Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 6 mars 2024) / Thèse en cotutelle entre l'Université Laval Québec, Canada et l'Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Suisse / Les *Homélies* et *Reconnaissances* pseudo-clémentines présentent des caractéristiques qui ont parfois été considérées « gnostiques » : l'importance de la connaissance religieuse pour le salut, la transmission ésotérique de cette connaissance et une vision dualiste du monde. Plus précisément, certaines doctrines pseudo-clémentines, comme le Vrai Prophète, les fausses péricopes, la règle des syzygies, pourraient trahir la trace d'influences « gnostiques ». En mettant à contribution les avancées récentes dans le domaine des étude gnostiques, il apparait que les *Pseudo-Clémentines* ne prouvent pas l'existence d'un « judéo-christianisme gnostique », mais qu'elles trouvent leur place dans le contexte philosophique et théologique antique, et plus spécifiquement dans le domaine des théories chrétiennes anciennes de la connaissance religieuse - de la gnose. La connaissance religieuse joue en effet un rôle central dans la définition d'identités religieuses spécifiques et devient un instrument pour délimiter des frontières. C'est dans ce contexte que la gnose fait l'objet de revendications et de polémiques : qui a le droit de proclamer la posséder ? Quel est son contenu, et comment peut-elle être obtenue ? Quels sont les adversaires qui affirment, eux aussi, la posséder, et sur quels bases leurs prétentions sont-elles réfutées ? Par une approche résolument synchronique, qui cherche à restituer la spécificité de chacune des sources à l'étude, cette thèse cherche à étudier ces dynamiques dans les *Homélies* et les *Reconnaissances* pseudo-clémentines et à restituer les théories de la connaissance qu'elles développent. Les liens entre gnoséologie et narration sont explorés de manière à mettre en évidence non seulement la cohérence des *Homélies*, mais aussi les différences qui les distinguent des *Reconnaissances*. Une comparaison entre les *Pseudo-Clémentines* et certains écrits gnostiques, comme le *Livre des secrets de Jean*, permet de mettre en lumière des enjeux gnoséologiques dans le christianisme ancien. Tous ces écrits définissent la connaissance selon les mêmes paramètres et usent d'un mode discursif que nous avons nommé la « narration gnoséologique », définie comme la mise en intrigue d'une quête de connaissance philosophique et religieuse véritable. Toutefois, si les *Pseudo-Clémentines* et le *Livre des secrets de Jean* utilisent de dispositifs littéraires similaires, ils sont en fait des concurrents dans le domaine de la gnoséologie ; l'hypothèse d'une polémique antignostique dans les *Homélies* est postulée et ses potentielles modalités sont explorées.

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The melting of planetesimals was a widespread geologic phenomenon taking place in the early inner solar system. Petrologic and geochemical evidence shows that this melting frequently resulted in full differentiation of planetary bodies into a core, mantle, and crust. The extent of this early planetary melting is evidenced in the breadth of achondrite meteorites. In the achondrite meteorite group, there exist meteorites that experienced low degrees of melting, such that the parent body underwent partial melting and did not fully differentiate. These meteorites, called the primitive achondrites, are a window to the first stage of melting in the early solar system. The primitive achondrites with FeO-poor silicate compositions have been well-studied, but little is known about the formation conditions and history of the FeO-rich primitive achondrites, which includes the brachinites and several ungrouped meteorites.The brachinites are olivine-dominated meteorites with a recrystallized texture that show evidence of partial melting and melt removal on their parent body. The ungrouped primitive achondrites are also olivine-dominated meteorites with a recrystallized texture, but they exhibit a larger range in mineralogy with most being essentially chondritic and containing relict chondrules. In this dissertation, I present a study of the petrology, geochemistry and formation conditions of the FeO-rich primitive achondrites. I analyze the petrology and bulk composition of the meteorites, and I conduct thermodynamic modelling of the mineral assemblages to determine oxidation conditions during their formation. Finally, I attempt to simulate the formation of the brachinite meteorites through 1-atmosphere, gas-mixing partial melting experiments of an FeO-rich chondritic meteorite.These meteorites represent a continuum of partial melting, akin to that seen in the acapulcoite-lodranite clan of primitive achondrites. Mineral compositions and oxygen fugacity formation conditions indicate that the brachinites could have formed from a parent body much like the R chondrites. Gas-mixing, partial melting experiments of a R4 chondrite LaPaz Ice Field 03639 at 1250 °C and an oxygen fugacity of IW-1 create the mineralogy and mineral compositions of the brachinites. The experiments also confirm that the brachinites formed by the partial melting of an FeO-rich chondritic source and not as igneous cumulates.

The main objectives of this study were to identify the role that customary law and traditional leadership can play, without compromising their current positions or future recognition through legislation, in creating a better life for their constituents. The study analysed diverse issues such as legislative reform, the future role and functions of traditional leaders, training needs of traditional leaders, and the impact of a possible lack of commitment by national and provincial government on the training of traditional leaders to fulfill their functions within the ambit of the Constitution.

This thesis argues that the origins and evolution of Christian communities in Northern Italy between c. 250 and 381 are comprehensible only within the region's social environment. Whereas previous studies of early Christianity in Italy have sought to explain its origins in terms of modern diocesan structures, this thesis shows that the evidence for this view is untrustworthy and that a new methodology is needed to explain the rise of the church. To this end, the thesis describes the 'north Italian human environment', which consists not just of the physical landscape, but of the social networks within it. This environment allows an understanding of why Christian communities had developed in some places and not in others by c. 300. The development of the church continued to be influenced by this human environment in the fourth century. Christian diffusion remained a partial and variable phenomenon. In the cities Christians found themselves confronted by the adherents of other religions, notably Judaism. Thus, in the fourth century, Christians did not yet dominate the communities in which they lived. Moreover, the active participation in ecclesiastical affairs of emperors after Constantine - particularly the intervention of Constantius II in Italy during the 350s - added a new dimension to the human environment. Such interventions defined how north Italian Christianity came into contact with ecclesiastical and theological affairs throughout the empire. In sum, the history of early Christianity in northern Italy is circumscribed by the social environment within which it developed. This thesis argues that for northern Italy - indeed for the rest of the Mediterranean - a proper understanding of Christian growth can only come from an appreciation of the particular social context of the region within which it occurred.

This thesis aims to study Western missionaries’ theological debate over the choice of the name of God, known as the Term Question, in the Korean Bible, a controversy which implied a certain theological position in terms of the degree of continuity or discontinuity between existing Korean theistic belief and faith in the God of Bible. This thesis seeks three goals. First, it attempts to analyse the Chinese roots of the Term Question in Korea. In China, the Term Question first arose among Roman Catholic missions from 1637 to 1742 between an indigenous Confucian term, Shangti 上帝 (Sovereign on High), favoured by the Jesuits, notably Matteo Ricci, and a neologism, T’ienzhu 天主 (the Lord of Heaven), used by the Dominicans and the Franciscans. A second phase of the Chinese Term Question involved nineteenth-century Protestant missions, and confronted missions with a choice between Shangti, most notably advocated by James Legge of the London Missionary Society, and Shen 神 (a generic term for god), supported by a majority of American missionaries. These three Chinese theistic terms were imported into the Korea mission field. John Ross of the United Presbyterian Church in Manchuria, in his first Korean New Testament (1877-1887), translated the name of God as Hananim, the Supreme Lord of Korean indigenous religion, on the basis of the Shangti edition of the Delegates’ Version. The first Korean Roman Catholics and later the Anglican missions in Korea adopted Ch’onzhu (Chinese T’ienzhu), following Catholic practice in China. A Korean diplomat in Japan, Su-Jung Lee, adopted Shin (Chinese Shen) from the Shen edition of the Chinese Bible, in his Korean Bible translations (1883-1885). The need to choose between the these three Korean theistic terms, derived theologically from the three corresponding Chinese theistic terms, consequently triggered the Term Question in Korea from 1882 to 1911. Second, the thesis argues that there was a significant theological continuity between the Chinese and Korean Term Questions. The Term Question in both China and Korea proceeded on a similar pattern; it was a terminological controversy between an indigenous theistic term (Shangti and Hananim) on the one hand and a neologism (T’ienzhu and Korean Ch’onzhu) or a generic term (Shen and Korean Shin) on the other hand. Central to both Term Questions was the theological issue of whether a primitive monotheism, congruent with Christian belief, had existed among the Chinese and Koreans. It will suggest that whilst those who adhered to a degeneration theory of the history of religions used either Shangti or Hananim as the name of the God of the Bible, those who rejected the existence of primitive monotheism preferred to use the neologism or the generic term. Third, this thesis suggests that there was, nevertheless, a significant divergence between the Term Question in China and that in Korea. Whereas the Term Question in China became polarised for over three centuries between two equal and opposite parties – between the Jesuits (Shangti) and the Dominicans-Franciscans (T’ienzhu), and later between the Shangti party and the Shen party in Protestant missions, that in iv Korea was a short-term argument for three decades between a vast majority (of the Hananim party) and a small minority (the opponents of Hananim). It is argued that the disproportion in Korea in favour of Hananim was due to the much closer analogy between Hananim and the Christian trinity, as seen in the Dan-Gun myth, than was the case with Shangti in Chinese religion. For this reason, the thesis concludes by suggesting that the adoption of the indigenous monotheistic term, Hananim, in a Christian form contributed to the higher rate of growth of the Korean church compared to that of the church in China.

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