Plantea que el cronista Guamán Poma de Ayala construye un nuevo sujeto en su Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno, a través del cual cuestiona el orden imperante español. Esto puede analizarse a través de la relación texto/ gráfico. Para comprobarlo se analizan cinco de los 400 dibujos que Guamán Poma presenta en su obra: “Frontispicio” 0 [0]; “Padre Martín de Ayala” 17 [17]; “Pregunta el autor” 366 [368]; “Pregunta Su Majestad, responde el autor” 961 [975]; y “Camina el autor” 1095 [1105]. Este corpus fue elegido porque muestra diferentes autorrepresentaciones del autor. Utiliza la versión de la Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno editada y prologada en Lima por Franklin Pease G.Y. (2008) en lo referente al discurso escrito, y también la edición crítica de John Murra y Rolena Adorno (segunda edición, 2006). Analiza cada uno de los cinco gráficos en los que Guamán Poma se autorrepresenta, confrontándolos con el discurso escrito que los acompaña. De esta forma elabora una comparación entre los discursos escritos y gráficos en la obra, para intentar una interpretación de su mensaje y de los mecanismos que utiliza el cronista para construirse. Realiza un análisis de la disposición general de los cinco gráficos en que Guamán Poma se autorrepresenta, vemos cómo el autor construye su visión del mundo y analizamos el nacimiento del sujeto andino. Así, con este proceso, se propone una respuesta a la pregunta de cuál es y cómo se construye el nuevo sujeto que Guamán Poma configura en su carta al rey.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:41:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodovalho_cm_dr_rcla.pdf: 1352309 bytes, checksum: b91a746d690f5903c39601146a591fab (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Formigas cortadeiras do gênero Atta, popularmente conhecidas como saúvas, são as mais derivadas dentro da tribo Attini. Apresentam grande importância ecológica, porém, pelo hábito de cortarem folhas para manutenção do fungo simbionte e pelo enorme tamanho das colônias, causam muitos prejuízos às lavouras, pastagens e plantações, sendo consideradas pragas agrícolas. Atta laevigata Smith, 1858 apresenta vasta distribuição pelo Brasil e é responsável pela herbivoria de inúmeras plantas dicotiledôneas, gramíneas e espécies nativas de diferentes biomas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos a caracterização parcial do transcriptoma e do genoma mitocondrial de A. laevigata. Foram caracterizadas 2006 sequências únicas do transcriptoma, a partir de uma biblioteca de cDNA preparada com indivíduos inteiros da formiga. Entre essas sequências, 16 provavelmente representam genes com grande número de transcritos. Esses 16 genes estão relacionados a três funções celulares: (i) conservação de energia através de reações redox na mitocôndria; (ii) estrutural, pelo citoesqueleto e músculos; (iii) regulação da expressão gênica e metabolismo. Considerando o estilo de vida e processos biológicos chaves para essas formigas, 146 sequências foram identificadas com base na sua utilização para o controle de cortadeiras pragas. A partir de dados da biblioteca de cDNA e procedimentos envolvendo primer walking, o genoma mitocondrial de A. laevigata foi parcialmente caracterizado, apresentandose com 17920 pb, maior, portanto, do que outros já descritos em Hymenoptera, mesmo considerando-se a impossibilidade de determinação da sequência de uma pequena porção do mtDNA, envolvendo a região controle, uma parte do 12S e os tRNAs S1, V e M. Como já descrito para outros mitogenomas, o de A. laevigata apresentou alto conteúdo AT, os mesmos 13 genes codificadores... / Leafcutter ants from Atta genus, popularly known as “saúvas”, are the most derived of the tribe Attini. They have major ecological importance, but, because of their habit of cutting leaves for the maintenance of the symbiotic fungus and the huge colony size, they impose severe economic damages to plantations, pastures, and agriculture, being considered as agriculture pests. Atta laevigata shows wide distribution in Brazil and it is responsible for the herbivory of many dicots, grass, and native species from different biomes. The present work aimed to characterize the transcriptome and the mitochondrial genome of A. laevigata. 2,006 unique sequences of the transcriptome were characterized from a cDNA library constructed with whole individuals. Among those sequences, 16 are likely from genes with high number of transcripts. Those 16 genes are related with three cellular functions: (i) energy conservation through redox reactions in mitochondria; (ii) cytoskeleton and muscle structuring; (iii) regulation of gene expression and metabolism. Based on lifestyle and key biological processes of these ants, 146 sequences were identified with potential use for controlling pest leafcutters. Using data from cDNA library and primer walking proceedings, the mitochondrial genome of A. laevigata was partially characterized with 17,920 bp, being larger than the others already described for Hymenoptera. A small part of the mtDNA was not sequenced, including the control region, a portion of 12S and tRNAs S1, V, and M. As described before for other mitogenomes, A. laevigata mtDNA displayed high AT contain, the same 13 proteincoding genes and the two ribosomal subunits with length and location according to the hypothetic ancestral mitogenome. Rearrangements were found for the tRNAs, but the most remarkable difference were the high number and longer length of intergenic regions presented in the mtDNA... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

This body of research investigated the bonding efficiency of self-etching primer adhesives to enamel and dentine with various surface characteristics. A series of preliminary experiments was carried out to determine the effect of operator experience, dentine tubule orientation, bond strength test method and resin composite material used on bond strengths. The results of the preliminary tests concluded that it is essential to develop skills in material handling and the test methods used; 2-step self-etching primer adhesives exhibit higher but more variable microshear bond strengths (µSBS) than ‘all-in-one’ adhesives on dentine at different depths and tubule orientations; fracture toughness and bond strength test results suggest that the fracture toughness of a resin composite may not be of significant influence on microtensile and µSBS tests outcomes for nano-filled hybrid materials. / An investigation of the bonding ability of self-etching primer adhesives under various tooth preparation conditions was carried out. Enamel and dentine specimens were prepared from human teeth and finished with various rotary cutting instruments and the erbium, chromium:yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet laser. Specimens were bonded with two 2-step self-etching primer adhesives and two ‘all-in-one’ adhesives with a resin composite. The results showed that one of the 2-step adhesives exhibited higher but more variable µSBS than the ‘all-in-one’ adhesives and a silorane-based self-etching primer adhesive system to enamel and dentine. / The relationship between enamel microhardness and µSBS was evaluated. Enamel specimens were prepared and finished with one half of the surface tested for hardness using the Vickers test. The other half of the enamel surface was bonded using either a 2-step self-etching primer adhesive or an ‘all-in-one’ adhesive and a hybrid resin composite. Mean Vickers hardness numbers and µSBS for each enamel surface were calculated. Analysis using Pearson’s parametric test for regression analysis evaluated the correlation between Vickers hardness and µSBS. The results revealed a weak negative insignificant correlation between VHN and µSBS for the 2-step adhesive and no correlation for the ‘all-in-one’ adhesive. / The effect of conditioning and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on bonding to bleached and unbleached enamel was investigated. Four groups of enamel specimens: untreated control; bleaching with 16% carbamide peroxide gel for 90 min daily x 14 days; treated with CPP-ACP paste (Tooth Mousse, GC Corp., Japan) for 60 min daily x 7 days and bleached and CPP-ACP-treated were used. The specimens were divided into a further two groups and bonded with a total-etch adhesive or a 2-step self-etching primer adhesive. Specimens bonded with the self-etching primer adhesive were sub-divided into four conditioning subgroups before bonding: no conditioning; 30 – 40% phosphoric; 15% EDTA; 20% polyacrylic acid. Specimens were tested in shear mode until failure and analysed by 2-way ANOVA, one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test. The µSBS of the total-etch adhesive was not affected by enamel treatment. Bleaching reduced the µSBS of the self-etching primer adhesive but preconditioning with phosphoric acid and polyacrylic acid improved bond strengths after CPP-ACP application. Bond failure analysis revealed a predominance of adhesive failures after bleaching, but prior conditioning reduced the proportion of adhesive failures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the interfacial morphology produced by the 2-step self-etching primer adhesive was independent of enamel treatment except after bleaching. Phosphoric acid etching was not inhibited by CPP-ACP treatment. Resin tag formation was observed with prior phosphoric acid and polyacrylic acid conditioning. / The effect of conditioning and CPP-ACP application on dentine bonding was also investigated. Dentine specimens with and without the smear layer were prepared and divided into a further two groups, CPP-ACP paste applied to one group for 60 min daily x 7 days and the other group was untreated. The two groups were divided into three subgroups for conditioning: no conditioning; 30 - 40% phosphoric acid; 20% polyacrylic acid. The dentine was bonded using a 2-step self-etching primer adhesive and an ‘all-in-one’ adhesive, and tested as previously described. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test at α = 0.05. The results showed that the µSBS of both adhesives were not significantly affected on smear-covered dentine but was affected on smearless dentine. Conditioning did not improve bond strengths. Bond failure analysis showed more adhesive failures for the ‘all-in-one’ adhesive, particularly on smearless dentine and with prior polyacrylic acid conditioning. SEM revealed a similar morphology of the bonded interface for the 2-step self-etching primer adhesive regardless of conditioning; and areas of bond failures for the ‘all-in-one’ adhesive. / The 2-step self-etching primer adhesives exhibited higher bond strength and more regular bond integrity than the ‘all-in-one’ adhesives, as shown on the SEM observations. However, the ‘all-in-one’ adhesives exhibited less variability in bond strengths to tooth surface characteristics.

The ability to determine nucleic acid sequences is one ofthe most important platforms for the detailed study ofbiological systems. Pyrosequencing technology is a relativelynovel DNA sequencing technique with multifaceted uniquecharacteristics, adjustable to different strategies, formatsand instrumentations. The aims of this thesis were to improvethe chemistry of the Pyrosequencing technique for increasedread-length, enhance the general sequence quality and improvethe sequencing performance for challenging templates. Improvedchemistry would enable Pyrosequencing technique to be used fornumerous applications with inherent advantages in accuracy,flexibility and parallel processing. Pyrosequencing technology, at its advent, was restricted tosequencing short stretches of DNA. The major limiting factorwas presence of an isomer of dATPaS, a substitute for thenatural dATP, which inhibited enzyme activity in thePyrosequencing chemistry. By removing this non-functionalnucleotide, we were able to achieve DNA read-lengths of up toone hundred bases, which has been a substantial accomplishmentfor performance of different applications. Furthermore, the useof a new polymerase, called Sequenase, has enabled sequencingof homopolymeric T-regions, which are challenging for thetraditional Klenow polymerase. Sequenase has markedly madepossible sequencing of such templates with synchronizedextension. The improved read-length and chemistry has enabledadditional applications, which were not possible previously.DNA sequencing is the gold standard method for microbial andvial typing. We have utilized Pyrosequencing technology foraccurate typing ofhuman papillomaviruses, and bacterial andfungal identification with promising results. Furthermore, DNA sequencing technologies are not capable oftyping of a sample harboring a multitude of species/types orunspecific amplification products. We have addressed theproblem of multiple infections/variants present in a clinicalsample by a new versatile method. The multiple sequencingprimer method is suited for detection and typing of samplesharboring different clinically important types/species(multiple infections) and unspecific amplifications, whicheliminates the need for nested PCR, stringent PCR conditionsand cloning. Furthermore, the method has proved to be usefulfor samples containing subdominant types/species, and sampleswith low PCR yield, which avoids reperforming unsuccessfulPCRs. We also introduce the sequence pattern recognition whenthere is a plurality of genotypes in the sample, whichfacilitates typing of more than one target DNA in the sample.Moreover, target specific sequencing primers could be easilytailored and adapted according to the desired applications orclinical settings based on regional prevalence ofmicroorganisms and viruses. Pyrosequencing technology has also been used forclone-checking by using preprogrammed nucleotide additionorder, EST sequencing and SNP analysis, yielding accurate andreliable results. <b>Keywords:</b>apyrase, bacterial identification, dATPaS, ESTsequencing, fungal identification, human papillomavirus (HPV),microbial and viral typing, multiple sequencing primer method,Pyrosequencing technology, Sequenase, single-strandedDNA-binding protein (SSB), SNP analysis

<p>The ability to determine nucleic acid sequences is one ofthe most important platforms for the detailed study ofbiological systems. Pyrosequencing technology is a relativelynovel DNA sequencing technique with multifaceted uniquecharacteristics, adjustable to different strategies, formatsand instrumentations. The aims of this thesis were to improvethe chemistry of the Pyrosequencing technique for increasedread-length, enhance the general sequence quality and improvethe sequencing performance for challenging templates. Improvedchemistry would enable Pyrosequencing technique to be used fornumerous applications with inherent advantages in accuracy,flexibility and parallel processing.</p><p>Pyrosequencing technology, at its advent, was restricted tosequencing short stretches of DNA. The major limiting factorwas presence of an isomer of dATPaS, a substitute for thenatural dATP, which inhibited enzyme activity in thePyrosequencing chemistry. By removing this non-functionalnucleotide, we were able to achieve DNA read-lengths of up toone hundred bases, which has been a substantial accomplishmentfor performance of different applications. Furthermore, the useof a new polymerase, called Sequenase, has enabled sequencingof homopolymeric T-regions, which are challenging for thetraditional Klenow polymerase. Sequenase has markedly madepossible sequencing of such templates with synchronizedextension.</p><p>The improved read-length and chemistry has enabledadditional applications, which were not possible previously.DNA sequencing is the gold standard method for microbial andvial typing. We have utilized Pyrosequencing technology foraccurate typing ofhuman papillomaviruses, and bacterial andfungal identification with promising results.</p><p>Furthermore, DNA sequencing technologies are not capable oftyping of a sample harboring a multitude of species/types orunspecific amplification products. We have addressed theproblem of multiple infections/variants present in a clinicalsample by a new versatile method. The multiple sequencingprimer method is suited for detection and typing of samplesharboring different clinically important types/species(multiple infections) and unspecific amplifications, whicheliminates the need for nested PCR, stringent PCR conditionsand cloning. Furthermore, the method has proved to be usefulfor samples containing subdominant types/species, and sampleswith low PCR yield, which avoids reperforming unsuccessfulPCRs. We also introduce the sequence pattern recognition whenthere is a plurality of genotypes in the sample, whichfacilitates typing of more than one target DNA in the sample.Moreover, target specific sequencing primers could be easilytailored and adapted according to the desired applications orclinical settings based on regional prevalence ofmicroorganisms and viruses.</p><p>Pyrosequencing technology has also been used forclone-checking by using preprogrammed nucleotide additionorder, EST sequencing and SNP analysis, yielding accurate andreliable results.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>apyrase, bacterial identification, dATPaS, ESTsequencing, fungal identification, human papillomavirus (HPV),microbial and viral typing, multiple sequencing primer method,Pyrosequencing technology, Sequenase, single-strandedDNA-binding protein (SSB), SNP analysis</p>

This work presents a fracture mechanics analysis of the cathodic delamination problem for the polyurethane/titanium and polyurea/steel interfaces. The nonlinear behavior of both polymers was investigated. The recent Marlow model was used to define the strain energy function of the polymers. Viscoelastic effects of the polyurea were also studied. The Marlow model was associated with a nine-term Prony series. This model was seen to represent experimental data relatively well for a wide range of strain rates both in tension and compression. The driving force for delamination, the strain energy release rate G, is presented for both interfaces. Cathodic delamination data for several temperatures are presented as crack growth rate as a function of crack driving force. The approach recognizes that both temperature and stress can be used as accelerated life testing parameters. / text

In the late sixteenth-century a Peruvian Indian and Inca nobleman named Guaman Poma de Ayala wrote a one-thousand page history of the world, his Nueva Cronica y Buen Gobierno, recounting the development of Andean and European humanity from the beginning of time up to the period in which the author lived. My analysis focuses on the mode of communication used by Guaman Poma, his use of Renaissance Iberian discursive and visual codes, to articulate his radical views of Spanish rule in Peru. His views, I argue, although articulated in a foreign language and media, express a fundamentally Andean understanding of the world. The conquest and the Spanish people are woven into the Andean mythological order. Andean and Spanish worlds are made to conform to a common temporal and spatial model in the author's attempt to make sense of the apocalyptic consequences of the arrival the Spanish.

Prior to the commencement of this project, few plant viruses had been identified from Vietnam despite virus-like symptoms being commonly observed on many crops and weeds. In limited surveys in the late 1990's, preliminary evidence was obtained indicating that potyviruses and geminiviruses were causing significant diseases. As a result, this study was aimed at developing generic PCR-based methods for the rapid detection of viruses belonging to viruses in the families Potyviridae and Geminiviridae in plant samples collected from Vietnam, and to characterise the viruses at the molecular level. Novel degenerate PCR primers were developed for the identification of begomoviruses. Using these primers, 17 begomoviruses species infecting seven crop and nine weed species in Vietnam were identified and characterised. Sequence analyses showed that ten of the viruses (six monopartite and four bipartite) were new species. Of the seven previously characterized begomoviruses, five were identified in Vietnam for the first time. Additionally, eight DNA-ß and three nanovirus-like DNA-1 molecules were also found associated with the monopartite viruses. Five of the DNA-β molecules were putatively novel. Two novel bipartite begomoviruses, named Corchorus yellow vein virus (CoYVV) and Corchorus golden mosaic virus (CoGMV), were isolated from jute plants. Analysis of these viruses showed that they were more similar to New World begomoviruses than to viruses from the Old World. This was based on the absence of an AV2 open reading frame, the presence of an N-terminal PWRLMAGT motif in the coat protein and phylogenetic analysis of the DNA A and DNA B nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences. This is the first known occurrence of Old World viruses bearing features of New World viruses, and their presence in Vietnam suggests the presence of a &quotNew World" virus in the Old World prior to Gondwana separation. Other interesting features relating to begomoviruses identified in Vietnam were; (i) the detection of several recombination events, particularly between the newly identified Tomato yellow leaf curl Vietnam virus (TYLCVNV), and the previously characterised, Tomato leaf curl Vietnam virus (ToLCVV), (ii) the identification of new natural hosts of Sida leaf curl virus (SiLCV), Papaya leaf curl China virus (PaLCuCNV) and Alternanthera yellow vein virus (AlYVV), (iii) the first report of variation in the geminivirus stem-loop nonanucleotide sequence (CoGMV sequence was TATTATTAC rather than TAATATTAC) and (iv) the first report of different stem sequences in the stem-loop structure of two genomic components from a bipartite begomovirus, Kudzu mosaic virus (KuMV). The sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the begomoviruses and begomovirus-associated DNAs identified in this study suggested that South East Asia, and Vietnam in particular, may be a centre of begomovirus diversity. Two pairs of degenerate primers, designed in the CI gene (CIFor/CIRev) and HC-Pro gene (HPFo/HPRev), were developed for the detection of viruses in the genus Potyvirus. Using these primers, three novel potyviruses from Vietnam were detected, namely Telosma mosaic virus (TelMV) infecting telosma (Telosma cordata), Peace lily mosaic virus (PeLMV) infecting peace lily (Spathiphyllum patinii) and Wild tomato mosaic virus (WTMV) infecting wild tomato (Solanum torvum). The fragments amplified by the two sets of primers enabled additional PCR and complete genomic sequencing of these three viruses and a Banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV) isolate from the Philippines. All four viruses shared genomic features typical of potyviruses. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses indicated that WTMV was most closely related to Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) and Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV) while PeLMV, TelMV were related to different extents with members of the BCMV subgroup. The incidence of potyviruses infecting plants in Vietnam was investigated using the potyvirus-specific primers. Fifty two virus isolates from 13 distinct potyvirus species infecting a broad range of crops were identified in Vietnam by PCR and sequence analysis of the 3' region of the genome. The viruses were Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Leek yellow stripe virus (LYMV), Shallot yellow stripe virus (SYSV), Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV), Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and a novel potyvirus infecting chilli, which was tentatively named Chilli ringspot virus (ChiRSV). With the exception of BCMV and PVY, this is first report of these viruses in Vietnam. Further, rabbit bell (Crotalaria anagyroides) and typhonia (Typhonium trilobatum) were identified as new natural hosts of the Peanut stunt virus (PStV) strain of BCMV and of DsMV, respectively. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses, based on the nucleotide sequence of the entire CP-coding region of all 52 virus isolates, revealed considerable variability in BCMV, SCMV, PVY, ZYMV and DsMV. The phylogenetic analyses also suggested the possible presence of ancestral groups of BCMV, SCMV and ZYMV in Vietnam.

¿Qué es lo constitucionalmente novedoso del régimen parlamentario que se inicia en 1993? El concepto de Constitución como símbolo, como pacto y creación política, y como producto en constante elaboración cultural le sirve al autor para evaluar el funcionamiento y desempeño de la institución parlamentaria, a partir de la propuesta contenida en la Constitución de 1993. El enfoque teórico utilizado se beneficia interdisciplinariamente de los aportes del psicoanálisis para examinar la naturaleza y la calidad de los resultados de la representación política. Este ensayo postula que la institución parlamentaria muestra déficits de performance representativa cuya comprensión y causa trascienden las normales posibilidades explicativas del derecho (en especial la de las escuelas cuya concepción del derecho y cuya metodología hermenéutica es fundamentalmente documental o proposicional).

The aim of the diploma thesis Recommended reading at elementary school is to map the current state of suggested readings and work with it in elementary schools in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into theoretical part where are elaborated and characterized the basic concepts related to this issue. It is thus focused on the definition of reader, reading literacy, reading and further on is defined the recommended and primer reading. Furthermore, this section offers the methods used to develop literacy skills in Czech language lessons and literature. In the practical parts is intimated the basic research, which was carried out on this subject through a series of interviews with 26 teachers coming from different schools. The research aims to find out the current status of recommended reading at the middle school level, whether it is used by teachers, eventually how they continue to operate with it and use this knowledge for their own teaching practice.