecución de exámenes físicos de rutina, pruebas de diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedades. La información sobre inmovilización química en Saguinus spp. es escasa. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar tres protocolos de inmovilización química reversible: ketamina 15mg/kg + xilacina 2mg/kg (antagonista yohimbina a 0.12 mg/kg) (KX), ketamina 10mg/kg + midazolam 2mg/kg (antagonsita flumazenil a 0.005 mg/kg) (KM) y ketamina 10mg/kg + xilacina 1mg/kg + midazolam 1mg/kg (antagonistas yohimbina a 0.12 mg/kg y flumazenil a 0.005 mg/kg) (KXM). Se inmovilizaron 9 individuos de Saguinus spp. pertenecientes al Centro de Reproducción y Conservación de Primates No Humanos (Iquitos, Perú), con un intervalo de 8 días entre protocolos. Se evaluaron los parámetros fisiológicos: frecuencia cardíaca, frecuencia respiratoria, presión arterial no invasiva sistólica, diastólica y media, temperatura corporal y saturación de oxígeno. Asimismo, se evaluó la calidad de inducción, inmovilización y recuperación. La profundidad anestésica alcanzada se evaluó cualitativamente, en base a la tensión muscular, movimientos espontáneos, manipulación de miembros, reflejo podal y palpebral. Todos los protocolos permitieron una rápida y buena calidad de inducción e inmovilización; sin embargo, el tiempo de recuperación fue moderadamente prolongado para los protocolos KM y KXM (p<0.05). No se encontró asociación significativa entre protocolos (p>0.05) para la profundidad anestésica. Las presiones arteriales y la saturación de oxígeno se mantuvieron dentro de los rangos fisiológicos normales en todos los protocolos. Sin embargo, la frecuencia cardiaca fue significativamente menor en el protocolo KX (p<0.05) y se observó taquipnea en los protocolos KX y KXM. La temperatura tendió a disminuir constantemente, siendo necesario brindar soporte térmico durante el período de inmovilización y recuperación. PALABRAS CLAVE: anestesia, reversión, primates, parámetros fisiológicos, Saguinus spp. / Nonhuman primates, are commonly kept in captivity. Chemical immobilization is a technique to safely handle these animals during the performance of routine physical examinations, diagnostic tests and treatment of diseases. Information of chemical immobilization in Saguinus spp. is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate three protocols reversible chemical immobilization: ketamine 15 mg/kg + xylazine 2 mg/kg (reversed with yohimbine 0.12 mg/kg)(KX), ketamine 10 mg/kg + midazolam 2 mg/kg (reversed with flumazenil 0.005 mg/kg) (KM) and ketamine 10 mg/kg + xylazine 1 mg/kg + midazolam 1 mg/kg (reversed with yohimbine 0.12 mg/kg and flumazenil 0.005 mg/kg) (KXM). NineSaguinus spp. individuals were immobilized belonging to the Center for Reproduction and Conservation Nonhuman Primates (Iquitos, Peru), with an interval of eight days between protocols. The physiological parameters were evaluated: heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic, diastolic and media non-invasive blood pressure, body temperature and oxygen saturationaverage. Induction, immobilization and recovery quality was evaluated. Anesthetic depth reached was evaluated qualitatively, based on muscle tension, spontaneous movements, manipulation of members, observed palpebral and footreflex. All protocols allow fast and good induction and immobilizationquality; however, the recovery time was moderately prolonged for KM and KXM (p<0.05) protocols. No significant association between protocols (p>0.05) was found in anesthetic depth. Blood pressures and oxygen saturation remained within normal physiological ranges in all protocols. However, heart rate was significantly lower in the KX protocol (p<0.05) and tachypnea was observed in the KX and KXM protocols. The temperature constantly tended to decrease, being necessary to provide thermal support during the period of immobilization and recovery. KEY WORDS: anesthesia, reversal, primates, physiological parameters, Saguinus spp.

Dissertation presented for the degree of Master of Science in the University of the Witwatersrand. / WHSLYP2017

A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine. School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg / This study investigated the presence and pattern of adult neurogenesis in the Subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle, the dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus and potential neurogenic sites in three prosimian primates. While two nocturnal species, the Galagoides demidoff phasma (Galago) and the Perodictus potto (Potto) were caught in the wild, the Lemur catta (Lemur) was a zoo kept diurnal animal. Two brain specimens from each species, perfusion-fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde were cut at 50 μm thick frozen sections in sagittal and coronal planes. Using doublecortin (DCX) and Ki-67 antibodies, immature neurons and proliferating cells were identified respectively in the SVZ and DG and in potential sites such as the striatum, corpus callosum, amygdala, and piriform cortex in all the three species. DCX positive cells were observed in the cerebellum of the Lemur and the Galago but not in the Potto. There were no Ki-67 proliferating cells observed in the cerebellum and the neocortex of all the three species. Interspecies analysis indicated that the estimated rate of Ki-67 proliferating cells in Potto was 1.9 times higher than that of the Lemur and 4.8 times higher than that of the Galago. There was no statistical significant variation in the number of estimated Ki-67 cells within the three species but a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) when comparing Potto with the Lemur and Galago. There was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in the number of Ki-67 cells between the Lemur and the Galago. Variations do exist in the cell proliferation pattern among these three prosimian primates.

D. Phil., School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011 / Whether the neuropil is a static, optimally wired entity, whose components must be balanced in a certain way, is an open question. Are the proportions of the components of the neuropil consistent across different mammalian cortices, especially in primates where the cerebral cortex is complexly organized? This question is interesting because the actual biological underpinnings of complex behaviours and intelligence in big-brained primates remain enigmatic and why they seem qualitatively different from other animals in terms of their cognitive abilities. Understanding changes that may have occurred in the brain, especially at the level of neuropil organization, during the evolution in primates is important to our growing understanding of the intellectual abilities and behaviours exhibited by members of this group. The current series of quantitative studies was aimed at investigating variations in the proportionality of the “wire fraction” in three primate species, the olive baboon (Papio anubis), vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), in a range of higher and lower order cortical areas, using a newly developed method that involves standard and immunohistochemical staining techniques to reveal and quantify the various profiles of the fine structures of the cerebral cortex. The results of these studies demonstrate clear layer differences in the wire fraction of the cerebral cortex, and for the most part, consistency in the neuropil wire fraction of the same layer across areas of the cerebral cortex within and between individuals of the same species; however, differences in the wire fraction of the neuropil were associated with changes in brain size. It is apparent that the neuropil is not static, as wiring “optimality” changes with layers and brain size and this has functional implications regarding neuronal processing and behavioural outcomes. The adaptive rationale adopted by evolutionary psychology studies to explain behaviours may be erroneous, as adaptation does not always explain sufficiently the emergence of complex behaviours related to brain size increases, especially in primates.

This thesis concerns the cortical connectivity in Primates. The efficacy of Diffusion weighted MRI (dMRI) is examined. White matter (“WM”) systems subjacent to cortex (“superficial WM” ) are found to be a limiting factor to dMRI tractography. Superficial WM systems are examined with dMRI itself, and with analysis of histological data from the scanned brains. dMRI data was acquired ex-vivo at exceptional spatial and angular resolution (250μm in Rhesus, 150μm in Marmoset). The superficial WM was found to be complex, and with current dMRI methods, an effective barrier to tracking to and from around 50% of cortex in Rhesus. The quality of our data allowed Gray matter seeding, so that penetration both into and out of cortex was examined. We summarize the history of cortical connectivity and current work in tractography. We present an account of the formation and properties of the superficial WM. We compare tracking behaviors to tracer results, and develop a series of scalar maps on cortical surface models to summarize tracking behaviors. We attempt to explain these maps by examining the underlying tracking behavior and the brain tissue itself, revealing the intricate nature of the superficial WM. Chapter 4 contains a separate but related project in which a histologically accurate high resolution 3D and surface atlas of the Rhesus cortex is constructed with unprecedented accuracy. A method to rapidly and accurately non-linearly transform the atlas to a scan of another animal is developed, thus labelling its cortex. accuracy is by comparison to histology of the scanned animals.

Understanding the impacts of landscape fragmentation, degradation and hunting on arboreal species of conservation concern, such as the critically endangered brownheaded spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps fusciceps), remains a major challenge in conservation biology. Current research on the population status of this primate and the area it inhabits in the Ecuadorian Choco is urgently needed to aid in the design of specific and effective conservation strategies. I surveyed the population of A. f. fusciceps in the unprotected forest cooperative Tesoro Escondido in the buffer zone of the Cotacachi Cayapas Ecological Reserve during the year 2012-2013. Using the line transect method I estimated a population density of 15.79 individuals/km2. I found an average subgroup size of 3.42 individuals and a female biased population. Identifying key food resources for critically endangered species is vital in their conservation, particularly if these resources are also targeted by anthropogenic activities such as logging. The province where A. f. fusciceps is found is also heavily dependent on commercial logging with no information available on its impacts on key feeding resources for this primate. I characterised the oristic composition of the habitat of A. f. fusciceps and estimated the availability of fruit resources for the annual cycle of 2012-2013 in sixteen 0.1 hectare vegetation plots. I determined feeding preferences for A. f. fusciceps using behavioural observations applying the Chesson ε index to identify key feeding tree species. I reviewed regional logging permits to identify species targeted for extraction by the timber industry and calculated extraction volumes in primary forest for key feeding tree species to identify potential conflict between logging and primate diet. I identified 65 fruiting tree species from 34 families that formed the diet of A. f. fusciceps . The Chesson ε index identified twelve species as preferred species with further phenological observations identifying seven species as staple foods and two palms as potential foods consumed in times of fruit scarcity. Additionally, I found that the lipid rich fruits of Brosimum utile make this an important resource for this primate throughout the year. Furthermore, of 65 feeding tree species identified for A. f. fusciceps , 35 species are also targeted as sources of timber. Five key feeding species would be depleted under current sustainable management extraction protocols while two other species would be significantly impacted in terms of local abundance. Hunting pressure on A. f. fusciceps has been reported as one of the main causes of its population decline. However, no current research on the extent of this activity or its causes was available. I carried out semi-structured interviews in nine indigenous Chachi villages, as well as two Colono towns, to evaluate the occurrence of hunting activity and to identify drivers, attitudes and behaviour of hunters. In total I interviewed 62 people, 41 Chachis and 21 Colonos. From the Chachi interviewees 93% identified themselves as hunters, with subsistence hunting the main driver for this activity and central to their culture, especially for men. Colonos identified less with this activity (only 38%), and with more varied reasons, such as commerce and conflict. Only Chachis accepted the hunting of spider monkeys, with the main reason given as their taste. Keeping spider monkeys as pets was also a regular activity prior to tougher law enforcement by the Ministry of Environment (MAE). Information on medicinal uses from spider monkeys was also gathered, as well as information of other species hunted in the area. Even though Ecuadorian law recognises the right of indigenous peoples to hunt within their territories, it also forbids hunting critically endangered species. From the interviews it is evident that information and understanding of this law has not been successfully transmitted. Determining the effects of fragmentation, hunting and habitat degradation on populations viability of this primate is crucial before investing heavily in local sustainable livelihoods and conservation initiatives. A range of fragmentation metrics are available to study habitat fragmentation, yet their relationship to survival of populations of conservation concern remains to be quantified. I applied an agent-based model (ABM), calibrated on field-collected datasets on forest fruit dynamics, behaviour and feeding ecology of A. f. fusciceps, to first identify an optimised fragmentation statistic to be used to screen satellite imagery and identify remaining priority conservation areas in unprotected, fragmented forests in NW Ecuador. I then used the ABM to further explore the combined impacts of fragmentation, hunting and logging. Mean Patch Area was the best fragmentation metric predictor of population numbers, I identified a MPA of 174.9 hectares as the cut-off point for the survival of brown-headed spider monkeys given the lowest combinations of logging activity and hunting pressure and I used it to identify priority conservation areas in NW Ecuador. Implementing conservation strategies in areas where people and nature interact is a challenging task. I designed a step by step framework for the conservation of critically endangered species. Based on my experience with Ateles fusciceps fusciceps as a case study, I present the design, assessment and implementation of different community-based strategies.

Thèse doctorat : Parasitologie : Paris 12 : 2003. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 179-223).

Reproduction de : Thèse d'exercice : Médecine vétérinaire : Toulouse 3 : 2008. / Titre provenant de l'écran titre. Bibliogr. p. 123-128.

Thèse--University of Paris. / "Ouvrages consultés": p. [261]-266.