Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:09:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_4599_Bertha Nicolaevsky.pdf: 7433910 bytes, checksum: d8f0ff6bb2c6a06a1fd16b62f23b7079 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / O gênero Callithrix compreende seis espécies de pequenos primatas arborícolas, encontradas nas regiões central e oriental do Brasil. As espécies têm distribuição parapátrica com aparente afinidade às formações fitoecológicas: a presença de Callithrix jacchus tem ocorrência na Caatinga, C. penicillata habita principalmente áreas de Cerrado e as demais espécies, C. aurita, C. flaviceps, C. geoffroyi e C. kuhlii são típicas de Mata Atlântica. Eventos de introdução de algumas destas espécies têm demonstrado sua habilidade em colonizar áreas distintas daquelas onde são nativas. Há mais de dez anos a distribuição de Callithrix não é revisada, existindo um grande número de novos registros de ocorrência, publicados em literatura especializada, que necessitam ser incluídos em estudos biogeográficos destas espécies. Ademais, as causas da ausência de simpatria entre as espécies de Callithrix não são claras, sendo necessária maior investigação a respeito. Desta forma, os objetivos deste estudo foram revisar a distribuição geográfica das espécies de Callithrix, investigar o habitat adequado à sua permanência além dos limites geográficos conhecidos e se existem regiões adequadas para mais de uma espécie. Os registros de ocorrência compilados foram georreferenciados e as localidades foram inseridas graficamente em mapas de municípios, de unidades de conservação e de vegetação, tanto para correção de erros de posicionamento geográfico quanto para observação dos tipos vegetacionais associados à presença destas espécies. Posteriormente, os dados de ocorrência foram associados às variáveis climáticas e topográficas para produção de modelos de habitat, por meio do algoritmo MaxEnt. Os modelos foram submetidos a limite de corte de presença mínima de treino. Foi compilado um total de 359 localidades e a sobreposição dos polígonos de distribuição estimada revelaram que espécies exibem variado grau de especialização com relação ao habitat desde especialistas como C. flaviceps capaz de colonizar apenas quatro tipos vegetacionais diferentes, até C. jacchus observado em 25 tipos de formações distintas. Além disso, foi observado que os tipos de vegetação floresta ombrófila densa e floresta estacional semidecidual estão presentes na distribuição geográfica das seis espécies. Os modelos de habitat apresentaram valores de AUC superiores a 0.9, portanto, podem ser considerados de ótimo desempenho. Houve sobreposição de áreas adequadas para todas as espécies. A análise dos dados de ocorrência e vegetação associados aos resultados da modelagem de habitat permitiu inferir que os limites entre as áreas de ocorrência das espécies, não só coincidem com a presença de grandes rios, mas também com a transição entre formações vegetais distintas, e que os diferentes potenciais adaptativos ecológicos das espécies, provavelmente, influenciam em sua distribuição geográfica, através de exclusão competitiva.

Analisou-se pelves de 72 primatas neotropicais, adultos, 42 machos e 30 fêmeas não prenhes, da espécie Aotus azarai infulatus, para obtenção dos diâmetros pélvicos, in vivo, e compará-los com o dimorfismo sexual, correlacionando-os com a biometria corpórea e a origem dos animais. Mensurou-se nas radiografias em projeção ventro-dorsal, digitalizadas, os diâmetros biilíaco superior, biilíaco inferior, biilíaco médio, diagonal direito, diagonal esquerdo, sacro púbico e área da entrada da pelve. As médias verificadas foram: para o comprimento do corpo 30,94 cm; comprimento da cauda 35,63 cm; perímetro do tórax 18,97 cm; perímetro da pelve 17,11 cm e o peso 0,96 g. As médias verificadas para o DDD da pelve foram 2,61 cm; DDE 2,66 cm; DBIM 1,97 cm; DBIS 1,41 cm; DBII 1,58 cm; DSP 2,48 cm e a AEP 3,85 cm. Concluiu-se com o estudo que tendo sido verificados os diâmetros biilíaco médio menores do que os diâmetros sacro-púbico tanto nos machos quanto nas fêmeas, pode-se dizer a pelve de Aotus azarai infulatus é classificada como dolicopélvica e existe dimorfismo sexual em relação às pelves Aotus azarai infulatus adultos. / Related data to the diameters of the pelvis from 72 Neotropical primates, owl monkeys (Aotus azarai infulatus), 42 adult males and 30 adult non-pregnant females, were obtained in vivo by ventrodorsal projection radiographic exams, compared between sex and correlated with the measures of the body and their origin. The mean values of the body length (30.94 cm), tail length (35.63 cm), thoracic perimeter (18.97 cm), hip perimeter (17.11) and the weight (0.96 g) were verified. The radiographic images were digitalized and the superior biiliac (DBIS), inferior biiliac (DBII), medium biiliac (DBIM), right diagonal (DDD), left diagonal (DDE), sacrum-pubic diameters (DSP) and the inlet pelvic area (AEP) were measured. The mean values were DBIS 1.41 cm; DBII 1.58 cm; DBIM 1.97 cm; DDD 2.61 cm; DDE 2.66 cm; DSP 2.48 cm; AEP 3.85 cm. In conclusion, once medium biiliac diameters were minor than sacrum-pubic diameters in males and females, the pelvis from Aotus azarai infulatus can be classified as dolicopelvic and we also conclude there is pelvic sexual dimorphism in adult owl monkeys (Aotus azarai infulatus).

Submitted by Milena Dias (milena.dias@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-10T18:16:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Marcelo Luna.pdf: 1735793 bytes, checksum: 23c96e6a5a3b3037edb34ab6f4764ec6 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-10T18:16:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Marcelo Luna.pdf: 1735793 bytes, checksum: 23c96e6a5a3b3037edb34ab6f4764ec6 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / FACEPE / A Amazônia compreende fitofisionomias que determinam a riqueza e abundância das espécies. Os primatas dependem dos tipos de florestas, onde a diversidade florística determina como as espécies exploram os recursos, fazendo com que uma mesma espécie possa apresentar preferências distintas de acordo com a fitofisionomia. O estudo se deu nas grades de 25km² do Parque Nacional do Viruá e Reserva Biológica do Uatumã. Nestas áreas com fitofisionomias diferentes, obtivemos dados de primatas obtidos por amostragem em transecto em linha que combinamos com imagens de satélite para determinar a partição do habitat. Com um esforço amostral de 709,24 km andados nas duas áreas, observamos oito espécies de primatas. Foram obtidos 119 registros nos tipos de florestas identificadas pelo índice de área foliar, cinco tipos em Viruá e três em Uatumã. As espécies ocorreram com maior frequência nos tipos de florestas mais densas, no entanto em Viruá muitas espécies ocorreram em formações mais abertas do que em Uatumã. Através da análise de correspondência verificamos que as espécies apresentam preferências distintas por tipos de florestas nas duas áreas. As diferentes extensões dos tipos de florestas somando-se ao predomínio de formações abertas como campina e campinarana em Viruá influenciaram sobremaneira a distribuição dos primatas. Este estudo mostra que as diferentes fitofisionomias da bacia do Rio Negro influenciam a distribuição de primatas, que podem ser mais ou menos relacionados com tipos de florestas dependendo de suas extensões, onde não podem ser considerados generalistas ou especialistas, mas usam os diferentes habitats de acordo com sua disponibilidade.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its age-related effects are unknown. We chose the rhesus macaque due to its closeness to human anatomy and physiology. We examined four variables: aging, cognitive performance, amyloid plaques and PACAP. Delayed nonmatching-to-sample recognition memory scores declined with age and correlated with PACAP levels in the striatum, parietal and temporal lobes. Because amyloid plaques were the only AD pathology in the old rhesus macaque, we further studied human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) transgenic mice. Aging was associated with decreased performance in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). In wild type (WT) C57BL/ 6 mice, the performance was decreased at age 24-26 month whereas in hAPP transgenic mice, it was decreased as early as 9-12 month. Neuritic plaques in adult hAPP mice clustered in hippocampus and adjacent cortical regions, but did not propagate further into the frontal cortex. Cerebral PACAP protein levels were reduced in hAPP mice compared to age-matched WT mice, but the genetic predisposition dominated cognitive decline. Taken together, these data suggest an association among PACAP levels, aging, cognitive function and amyloid load in nonhuman primates, with both similarities and differences from human AD brains. Our results suggest caution in choosing animal models and in extrapolating data to human AD studies.

Wildlife tourism is a growing industry, with potential benefits for the conservation of endangered species. In this thesis, I explore wildlife tourism at a site in Morocco, using a multidisciplinary approach which considers both the attitudes and expectations of tourists, and the responses of, and impacts on, Barbary macaques. Different types of tourists, mostly Moroccan nationals, visited the site and frequently gave food to the macaques. The desire to feed the monkeys appeared to be driven by different motivations such as the reward from sharing food, the creation of a relationship or taking control over these animals. Such interactions therefore shape a particular tourist experience; this can lead in some cases to a degree of disappointment about the authenticity of the wildlife experience. Considering how the monkeys responded to tourists, I found evidence that they use a range of behavioural coping mechanisms to cope with the potentially conflicting motivational situations associated with the risks of interacting with tourists and the attraction of potential food. I propose a framework to aid understanding of how the trade-off between threat and attraction can lead to different coping mechanisms being deployed. Looking at potential effects of tourist provisioning on the health of the macaques, I found evidence for potential negative impacts in terms of increased risk of disease transmission, elevated stress levels and increased body size. The results also highlighted the key issue of not knowing what is optimum health in wild animals, making interpretation of the findings difficult. The multidisciplinary approach adopted in this thesis provided a useful tool to explore different aspects of primate tourism at the site from both tourist and animal standpoints. This approach led to the development of a new concept, optimal provisioning, which takes into consideration the different costs and benefits of provisioning wildlife to the various parties involved. It is hoped that this approach will prove useful in developing pragmatic solutions to the question of whether and how much provisioning may be acceptable in wildlife tourism contexts.

Social animals, such as primates, incur many fitness-related costs as a direct result of living in groups of conspecifics. However, group-living also comes with benefits. Sociality is thought to have evolved in response to the need for individuals to negotiate their social environment in order to maximise the benefits and minimise the costs associated with group-living. Recently, researchers interested in animal sociality have turned to a set of sophisticated statistical tools, collectively termed 'social network analysis' in order to better understand the structure of animal social systems and the role of individuals within their social groups. Using a social network analytic approach, I explore the relationship between the ecological and social environments, and the implications of an uncertain social landscape for individual fitness and fitness-relevant processes in two species of Old-World monkeys: chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) and vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus). My results suggest that individuals respond to fluctuating local conditions in diverse ways depending on behavioural context and their current reproductive state, and that the social environment experienced by an individual, and their active pattern of social engagement has important implications for infant survival. Finally, I investigate how network structure influences two fitness-relevant processes of flow in a population of vervet monkeys: information transfer and disease transmission. I conclude that the complex social life of animal groups emerges from many individuals trying to achieve the same fitness goals. Successful individuals exploit the complexity in their social environment and respond adaptively to an uncertain and inconstant set of local conditions by actively adopting social strategies that serve to enhance their fitness.

No description available.

archives@tulane.edu / Immune signatures are patterns of gene and protein expression in immune cells that characterize states of activation and response. As such, signatures indicative of viral control during natural infection may guide vaccine development efforts to achieve similar patterns of protection. Here, we used nonhuman primate (NHP) models of Zika virus (ZIKV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV, as a model for HIV) to explore outcomes of infection in these important human pathogens. We employed a multifaceted approach including high dimensional flow cytometry and RNA sequencing to understand cellular responses to ZIKV generally and during pregnancy, as well as to identify the impacts of infection in astrocytes, a neuroglial target of ZIKV thought to be important in the development of neurologic disease. We found that CD8 T cells may restrict ZIKV persistence in tissues but ultimately have a minimal role in protection to either primary or secondary challenge. However, we showed that immune manipulation, either naturally through pregnancy or artificially through depletion experiments, can skew metabolic and innate immune pathways in unexpected ways. While cellular immunity appeared to minimally impact ZIKV infection, such responses in SIV are important in controlling viral replication, which we inversely showed by tracking patterns of viral mutation to evade CD8 responses. We also identified transcriptional signatures in ZIKV infection that may underlie the development of neurologic diseases and found that different virus lineages have unique impacts on gene expression. Together, these experiments showcase the utility of profiling approaches in understanding the immune complexity that accompanies viral infection. / 1 / Blake Schouest

Twenty-one 8-14 kg adult male stumptailed macaques, Macaca arctoides, were fed a standard laboratory diet and divided into 3 groups. The high-dose group and low-dose group were exposed to cigarette smoke at the human equivalent of 3 packs and 1 pack per day, respectively, 7 days per week, for 3-5 years. Eight animals served as cage and sham controls. Peak blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels measured immediately after smoking showed levels of 0.5 ± 0.1%, 3.6 ± 1.0%, and 5.7 ± 2.8% for. sham controls, low, and high dose smokers, respectively. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values were 2-7% higher (N.S. to P < 0.05) for smoking groups, presumably as a consequence of chronically elevated COHb levels. No significant differences were seen in total plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein cholesterol concentration measured at four intervals over a period of one year. We conclude from these data that, while fed a low fat diet, chronic cigarette smoke inhalation fails to alter plasma lipoprotein levels in this animal model.

No description available.