Mestre -- Escola Nacional de Saude Publica, Rio de Janeiro, 2002.

L'étude comparative des droits français et brésilien démontre que la fiscalité, en tant qu'instrument juridique d'intervention économique, peut être au service de la protection de l'environnement. L'évolution des principes directeurs du droit de l'environnement, notamment le principe pollueur-payeur vers celui d'intégration, témoigne de la transformation de la prise en compte de l'environnement. Le principe pollueur-payeur reste circonscrit à la question des coûts. Le principe d'intégration, en tant que principe opératoire, est directement en rapport avec la prise de décision des agents publics et privés. Il permet (et même exige) la conciliation des systèmes juridiques fiscaux et environnementaux. La thèse fait apparaître l'ascension de la fiscalité comme instrument des politiques environnementales dans l'Union européenne et en France. Plus encore, on observe la place centrale que doit jouer en principe une fiscalité respectueuse de l'environnement dans la notion même du développement durable. En France, la maturité du débat dans le contexte du Grenelle de l'environnement montre que tous les instruments de protection, réglementaires et économiques - tels que les instruments fiscaux, sont censés être inscrits dans une politique publique cohérente de l'environnement. Au Brésil le développement durable est juridiquement consacré. Cette reconnaissance demande l'assainissement de l'ordre fiscal brésilien. Sans avoir besoin d'une réforme constitutionnelle, les incitations existantes doivent être aménagées pour éviter des effets négatifs sur l'environnement. / Comparison between Brazilian and French law shows that taxation, as legal economic intervention tool, is intended to serve the protection of the environment. The evolution of the guiding principles of the environment law, most notably the move from the polluter-payer to the integration principles, shows that the environment is more and more taken into account. The polluter-payer principle is limited to costs. The integration principles, as an operating principle, has a direct connection with the decision making process used by private and public agents. It allows, and even demands, the conciliation of tax and environmental laws systems. If, within the European context, this evolution is clear within the French law, in Brazil the integration principles is barely known, even unknown. However, we believe it to be explicitly recognized by the Brazilian Constitution. Within the economic and social orders, protection of the environment is guaranteed. The State, as an agent of the Market, requires that impact analyses on the environment are made. It does so using tax benefits mechanism. ln this document, we are showing the evolution of the taxation as an instrument used for the environmental policies in the European Community and in France. Moreover, we can verify the central position of the "eco-friendly tax system" within the notion of sustainable development. ln France, the maturity of the debate, within the "Grenelle de l'environnement" context, allow us to understand that every protective instruments, whether regulated or economics - like the taxations -, are supposed to be part of a greater public policy which en sure their coherence.

Nous montrons ici, en utilisant les méthodes de l'analyse stochastique, le principe d'invariance pour des diffusion sur $\mathbb{R} ^{d},d\geq 2$, en milieu périodique au delà des hypothèses d'uniforme ellipticité et au delà des hypothèses de régularité sur le potentiel. La théorie du calcul stochastique pour les processus associés aux formes de Dirichlet est largement utilisée pour justifier l'existence du processus de Markov à temps continus, défini pour presque tout point de départ sur $\mathbb{R} ^{d}$. Pour la preuve du principe d'invariance, nous montrons une nouvelle inégalité de type Sobolev avec des poids différents, qui nous permet de déduire l'existence et la bornitude d'une densité de la probabilité de transition associée au processus de Markov. Cette inégalité, est l'outil principal de ce travail. La preuve fera appel à des techniques d'analyse harmonique. Enfin, le chapitre 3 contient le résultat principal du travail de la thèse : le principe d'invariance qui veut dire que la suite de processus $(_{\varepsilon }X_{t\varepsilon ^{-2}})$ converge en loi quand $\varepsilon$ tend vers zéro vers un mouvement Brownien. Notre stratégie suit quelques étapes classiques : nous nous appuyons sur la construction de ce qu'on appelle ici correcteur. Afin de contrôler le correcteur, et aussi pour montrer son existence, nous nous appuyons sur l'inégalité de Sobolev. Le resultat est obenu seulement avec les hypothèses, le potentiel $V$ est périodique et satisfait: $e^{V}+e^{-V}$ locallement dans $L^{1}\left( \mathbb{R} ^{d};dx\right)$ ou $dx$ est la mesure de Lebesgue. / We prove here, using stochastic analysis methods, the invariance principle for a $\mathbb{R} ^{d}$ diffusions $d\geq 2$, in a periodic potential beyond uniform boundedness assumptions of potential. The potential is not assumed to have any regularity. So the stochastic calculus theory for processes associated to Dirichlet forms is used to justify the existence of a continuous Markov process starting from almost all $x\in \mathbb{R} ^{d}$ and denoted by $\left( X_{t},t>0\right)$ (cf chapter 1). In chapter 2, we prove a new Sobolev inequality with different weights by using some materials in harmonic analysis. In chapter 3, we prove the main result (Theorem 1) of this work: the invariance principle. Our strategy for proving Theorem 1 follows some classical steps: we rely on the construction of the so-called corrector. In order to control the corrector, and actually also in order to show its existence, we rely on the Sobolev inequality. All the work is done under the following hypothesis: the potential $V$ is periodic and satisfies $e^{V}+e^{-V}$ are locally in $L^{1}\left( \mathbb{R} ^{d};dx\right)$ where $dx$ is the Lebesgue measure.

Cette thèse se consacre à l’étude des propriétés qualitatives d’équations elliptiques dégénérées où la diffusion est purement non locale, et s’est réalisée dans le cadre de la théorie des solutions visqueuses. La première partie de la thèse traite de l’étude des propriétés de compacité d’une famille d’opérateurs non locaux d’ordre zéro. Ces opérateurs sont d’opérateurs elliptiques non locaux définis par le biais d’une mesure bornée. On considère une famille d’opérateurs uni-paramétrique d’ordre zéro de la forme \begin{eqnarray*} \mathcal{I}_\epsilon(u, x) = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} [u(x + z) - u(x)]K_\epsilon(z)dz, \end{eqnarray*} où, pour chaque S\epsilon \in (0,1)$, $K_\epsilon \in L^I(\mathbb{R}^N)$ est une fonction radialement symétrique et positive. On configure notre problème de sorte que $\mathcal{I}_\epsilon$ tende vers du Laplacien fractionnaire quand $\epsilon \to 0^+$, ce qui implique que la norme $L^1S des $K_\epsilon$ n’est pas bornée lorsque $\epsilon \to 0^+$. Un premier résultat de cette partie est un module de continuité dans l’espace-temps pour la famille des solutions bornées de l’équation de la chaleur non-locale dans le plan associé à $\matbcal{I}_\epsilon$, indépendante de $\epsilon \in (0,1)$. Le second résultat de cette partie considère le problème de Dirichlet sur un domaine borné \Omega \subset \R^N$ associé à $mathcal{I}_\epsilon$, et conclut à la compacité de la famille de solutions bornées ${u_\epsilon }_\epsilon$ pour ces problèmes de Dirichlet, en exhibant un module de continuité commun sur $\bar(\Omega)$ pour $\{ u_\epsilon \}_\epsilon$, indépendant de $\epsilon$. / This thesis is devoted to the study of qualitative properties of degenerate elliptic equations where the diffusion is purely nonlocal, and it is carried out in the framework of the theory of viscosity solutions. The first part of the thesis is focused in the study of compactness properties of a family of \textsl{zero-th order nonlocal operators], that is, elliptic nonlocal operators defined though a finite measure. We consider a one parameter family of zero-th order operator with the form \begin{eqnarray*} \mathcal{I}_\epsilon(u, x) = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} [u(x + z) - u(x)]K_\epsilon(z)dz, \end{eqnarray*} where, for each $\epsilon ‘sin (0,1)$, $K_\epsilon Mn L^1(\mathbb{R^N})$ is a radially symmetric, positive function. We set our problem in such a way $\mathcal{l}_\epsilon$ approaches the fractional Laplacian as $\epsilon \to 0^+$, implying that the $L^1$-norm of $K_\epsilon$ blows up as $\epsilon \to 0^+$. In the first result of this part we provide a common space-time modulus of continuity independent of $\epsilon Mn (0,1)$, for the family of bounded solutions of the nonlocal Heat equation in the plane associated to $\mathcal{I}_\epsilon$. The second result of this part considers a Dirichlet problem in a bounded domain $\Omega \subset $\mathbb{R}^N$ associated to $mathcaI{I}_\epsilon$, and we conclude the compactness of the family of bounded solutions $\{u_\epsilon \}_\epsilon$ to these Dirichlet problems by finding a common modulus of continuity in $\bar{\Omega}$ for ${ u_\epsilon \}_\epsilon$, which is independent of $\epsilon$.

MIRANDA, Lúcio Correia. Diagnóstico geoecológico como subsídio ao planejamento ambiental na Ilha do Príncipe – São Tomé e Príncipe – África. 2013. 193 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-13T17:19:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_lcmiranda.pdf: 10275902 bytes, checksum: 18d67fecab8b87abf8334ed0c6e177f2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-13T17:20:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_lcmiranda.pdf: 10275902 bytes, checksum: 18d67fecab8b87abf8334ed0c6e177f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-13T17:20:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_lcmiranda.pdf: 10275902 bytes, checksum: 18d67fecab8b87abf8334ed0c6e177f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / This research had as main purpose the development of a socio-environmental diagnosis on Principe Island, from geoecology conceptions of landscapes as a way to support the activities of environmental planning. Thus, we sought to incorporate in the analyses some natural aspects, historiographical and cultural economic intrinsic to social and environmental formation of São Tomé and Príncipe archipelago, the main focus being directed to the Príncipe Island. It is understood that the promotion of environmental quality reflects positively on the living conditions of local populations. Moreover, it is believed that promote environmental quality is realized simultaneously with the application of a participatory environmental planning. Thus, expanding, and improving access to health services and education, the inclusion of communities in local development processes are established as relevant measures for the realization of improved local quality of life and environmental conservation measures. Throughout the chapters, we sought to examine the geological characteristics, geomorphological, pedological, climatic, socio-economic, among others. Believing that the constant exchange interactions of energy and matter, these factors produce positive and negative impacts that affect both the dynamics of rural ecology units and the living conditions on the island. Based on this conjecture, we developed a historical analysis of the cultural, socio-economic and political development of the island, covering periods before and after the independence of Portuguese colonization. It is understood that historical knowledge of environmental relationships, besides providing the ability to relate events in different moments, adds support for understanding the existing relations and, together, provide the relevant precepts to actions planning effectiveness and sustainable territorial management of the Príncipe Island. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal a elaboração de um diagnóstico socioambiental na ilha do Príncipe, a partir das concepções da geoecologia das paisagens, como forma de subsidiar as ações de planejamento ambiental. Deste modo, buscou-se incorporar nas análises alguns aspectos naturais, históricogeográficos e econômicoculturais intrínsecos à formação social e ambiental do arquipélago de São Tomé e Príncipe, sendo o maior enfoque direcionado à ilha do Príncipe. Entende-se que a promoção da qualidade ambiental reflete positivamente nas condições de vida das populações locais. Por outro lado, acredita-se que a promoção da qualidade ambiental se concretiza concomitantemente com a aplicação de um planejamento ambiental participativo. Assim, a ampliação, melhoria e o acesso aos serviços de saúde e educação, a inclusão das comunidades nos processos de desenvolvimento local se estabelecem como sendo as medidas relevantes para a efetivação da melhoria na qualidade de vida local e nas medidas de conservação ambiental. No decorrer dos capítulos, procurou-se analisar as características geológicas, geomorfológicas, pedológica, climática, socioeconômicas, entre outros. Acreditando-se que na constante interação de troca de energia e matéria estes fatores produzem impactos positivos e negativos que interferem tanto na dinâmica das unidades geoecológicas como nas condições de vida na Ilha. Com base nessa conjectura, desenvolveu-se uma análise histórica das relações culturais, socioambientais e político-econômica da ilha, abrangendo período anterior e posterior a independência da colonização portuguesa. Entende-se que o conhecimento histórico das relações socioambientais, além de proporcionar a possibilidade de relacionar fatos em momentos diferenciados, agrega suporte para a compreensão das relações vigentes e, em conjunto, proporcionam preceitos relevantes à efetivação de ações de planejamento e gestão territorial sustentáveis da ilha do Príncipe.

Existem diversas incertezas científicas e em relação às novas tecnologias, sobretudo no que diz respeito à biotecnologia. Os Organismos Geneticamente Modificados (OGM) há tempos vem provocando calorosos debates sobre os possíveis efeitos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Existem diversos indícios de que os organismos geneticamente modificados poderiam oferecer sérios riscos. Foi em razão dessas incertezas científicas que surgiu o Princípio da Precaução, que institui o dever do Estado de tomar medidas acautelatórias preventivas em relação às tecnologias cujos efeitos à saúde ou ao meio ambiente ainda sejam obscuros ou careçam de maiores estudos conclusivos. No Brasil é a Comissão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança (CTNBio) quem tem a missão de assessorar o Governo Federal na formulação, atualização e implementação da Política Nacional de Biossegurança relativa aos OGM. Na França quem deve assessorar o governo e esclarecer ao público sobre as questões relativas a biotecnologia e OGM é o Alto Conselho de Biotecnologia (HCB). O Brasil e a França, nas questões de Biossegurança, possuem legislações complexas, de poder descentralizado, dando total condição ao Estado na aplicação do princípio da Precaução. Porém, muitas vezes, interesses econômicos e políticos, sobretudo no Brasil, são colocados em primeiro plano, em detrimento da aplicação do Princípio da Prudência. O presente trabalho coleciona diversos argumentos a favor e contra a utilização de Alimentos Geneticamente Modificados. Um dos argumentos principais daqueles que defendem a utilização de OGM é o fato de que as lavouras geneticamente modificadas precisariam de muito menos defensivos agrícolas. Entretanto o que se observa é que as lavouras transgênicas, por apresentar maior resistência, permitem a aplicação de pesticidas mais potentes e em maior quantidade. Assim os transgênicos e os agrotóxicos estão intimamente ligados. O presente estudo buscou fazer uma comparação entre as legislações brasileira e francesa, passando pelas Diretivas europeias, sobre as legislações referentes a Biossegurança e a Aplicação do Princípio da Precaução. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-19T14:07:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Alexander Correa Pinheiro.pdf: 1053211 bytes, checksum: 0a4b40077d142c04197d945f220cf11f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-19T14:07:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Alexander Correa Pinheiro.pdf: 1053211 bytes, checksum: 0a4b40077d142c04197d945f220cf11f (MD5) / Il existe de nombreuses incertitudes scientifiques et environnementales en ce qui concerne l'utilisation des nouvelles technologies, notamment en matière de biotechnologie. Les Organismes Génétiquement Modifiés (OGM) a toujours provoqué des débats houleux sur les possibles effets pour la santé humaine et de l'environnement. Il y a plusieurs indications que font croire que l’utilisation des Organismes Génétiquement Modifiés pourrait présenter des sérieux risques. C'est justement en raison de ces incertitudes scientifiques que le principe de précaution peut être invoqué. C’est le devoir de l'Etat de prendre des mesures préventives en ce qui concerne les technologies dont les effets pour la santé ou l'environnement sont encore méconnus. Au Brésil, est la Commission Technique National de Biosécurité (CTNBio), qui a pour mission conseiller le gouvernement fédéral dans la formulation et la mise en oeuvre de la Politique national sur les OGM. En France, c’est l’Haute Conseil de Biotechnologie l’organisme chargée d’éclairer la décision publique sur toutes questions intéressant les biotechnologies. Les Brésil et la France ont des législations complexes, de pouvoir décentralisé, ce que permet à l’Etat d’avoir total autonomie pour l’application du Principe de Précaution. Cependant, souvent, des intérêts économiques et politiques, en particulier au Brésil, sont placés au premier plan, au détriment de l'application du Principe de la Prudence. Ce travail rassemble divers arguments pour et contre l'utilisation des aliments génétiquement modifiés. Un argument souvent utilisé pour le défendeur de l'utilisation des OGM est le fait que les cultures génétiquement modifié ont besoin moins de pesticides. Mais c'est justement le contraire qui s'est produit. La tolérance de la plante transgénique permet l'utilisation de pesticides encore plus toxiques pour l'homme. Ainsi, l’utilisation des pesticides est étroitement liée aux OGM. Cette étude traite de la comparaison entre la législation brésilienne et française, sens oublier les Directives Européennes en ce qui concerne la sécurité alimentaire et l'application du Principe de Précaution.

Ce travail est une recherche historique sur le principe de la laïcité en Turquie. L'hypothèse principale sur laquelle cette recherche repose est que la conception de la laïcité en Turquie est un moyen politique qui sert aux objectifs conjoncturels et non pas que celle-ci reste un principe politique traduisant la neutralité étatique face aux différentes formes de croyance religieuses. On étudie l'union historique entre l'Etat turc et la tradition sunnite de l'islam durant les trois différentes périodes républicaines en Turquie et dans 3 différents domaines de recherche. Ces derniers sont l'éducation religieuse, l'uléma et les minorités religieuses. Dans la 1ère partie on cherche à comprendre pour quels objectifs et comment l'Etat a utilisé la " laïcité comme idéologie politique pendant la 1ère République entre 1923-1960, en formant la politique de l'éducation religieuse dans les écoles, du clergé islamique et celles des minorités non musulmanes. La deuxième partie étudie comment le principe de la laïcité institutionnalisé par la 1ère République, a été réinterprété par des gouvernements conservateurs successifs et par la 2ème République. On essaie de voir comment une transformation politique, à partir d'un idéal de nation laïque vers un idéal de nation musulmane, a façonné les politiques de l'éducation religieuse de l'Etat "laïque" et du clergé islamique institutionnalisé. Dans la troisième partie, on essaie de voir comment l'Islam et la laïcité ont été instrumentalisés à des fins de rationalité en finalité, dans le but de défendre l'autorité d'un Etat fort construit sur le modèle jacobin par les militaires qui ont fondé la 3ème République et par le parti islamiste au pouvoir. / This study is a research about the secularism principle of Turkish constitution. My hypothesis is that the secularism principle in Turkey is a political way helping to conjectural aims and it isn't a political principle about state's neutrality against different religious beliefs. I deal with the historical union between the Turkish State and the Sunni tradition in the 3 different republican periods and 3 different fields, religious education, ulema and religious minorities. ln the first part I discuss how the State used the secularism ideology between ] 923-1960 constituting religious education politics, Islamic clergy politics and non Muslim minorities politics. The second part studies how the secularism institutionalized by the first Republic was reinterpreted by conservative governments and by the second Republic. How did a political transformation from the secular nation ideal to a Muslim nation ideal, shape the religious education, secular state and institutionalized Islamic clergy politics ? ln the third part, we focus on Islamic ulema and religious minorities politics in the post coup d'état period of 1980 and we try to see how Islam and the secularism were used as a political instrument as part of rationality goals, in order to defend the authority of a strong state built according to the Jacobin model by the army which founded the third Republic and by the lslamist party in power.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal a elaboraÃÃo de um diagnÃstico socioambiental na ilha do PrÃncipe, a partir das concepÃÃes da geoecologia das paisagens, como forma de subsidiar as aÃÃes de planejamento ambiental. Deste modo, buscou-se incorporar nas anÃlises alguns aspectos naturais, histÃricogeogrÃficos e econÃmicoculturais intrÃnsecos à formaÃÃo social e ambiental do arquipÃlago de SÃo Tomà e PrÃncipe, sendo o maior enfoque direcionado à ilha do PrÃncipe. Entende-se que a promoÃÃo da qualidade ambiental reflete positivamente nas condiÃÃes de vida das populaÃÃes locais. Por outro lado, acredita-se que a promoÃÃo da qualidade ambiental se concretiza concomitantemente com a aplicaÃÃo de um planejamento ambiental participativo. Assim, a ampliaÃÃo, melhoria e o acesso aos serviÃos de saÃde e educaÃÃo, a inclusÃo das comunidades nos processos de desenvolvimento local se estabelecem como sendo as medidas relevantes para a efetivaÃÃo da melhoria na qualidade de vida local e nas medidas de conservaÃÃo ambiental. No decorrer dos capÃtulos, procurou-se analisar as caracterÃsticas geolÃgicas, geomorfolÃgicas, pedolÃgica, climÃtica, socioeconÃmicas, entre outros. Acreditando-se que na constante interaÃÃo de troca de energia e matÃria estes fatores produzem impactos positivos e negativos que interferem tanto na dinÃmica das unidades geoecolÃgicas como nas condiÃÃes de vida na Ilha. Com base nessa conjectura, desenvolveu-se uma anÃlise histÃrica das relaÃÃes culturais, socioambientais e polÃtico-econÃmica da ilha, abrangendo perÃodo anterior e posterior a independÃncia da colonizaÃÃo portuguesa. Entende-se que o conhecimento histÃrico das relaÃÃes socioambientais, alÃm de proporcionar a possibilidade de relacionar fatos em momentos diferenciados, agrega suporte para a compreensÃo das relaÃÃes vigentes e, em conjunto, proporcionam preceitos relevantes à efetivaÃÃo de aÃÃes de planejamento e gestÃo territorial sustentÃveis da ilha do PrÃncipe. / This research had as main purpose the development of a socio-environmental diagnosis on Principe Island, from geoecology conceptions of landscapes as a way to support the activities of environmental planning. Thus, we sought to incorporate in the analyses some natural aspects, historiographical and cultural economic intrinsic to social and environmental formation of SÃo Tomà and PrÃncipe archipelago, the main focus being directed to the PrÃncipe Island. It is understood that the promotion of environmental quality reflects positively on the living conditions of local populations. Moreover, it is believed that promote environmental quality is realized simultaneously with the application of a participatory environmental planning. Thus, expanding, and improving access to health services and education, the inclusion of communities in local development processes are established as relevant measures for the realization of improved local quality of life and environmental conservation measures. Throughout the chapters, we sought to examine the geological characteristics, geomorphological, pedological, climatic, socio-economic, among others. Believing that the constant exchange interactions of energy and matter, these factors produce positive and negative impacts that affect both the dynamics of rural ecology units and the living conditions on the island. Based on this conjecture, we developed a historical analysis of the cultural, socio-economic and political development of the island, covering periods before and after the independence of Portuguese colonization. It is understood that historical knowledge of environmental relationships, besides providing the ability to relate events in different moments, adds support for understanding the existing relations and, together, provide the relevant precepts to actions planning effectiveness and sustainable territorial management of the PrÃncipe Island.

O objeto deste trabalho é investigar a realização dos ditongos orais no português vernacular de São Tomé e Príncipe (pvs). Esta variedade de português está em contato com outras línguas faladas no país e difere do sistema linguístico da variedade considerada padrão, o português europeu (pe) (FIGUEIREDO, 2010; GONÇALVES, 2010; CHRISTOFOLETTI, 2011; SANTOS & CHRISTOFOLETTI, 2011). A hipótese para as peculiaridades do comportamento do sistema fonético-fonológico do pvs é o aprendizado do português como L2 (por gerações passadas recentes) (HAGEMEIJER, 2009; GONÇALVES, 2010), e a influência do contato com as línguas crioulas faladas no país, como o santome (FERRAZ, 1979), o principense (MAURER, 2009), o angolar (MAURER, 1995) e o kabuverdianu, visto que as comunidades são, em geral, bilíngues ou convivem em espaços multilíngues. As mudanças linguísticas intergeracionais e o contato também justificariam o comportamento na realização dos ditongos que possuem variações em sua realização no pvs. O corpus deste trabalho é formado por gravações de fala espontânea de 18 informantes, coletados na capital de stp por meio da sociolinguística variacionista (LABOV, 1991 [1972]). A justificativa para o estudo das realizações dos ditongos, constatada a singularidade de suas realizações, é observar o comportamento de uma variante de português em um ambiente multilíngue; aumentar o nosso conhecimento sobre essa variante; confrontar um sistema em diglossia; possibilitar outros estudos sobre o pvs e comparações com outras variantes de português nos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa. Em relação às variáveis sociais, há uma relação da aplicação do processo de monotongação com a quantidade de anos de escolaridade, sendo que as pessoas mais escolarizadas tendem evitar mais a monotongação do que as pessoas menos escolarizadas. Ademais, foi constatada a singularidade do sistema fonético-fonológico dessa variedade africana de português, pois, diferente da norma europeia (MATEUS & DANDRADE, 2000; MATEUS, 2002), considerada de prestígio no país, o pvs realiza a monotongação dos ditongos [eI ], como em dinheiro [di\"ñeKU], primeiro [pri\"meKU] e feijoada [feZu\"ad5], sugerindo uma aproximação ao comportamento do português brasileiro (pb) (cf. BISOL 1991, 1994; ARAÚJO 1999; LOPES 2002 e outros), todavia, a monotongação ocorre ainda em contextos nos quais tanto nas variantes do pb, como nas do pe, ela é bloqueada. Assim, ocorre a monotongação mesmo quando a consoante seguinte é uma oclusiva alveolar surda [t], como em feitiço [fe\"tisU], leitão [le\"tãU ] e direito [di\"KetU], fato não documentado no pb ou no pe. Com relação ao ditongo [oU ] no pvs, a monotongação é categórica, assim como nos estudos apresentados sobre variação nos ditongos de outras variedades de português. No que diz respeito ao ditongo [oI ], observamos que a variação na aplicação da monotongação ocorre apenas quando seguido pela consoante [S], responsável pelo espraiamento do nó vocálico criando o glide [I ] via processo fonético. O ditongo [aI ], por sua vez, sofreu variação no processo de monotongação fundamentalmente diante de consoante palatal, nos demais contextos sua ocorrência foi pouco produtiva. Do mesmo modo, o ditongo [eU ] teve baixo índice de ocorrência de monotongação, sendo mantido em quase todos os contextos. Os demais ditongos, [EI ], [EU ], [uI ] e [iU ], tiveram raras ocorrências, e foi impossível observar variações em suas realizações. / The purpose of this work is to investigate the realization of oral diphthongs in vernacular portuguese of Sao Tome and Principe (pvs). This variety of portuguese is in contact with other languages spoken in the country and differs from the linguistic system of the considered standard variety, the european portuguese (pe) (FIGUEIREDO, 2010; GONÇALVES, 2010; CHRISTOFOLETTI, 2011; SANTOS & CHRISTOFOLETTI, 2011). The hypothesis for the behavior of the phonetic-phonological system of pvs is the learning of portuguese as L2 (from recent past generations) (HAGEMEIJER, 2009; GONÇALVES, 2010), and the influence of contact with the creole languages spoken in the country, as the santome (FERRAZ, 1979), the principense (MAURER, 2009), angolar (MAURER, 1995) and kabuverdianu, since the communities are usually bilingual or living in multilingual environment. The intergenerational linguistic changes and the linguistic contact also justify the behavior in the realization of diphthongs that have variations in their realization in pvs. The corpus of this study consists of recordings of spontaneous speech of 18 informants, collected in the capital of stp through the assumptions of sociolinguistic theory and method (LABOV, 1991 [1972]). The reason to study the achievements of diphthongs, noted the uniqueness of its accomplishments, is to observe the behavior of a variant from portuguese in a multilingual environment; increase our knowledge of this variant; confront a system in diglossia; enable further studies on the pvs and compare it with other variants in the African countries witch have portuguese as official language. Regarding social variables, there is a link to the application of the process of monophthongization with the number of years of schooling, once that people with more time of school education tend to avoid monophthongization than people with less time of school education. Moreover, it was found the uniqueness of the phonetic-phonological system of pvs, because, unlike the pe (MATEUS & DANDRADE, 2000; MATEUS, 2002), considered prestigious in the country, pvs performs the monophthongization of diphthongs [eI ], as seeing in dinheiro [di\"ñeKU], primeiro [pri\"meKU] and feijoada [feZu\"ad5], it suggests an approach to behavior of Brazilian portuguese (pb) (cf. BISOL 1991, 1994; ARAÚJO 1999; LOPES 2002 e outros), however, monophthongization still occurs in contexts in both the variants whrer it is blocked as pb, as in the pe. So monophthongization occurs even when the following consonant is an voiceless alveolar occlusive [t], as in feitiço [fe\"tisU], leitão [le\"tãU ] e direito [di\"KetU], nons-documented fact in pb or pe. Regarding the diphthong [oU ] in pvs the monophthongization is categorical, as shown in studies on diphthongs variation in other varieties of portuguese. With respect to the diphthong [oI ] we observed that the variation in the application of monophthongization occurs only when it followed by the consonant [S], responsible for spreading the vocalic feature creating the glide [I ] through phonetic process. The diphthong [aI ] suffered variation in the monophthongization process, mainly before palatal consonant, in other contexts its occurrence was not very productive. Similarly, the diphthong [eU ] had a low rate of occurrence of monophthongization, and was kept in almost all contexts. The other diphthongs, [EI ], [EU ], [uI ] and [iU ], had rare occurrences, and it was impossible to observe variations in their realizations.

Les dimensions des satellites spatiaux tendent à croître fortement alors que le volume disponible dans la coiffe des lanceurs est limité. L'utilisation de structures déployables permet de résoudre cette contradiction. Afin de développer l'offre disponible, le département Recherche de Thales Alenia Space étudie les mètres rubans comme solution innovante de déploiement. La première structure envisagée est un télescope déployé par le déroulement de six mètres rubans assurant également le positionnement du miroir secondaire. D'autres structures déployables utilisant les propriétés des mètres rubans sont également en cours d'étude : mât, panneaux solaires, etc.Il convient alors de se doter d'outils de modélisation spécifiques pour modéliser les scénarios de déploiement et multiplier les configurations envisagées. Deux précédentes thèses ont conduit à l'élaboration de modèles énergétiques de poutre à section flexible, rendant compte du comportement plan des rubans ([Guinot2011]) puis de leur comportement tridimensionnel ([Picault2014]). Cette thèse présente différentes contributions autour de ces modèles de poutre à section flexible. Les hypothèses du modèle ont été améliorées. Le re-positionnement de la ligne de référence sur le barycentre des sections conduit à des résultats plus proches des scénarios physiques (apparition et disparition des plis sur le ruban). A ce jour, les hypothèses et les équations du modèle sont définitivement formalisées. Nous avons établi les équations locales 1D (équilibre, comportement) dans le cas des comportements tridimensionnels avec le souci de la plus grande généralité. Établir ensuite les équations dans des cas dérivés simplifiés (restriction aux comportements 2D, section faiblement courbée) nous a permis d'obtenir un certain nombre de solutions analytiques et les équations à implémenter dans l'outil métier.Nous avons développé sur le logiciel de continuation ManLab les premiers éléments d'un outil métier performant dédié à la modélisation des mètres rubans. Nous avons ainsi pu réaliser deux contributions principales :- Un outil généraliste, performant en temps de calcul, permettant d'étudier les systèmes différentiels 1D (BVP, Boundary Value Problems). Les équations locales des modèles de poutre à section flexible ont été implémentées dans cet outil, avec une discrétisation par interpolation polynomiale et collocation orthogonale.- Un élément fini spécifique pour les poutres à section flexible et son implémentation dans ManLab.Ces éléments ont permis de réaliser différentes simulations numériques conduisant à une meilleure compréhension du comportement des mètres rubans grâce aux diagrammes de bifurcation associés à plusieurs essais significatifs. / Dimensions of spatial satellites tend to grow bigger and bigger, whereas the volume in launchers remains very limited. Deployable structures must be used to meet this contradiction. To expand the offer of possible solutions, the Research Department of Thales Alenia Space is currently studying tape springs as an innovative deployment solution. The first structure to be considered is a telescope that is deployed by the uncoiling of six tape springs that also ensure the positioning of the secondary mirror. Other deployable structures that use the properties of tape springs are under investigation : mast, solar panels,...Specific modeling tools then appear compulsory to model deployment scenarios and multiply the tested configurations. Two previous PhD thesis lead to the development of energetic rod models with flexible cross-sections that account for planar ([Guinot2011])and three dimensional behavior of tape springs ([Picault2014]). This PhD thesis presents several contributions on these rod models with flexible cross-sections. The hypotheses of the model were improved. Re-positioning the reference rod line so that it passes through the sections' centroids leads to results that are closer to experimental scenarios (creation and disappearance of folds in the spring). The hypotheses and equations of the model are now definitively formalized.We have derived the 1D local equations in the three-dimensional behavior case in the most generalist way. Then, the derivation of the equations in simplified cases (restriction to 2D behavior, shallow cross-section) enabled us to obtain several analytic solutions and the equations to implement in the specific modeling tool.We have developed on the continuation software ManLab the first elements towards a home made, efficient modeling tool dedicated to the modeling of tape springs. Two main contributions can be listed :- A generalist tool, efficient in calculus times, to study 1D differential problems (BVP, Boundary Value Problems). The local equations of the rod models with flexible cross sections were implemented in this tool, with a discretization based on polynomial interpolation and orthogonal collocation.- A specific finite element for rods with flexible cross sections and its implementation in ManLab.These elements enabled us to perform several numerical simulations and have a better understanding of the behavior of tape springs thanks to full bifurcation diagrams obtained for significant tests.