A social group of 37 mandrills, with composition resembling a wild group, maintained in a 5.3 ha enclosure of natural relict gallery forest at CIRMF, Gabon was studied over 29 months. The 14 wild-caught founders (7 adult females, 2 adult and 5 subadult males) were the subjects of detailed behavioural study (15 months, 1200+ hours observation). Mandrills were captured at least annually to obtain blood samples, data on body weight, dental and reproductive status, and testicular volume. Breeding was seasonal, with a 4-month mating season in which 92% of oestrous periods occurred. Oestrus synchrony was evident, with up to 5 females maximally swollen on any one day. Most (92%) copulations occurred at maximum swelling, with ejaculation in a single mount. 'Mate-guarding' of pen-ovulatory females by the alpha male involved sustained proximity to her and 'warning grunts' to other males. No herding behaviour was observed. Spatial, grooming, and agonistic relationships were examined in detail. During anoestrus, males were rarely near females; three males were never recorded allogrooming. The alpha male spent significantly more time close to anoestrous females, grooming with them significantly more than the other males. Females spent time near each other, groomed with their offspring, and gave three-quarters of their grooming to and received nearly all grooming from founder females. During oestrus, male-female proximity increased, females spent more time grooming, groomed with fewer age-sex classes, groomed mostly with male founders, and received more grooming from males. Stable, linear dominance hierarchies existed within each sex. Various aspects of mandrill biology - colouration, scent-marking, vocalisations - were interpreted as adaptations to ecological constraints of living semi-terrestrially in tropical forest. Results were used to assess models of single- and multi-male social organisation and male mating strategies. It was suggested that mandrills form one-male units, different from those of hamadryas and gelada baboons. Instead similarities with an Asian ecological analogue of the mandrill, the pig-tailed macaque, were emphasised.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Neuroscience)--Vanderbilt University, May 2008. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1966. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2004. / Supervisor: John Kappelman. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

A full understanding of any biological trait requires investigation of its evolutionary origin. Primates inspire great curiosity amongst researchers due to the remarkable diversity across species in both anatomical and behavioural traits, including sociality, sexual behaviour, life histories, neuro-anatomy, cognitive abilities and behavioural repertoires. The study of primates has involved comparative approaches since its inception, however, the necessary tools for statistically investigating the macro-evolutionary processes responsible for current diversity in biological traits have been developed only in the last 30 years or so, namely phylogenetic reconstruction and phylogenetic comparative methods. Amongst a multitude of evolutionary questions that can be addressed by phylogenetic comparative analyses, this thesis attempts to address two in particular, concerning primates. First, chapters 3 and 4 use meta-analysis and phylogenetic comparative analyses to investigate the evolution of large, brightly coloured ‘exaggerated sexual swellings' in female Catarrhine (‘Old World') primates. Together, chapters 3 and 4 show that such swellings are signals of temporal fertility, and present evidence to suggest that swellings co-evolved with conditions favouring male mate choice and cryptic female choice, therefore shedding light on the general conditions under which female signals of temporal fertility should evolve. Second, chapters 5 and 6 use phylogenetic comparative analyses investigate the evolution of enlarged brain size in the primate order. Together, chapters 5 and 6 suggest that multiple selection pressures have contributed to diversity in brain size and cognitive traits across primates, including sociality, intra-sexual competition and extended life history. Further, analyses presented in chapter 6 suggest that reliance on learned behaviour is a self-reinforcing evolutionary process, favouring ‘runaway' increases in cognitive abilities and reliance on culture in some primate lineages, which parallels increases in brain size, cognitive ability and reliance on culture in human evolution.

Estudamos os cariótipos de 50 espécimes (22 machos e 28 fêmeas) de Alouatta clamitans (bugio-ruivo) com técnicas citogenéticas tradicionais e de FISH com as sondas de pintura de todos os cromossomos humanos. Para os machos, foram observados dois números diploides diferentes (2n=45 e 49), com a ausência aparente do cromossomo Y devido à translocação Y-autossomo, e sete fórmulas cromossômicas distintas, com 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 ou 24 cromossomos metacêntricos ou submetacêntricos e 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 ou 32 cromossomos acrocêntricos. Para as fêmeas encontramos uma maior variabilidade no número diploide (2n=46, 48 e 50) e cinco fórmulas cromossômicas distintas, com 20, 22, 23 ou 25 cromossomos metacêntricos ou submetacêntricos e 21, 25, 27, 28 ou 30 cromossomos acrocêntricos. Os cromossomos X eram submetacêntricos, com exceção de duas fêmeas que apresentaram heteromorfismo neste par, com um dos cromossomos submetacêntrico e o outro metacêntrico. O sexo dos espécimes foi confirmado pela análise dos cariótipos. Pares heteromórficos autossomos também foram verificados. Dentre os indivíduos procedentes da Grande São Paulo, foram observadas as mesmas fórmulas cromossômicas em espécimes oriundos de diferentes fragmentos florestais, indicando que a fragmentação ainda não levou ao isolamento genético destas populações. A redução do número diploide orientada no sentido norte-;sul foi corroborada, com espécimes procedentes do estado de São Paulo apresentando 2n=49 ou 50 além de um exemplar do extremo sul deste estado com 2n=48 e os demais indivíduos oriundos de Santa Catarina com 2n=45 ou 46. Com a aplicação das técnicas de bandamento GTG e de FISH, foi possível verificar o sistema sexual múltiplo da espécie, do tipo X1X1X2X2X3X3/X1X2X3Y1Y2. Esta é a primeira descrição citogenética molecular com a hibridação de todas as sondas de cromossomos humanos em exemplares desta espécie com 2n=48, 49 e 50. Alguns cromossomos que apresentaram diferentes morfologias entre os espécimes analisados e foram responsáveis pelas diferentes fórmulas cromossômicas observadas, apresentaram regiões que não foram hibridadas por quaisquer sondas humanas. A partir da técnica de FISH foi possível determinar que o exemplar fêmea com 2n=48 é resultante do acasalamento de indivíduos portadores de diferentes cariótipos, com um dos genitores com o número diploide típico de espécimes procedentes da região sul (2n=45 ou 46) e o outro típico de espécimes procedentes da região sudeste do Brasil (2n= 49 ou 50). Este padrão levaria à formação de dois trivalentes durante a divisão meiótica, com implicações causadas para a formação dos gametas que poderiam reduzir ou impedir a fertilidade dos indivíduos portadores deste cariótipo, constituindo um mecanismo de isolamento pós−zigótico e indicando que as populações do sudeste e sul do Brasil já estão isoladas a ponto de constituírem espécies diferentes. Também analisamos com citogenética tradicional e com a hibridação de todas as sondas de cromossomos humanos um exemplar que foi apreendido pelo IBAMA e entregue ao DEPAVE-3 e que apresentou características morfológicas divergentes das encontradas para Alouatta clamitans. Os dados nos levaram a concluir que este indivíduo é um representante de Alouatta ululata, sendo esta a primeira descrição cariotípica desta espécie, restrita geograficamente ao norte do estado do Maranhão, Piauí e Ceará. Sendo assim, a citogenética se mostrou uma importante ferramenta para a identificação da espécie e da correta origem geográfica dos indivíduos, além de ter contribuído para evitar a introdução na fauna do município de São Paulo de um exemplar não endêmico desta região. Contribuímos também para a reintrodução de outros indivíduos que fizeram parte do Projeto “Manejo e Conservação do Bugio, Alouatta clamitans (Primates, Atelidae) na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo: aprimorando o programa de reintrodução”, em parceria com o DEPAVE-3. / We studied the karyotypes of 50 specimens (22 males and 28 females) of Alouatta clamitans (brown howler monkey) with traditional and FISH cytogenetic techniques with painting probes of all human chromosomes. For the males were observed two different diploid number (2n=45 and 49), with the apparent absence of Y chromosome due to translocation Y-autosome and seven distinct chromosomal formulas, with 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 or 24 biarmed chromosomes and 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 or 32 acrocentric chromosomes. For females we found greater variability in the diploid number (2n = 46, 48 and 50) and five distinct chromosomal formulas, 20, 22, 23 or 25 biarmed chromosomes and 21, 25, 27, 28 or 30 acrocentric chromosomes. The X chromosomes were submetacentric, except for two females who had heteromorphic pairs, with one of submetacentric chromosomes and the other metacentric. Autosomes heteromorphic pairs were also observed. Among the coming individuals in the Grande São Paulo, the same chromosomal formulas in specimens from different forest fragments were observed, indicating that fragmentation has not yet led to genetic isolation these populations. The reductions of diploid number oriented in north−south direction was observed, with coming state specimens from São Paulo presented 2n=49 or 50 as well as an extreme Southern copy of this state with 2n=48 and other individuals from Santa Catarina with 2n=45 or 46. We verified the multiple sex chromosome system X1X1X2X2X3X3/X1X2X3Y1Y2. This is the first description of hybridization with all human chromosomes painting probes in specimens with 2n=48, 49 and 50. It was also determined that the female specimen with 2n=48 is the result of the mating of individuals with different karyotypes, with one parent with the typical diploid number of specimens coming from the South (2n=45 or 46) and other typical specimens coming from the Southeast of Brazil (2n=49 or 50). This standard would lead to the formation of two trivalent during meiotic division, with implications due to the formation of gametes that could reduce or prevent the fertility of individuals of this karyotype, being a post−zygotic isolation mechanism and indicating that the southeastern and southern Brazil populations are already isolated enough to constitute different species. We also analyze a specimen that was seized by IBAMA and delivered to DEPAVE-3 and presented different morphological characteristics found to Alouatta clamitans, the species occurring in the supposed geographic region origin of this specimen (Ibiúna/SP). This individual was classified as Alouatta ululata, geographically restricted to the northern state of Maranhão, Piauí and Ceará. Thus, karyological studies proved an important tool for species identification and the correct geographic origin of individuals. We also contributed to reintroducing individuals who were part of the project “Manejo e Conservação do bugio Alouatta clamitans (Primates, Atelidae) na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo: aprimorando o programa de reintrodução” in partnership with the DEPAVE−3.

Estudamos os cariótipos de 50 espécimes (22 machos e 28 fêmeas) de Alouatta clamitans (bugio-ruivo) com técnicas citogenéticas tradicionais e de FISH com as sondas de pintura de todos os cromossomos humanos. Para os machos, foram observados dois números diploides diferentes (2n=45 e 49), com a ausência aparente do cromossomo Y devido à translocação Y-autossomo, e sete fórmulas cromossômicas distintas, com 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 ou 24 cromossomos metacêntricos ou submetacêntricos e 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 ou 32 cromossomos acrocêntricos. Para as fêmeas encontramos uma maior variabilidade no número diploide (2n=46, 48 e 50) e cinco fórmulas cromossômicas distintas, com 20, 22, 23 ou 25 cromossomos metacêntricos ou submetacêntricos e 21, 25, 27, 28 ou 30 cromossomos acrocêntricos. Os cromossomos X eram submetacêntricos, com exceção de duas fêmeas que apresentaram heteromorfismo neste par, com um dos cromossomos submetacêntrico e o outro metacêntrico. O sexo dos espécimes foi confirmado pela análise dos cariótipos. Pares heteromórficos autossomos também foram verificados. Dentre os indivíduos procedentes da Grande São Paulo, foram observadas as mesmas fórmulas cromossômicas em espécimes oriundos de diferentes fragmentos florestais, indicando que a fragmentação ainda não levou ao isolamento genético destas populações. A redução do número diploide orientada no sentido norte-;sul foi corroborada, com espécimes procedentes do estado de São Paulo apresentando 2n=49 ou 50 além de um exemplar do extremo sul deste estado com 2n=48 e os demais indivíduos oriundos de Santa Catarina com 2n=45 ou 46. Com a aplicação das técnicas de bandamento GTG e de FISH, foi possível verificar o sistema sexual múltiplo da espécie, do tipo X1X1X2X2X3X3/X1X2X3Y1Y2. Esta é a primeira descrição citogenética molecular com a hibridação de todas as sondas de cromossomos humanos em exemplares desta espécie com 2n=48, 49 e 50. Alguns cromossomos que apresentaram diferentes morfologias entre os espécimes analisados e foram responsáveis pelas diferentes fórmulas cromossômicas observadas, apresentaram regiões que não foram hibridadas por quaisquer sondas humanas. A partir da técnica de FISH foi possível determinar que o exemplar fêmea com 2n=48 é resultante do acasalamento de indivíduos portadores de diferentes cariótipos, com um dos genitores com o número diploide típico de espécimes procedentes da região sul (2n=45 ou 46) e o outro típico de espécimes procedentes da região sudeste do Brasil (2n= 49 ou 50). Este padrão levaria à formação de dois trivalentes durante a divisão meiótica, com implicações causadas para a formação dos gametas que poderiam reduzir ou impedir a fertilidade dos indivíduos portadores deste cariótipo, constituindo um mecanismo de isolamento pós−zigótico e indicando que as populações do sudeste e sul do Brasil já estão isoladas a ponto de constituírem espécies diferentes. Também analisamos com citogenética tradicional e com a hibridação de todas as sondas de cromossomos humanos um exemplar que foi apreendido pelo IBAMA e entregue ao DEPAVE-3 e que apresentou características morfológicas divergentes das encontradas para Alouatta clamitans. Os dados nos levaram a concluir que este indivíduo é um representante de Alouatta ululata, sendo esta a primeira descrição cariotípica desta espécie, restrita geograficamente ao norte do estado do Maranhão, Piauí e Ceará. Sendo assim, a citogenética se mostrou uma importante ferramenta para a identificação da espécie e da correta origem geográfica dos indivíduos, além de ter contribuído para evitar a introdução na fauna do município de São Paulo de um exemplar não endêmico desta região. Contribuímos também para a reintrodução de outros indivíduos que fizeram parte do Projeto “Manejo e Conservação do Bugio, Alouatta clamitans (Primates, Atelidae) na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo: aprimorando o programa de reintrodução”, em parceria com o DEPAVE-3. / We studied the karyotypes of 50 specimens (22 males and 28 females) of Alouatta clamitans (brown howler monkey) with traditional and FISH cytogenetic techniques with painting probes of all human chromosomes. For the males were observed two different diploid number (2n=45 and 49), with the apparent absence of Y chromosome due to translocation Y-autosome and seven distinct chromosomal formulas, with 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 or 24 biarmed chromosomes and 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 or 32 acrocentric chromosomes. For females we found greater variability in the diploid number (2n = 46, 48 and 50) and five distinct chromosomal formulas, 20, 22, 23 or 25 biarmed chromosomes and 21, 25, 27, 28 or 30 acrocentric chromosomes. The X chromosomes were submetacentric, except for two females who had heteromorphic pairs, with one of submetacentric chromosomes and the other metacentric. Autosomes heteromorphic pairs were also observed. Among the coming individuals in the Grande São Paulo, the same chromosomal formulas in specimens from different forest fragments were observed, indicating that fragmentation has not yet led to genetic isolation these populations. The reductions of diploid number oriented in north−south direction was observed, with coming state specimens from São Paulo presented 2n=49 or 50 as well as an extreme Southern copy of this state with 2n=48 and other individuals from Santa Catarina with 2n=45 or 46. We verified the multiple sex chromosome system X1X1X2X2X3X3/X1X2X3Y1Y2. This is the first description of hybridization with all human chromosomes painting probes in specimens with 2n=48, 49 and 50. It was also determined that the female specimen with 2n=48 is the result of the mating of individuals with different karyotypes, with one parent with the typical diploid number of specimens coming from the South (2n=45 or 46) and other typical specimens coming from the Southeast of Brazil (2n=49 or 50). This standard would lead to the formation of two trivalent during meiotic division, with implications due to the formation of gametes that could reduce or prevent the fertility of individuals of this karyotype, being a post−zygotic isolation mechanism and indicating that the southeastern and southern Brazil populations are already isolated enough to constitute different species. We also analyze a specimen that was seized by IBAMA and delivered to DEPAVE-3 and presented different morphological characteristics found to Alouatta clamitans, the species occurring in the supposed geographic region origin of this specimen (Ibiúna/SP). This individual was classified as Alouatta ululata, geographically restricted to the northern state of Maranhão, Piauí and Ceará. Thus, karyological studies proved an important tool for species identification and the correct geographic origin of individuals. We also contributed to reintroducing individuals who were part of the project “Manejo e Conservação do bugio Alouatta clamitans (Primates, Atelidae) na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo: aprimorando o programa de reintrodução” in partnership with the DEPAVE−3.

L-glutamate (Glu) is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Monitoring extracellular Glu is critical to understanding Glu regulation to discriminate physiological and pathological roles. To overcome the limitations of previous in vivo extracellular Glu studies, we developed Glu selective microelectrode arrays with better spatial and temporal resolutions than commonly used techniques like microdialysis. We used these microelectrode arrays to characterize basal and potassium-evoked Glu neurotransmission in the normal rat brain. We then investigated disease-related Glu alterations in a rat model of Parkinson's disease and normal Glu regulation in young and aged rhesus monkeys. In the normal anesthetized rat striatum and frontal cortex, basal Glu was regulated by active release and uptake mechanisms, fully TTX-dependent, and measured at ~2 micromolar levels. Potassium-evoked Glu kinetics were fast, concentration-dependent, and rapidly reproducible at 15-20 seconds intervals. In the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat, there were significant bilateral increases in potassium-evoked Glu release in the striatum and frontal cortex compared to hemisphere-matched non-lesioned rats. Ipsilateral striatal effects may have been related to DA loss, while contralateral striatal effects and the bilateral frontal corticaleffects may have resulted from parkinsonian neurotransmitter changes or bilateral neuranatomical connectivity, especially in the cortex. There were also alterations in Glu kinetics in the nucleus accumbens in both non-lesioned and lesioned rats. With appropriate technological and methodological modifications, we successfully recorded normal Glu signaling in anesthetized nonhuman primates in the operating room. Fast potassium-evoked Glu signals were recorded in the motor cortex of all monkeys, and Glu ejections showed robust Glu uptake in the motor and frontal cortices of all monkeys. These findings are comparable to initial rat studies. Slow evoked Glu kinetics and high basal Glu levels with oscillatory behavior were recorded in the frontal cortex. The primary age-related differences between monkeys were the nearly ten-fold increases in the volumes of Glu ejected needed in the aged monkey to achieve amplitude-matched signals in the motor and frontal cortices and a decreased uptake rate in the motor cortex. Preliminary work with excised human tissue and future plans for patient-oriented research and clinical applications are discussed.

First, the literature on hominoid cytogenetics is reviewed and evaluated. It is suggested that there are significant deficiencies in the ways in which chromosomal data have been used with regard to primate evolution. The most robust chromosomal data support an orthodox phylogeny of the Hominoidea. Heterodox phylogenies which have been suggested on the basis of chromosomal data are not well supported. The present investigation considered the problem of intra-specific variation in karyotypes of the common chimpanzee. Blood cultures were cultivated on 25 chimpanzees, constituting the largest sample of chimpanzees in a single cytogenetic study. These were studied by G-banding, C-banding and nucleolar organizer (Ag-NOR) staining. No inversions, translocations, fissions or fusions were detected in this sample. However, several variations of the constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolar organizers were noted. One individual had a chromosome 22 which lacked the heterochromatic short arm and satellite entirely. The most common variants were those in which the amount of telomeric heterochromatin differed significantly between the two homologous chromosomes. One such variant for chromosome 19 was found in 8 individuals. Two of the common chimpanzees possessed a chromosome 23 with a large heterochromatic short arm, although this feature has been reported only for the pygmy chimpanzee. To compare the observable range of variation in the common chimpanzee with its sister group, fibroblast cultures were obtained on three pygmy chimpanzees. Some of the cytotaxonomic distinctions between the two chimpanzee species are called into question. Three main conclusions are drawn from this work. First, the most common kinds of variations are nucleolar organizer and C-band heteromorphisms, as with the chimpanzee's close relative Homo sapiens. Second, inversions and translocations, which seem to be very common among gibbons but not among macaques/baboons, are not common in chimpanzees. This is in accordance with the hypothesis that such structural chromosomal diversity is a property of the social structure of the species rather than a property of the clade to which the species belongs. Third, there is some overlap between Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes for characters which have been thought to be cytotaxonomically distinctive of each species.

No description available.