This thesis presents an ethnographic study of the experiences of men living with and dying from serious illness in prison, with a particular focus on the kinds of care they receive and the ways in which they experience that care. The dissertation draws on extensive ethnographic fieldwork conducted over two years in U.S. state prisons in Maine, presented in three standalone papers. The first paper outlines how the prison and its health care system shape the illness experiences of older and ageing prisoners and asks, what does it mean when the lives of prisoners collide with contracted for-profit medical care and how might their lives be constituted as unworthy of care? The stakes lie in applied policy and practical solutions for custodial services. The second paper explores the experience of caring and being cared for in the context of a prison hospice program, in which incarcerated men provide care to peers who are ill or dying. Through tracing one man’s end of life journey, this chapter considers how hospice caring makes and remakes death and life in prison, and the ways in which this “nefarious” form of escape from disciplinary power translates in the repressive penal regime. The final paper has its roots in sensory ethnography and the emerging field of sensory penality. This is a reflexive piece in which I probe my sensorial subjectivity and particularly touch as a medium of inquiry to explore the sensations of life, death, and dis/connection experienced in a prison infirmary. The observed feel of life and death illuminates new ways of understanding care in custody as a space of simultaneous brutality, beauty, indignity and intimacy. Taken together, the papers shed light on constellations of care in prison, the contingency of relations and personhood, and points of friction between care and custody. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / At a time when the prison population is rapidly ageing and more people than ever are dying in custody, this thesis explores what it is like to experience serious or terminal illness in prison, the kinds of care prisoners receive and how they experience that care. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in U.S. state prisons, three themes are examined: 1) how the prison and its privatized health care system shape the illness experiences of older prisoners; 2) how prisoners mediate the experience of dying in prison through a peer- based prison hospice program; and 3) how the senses and especially touch elicit new ways of knowing and understanding end of life in prison. Taken together, the three papers shed light on forms of care in prison, the mutability of relations and life, and points of friction between care and custody.

Texte remanié de: Mémoire de master--Droit comparé--Nantes--Université de droit et sciences politiques, 2005. / Bibliogr. p. 109-119. Webliogr. 120-121.

L'objet du présent travail et sa fonction sont d'élaborer et de partager une pratique de la mobilité de l'expression, de la liberté de fiction. / The purpose of this work and its function are to develop and share a practice of the mobility of expression, of freedom of fiction.

The aim of this thesis is to examine and analyse the images of graffiti contained within the portfolio of ‘Pudu Jail’s Graffiti (PJG)’, documented work from the abandoned prison facility in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, between 2002 and 2003. The objective has been to discover whether the ‘Pudu Jail’s Graffiti’, has a distinct visual narrative(s) compared with other prison graffiti research, concluding that its qualities lies in the complexity of visual cultures brought within the space of the prison cells. The prison graffiti retrieved from this portfolio has been analysed through a process of qualitative review; in order to find its thematic alignments based on comparative categorical contexts. This research will assess the concepts of the proposed themes of the PJG (there are ten themes such as Names, Time, Food, Religious gates, God(s), etc.) noting that the graffiti’s visual and textual narrative context was based on the local, vernacular culture, and social influences, which remained as part of the inmates’ or the cells’ previous occupants memories and the cultural embodiment that they had reflected onto the cell walls. It will look into the PJG’s significance and function, which contained a mixture of memories, events, places, professions of love, religious commitments and various tell-tale signs of messages that seemed to have been made exclusively for the inmates themselves. These personalised marks would throw light on the relationship between the inmates and the prison cells’ embodiment of their narratives. Thus, this research represents a continued effort to obtain an updated description of prison graffiti by finding an alternative approach within prison graffiti research. Combining both elements of the research, namely the meaning of the images and the acknowledgment of the space in which they reside, may lend greater argument to prison graffiti research and reveal the deeper connections that graffiti may have towards its cultural surroundings.

La pratique médicale en milieu carcéral doit faire face à une contradiction qui va droit au cœur de la réflexion éthique: tandis que la médecine vise à soulager la souffrance, la prison l’impose. Pour dépasser cette contradiction on peut envisager deux solutions. La première réside dans une sorte de compromis: le professionnel de santé, face aux règles contraignantes de la prison, doit faire exception à ces règles chaque fois que l’exercice en milieu carcéral met en danger le statut éthique de son engagement professionnel. C’est donc la médecine qui doit s’adapter à la prison. La seconde solution, à travers une analyse critique du sens de la peine et de la réalité carcérale, se fonde sur la constatation que la prison est une institution qui, comme toute institution dans un Etat de droit, est soumise à un processus de transformation en institution juste. Les professionnels de santé, en vertu de la capacité de la médecine de se donner une perspective éthique, peuvent contribuer à cette transformation. Dans cette optique c’est la prison qui doit alors s’adapter à la médecine. Le parcours démonstratif pour valider cette seconde solution, qui est au centre de notre thèse, s’est révélé long et compliqué. Paul Ricœur, avec sa «petite» éthique, nous a fourni la plateforme de départ. En approfondissant ses concepts d’éthique, (la perspective de la vie bonne), de morale, (le royaume des normes), d’institution (la structure du « vivre – ensemble » d’une communauté historique, donc l’ensemble des conditions et des dispositifs de coopération et de solidarité qui fondent une communauté et en assurent la continuité temporelle), on a pu bien comprendre pourquoi médecine et droit jouissent de l’appellation d’institution. La notion d’ « activité contre » assimile la médecine au droit, tous deux étant engagés contre le mal: ce qui ne devrait pas être. A partir de l’idée de respect de la personne, leurs similitudes se sont révélées si nombreuses qu’on peut parler de consubstantialité. Une fois démontrée une cohérence épistémologique entre la médecine et le droit, qui reconnaît dans l’amour pour le prochain son expression la plus noble, restait à savoir comment concilier la peine, et son poids de souffrance, avec la vraie nature du droit. Une donnée s’est révélée très explicative: au fil du temps la médecine a fourni le modèle à toutes les théories de la peine. En effet, les concepts de prévention, de thérapie, de restauration s’y trouvent intimement mêlés. La prison étant, tour à tour, l’expression de ces concepts, la médecine peut légitimement donner à la prison une perspective éthique fondée sur le respect de la personne. En plaçant le respect de la personne, même coupable, au centre de l’institution carcérale, le droit aussi est à même de prendre place au sein de la prison. Quant au rôle des professionnels de santé, il ne s’agit pas de médicaliser la prison mais de l’humaniser. Tels sont les enjeux éthiques de la médecine en milieu carcéral / Medical practice in prison has to cope with a fundamental contradiction related to ethics: whereas medicine is established to relieve suffering, prison imposes it. To overcome this contradiction, there are two possible solutions. The first entails a compromise: the health professional must respect prison policies even when these are in contrast with medical ethics, however making exceptions whenever possible. Therefore, the principle is: medicine must conform to the prison duties. The second solution, based on the critical analysis of the theories of punishment and imprisonment, is related to the consideration that prison is an institution. As with every institution in a community based on the rule of law, prison is also interested by a transformation process to a “just institution”. Therefore the principle is: prison has to conform to the medical discipline. The demonstration of this second solution has proven to be longer and more complex than the first one. The starting point has been represented by the ethics of Paul Ricœur, called by himself “petite éthique” (small ethics). Through the study of the concepts of ethics (the perspective of a good life), of morals (the kingdom of rules), of institutions (the conditions of co-existence within an historical community, in other words, any structure or mechanism of cooperation and solidarity that governs and allows a given community to endure), we have arrived to the conclusion that medicine and the legal system may be defined as “institutions”. Since the legal system and medicine are engaged against evil (that is, that which should not exist), the notion of “opposing action” applies well to both. Starting from the idea of respect of the person, there are so many similarities between medicine and legal system that we may well consider them as homogeneous. Once this epistemological coherence is proven, (this coherence is symbolized at the highest level by the love for one’s neighbour), we still have to understand how to reconcile the punishment, and its burden of suffering, with the legal system. An important discovery has turned out to be: medicine has provided the model to all theories of punishment. In fact, the concepts of prevention, of therapy, of restoration are variously represented in all theories of punishment. Because prison incorporates all these concepts, medicine has the potential to provide prison an ethical perspective, inspired by the respect of the person. Therefore, placing the respect of the person as a guide-line for incarceration, the legal system may regain its place in prison. Concerning the role of health professionals, they must only humanise the prison and not transform the prison into a medical domain. These are the ethical challenges facing the medical profession in prison

Att bli frihetsberövad är något många har åsikter om men som få har erfarenhet av. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur intagna påverkas av att vara frihetsberövade under en längre tid samt vilka konsekvenser det kan medföra. Fokus riktas mot hur tiden i anstalten har påverkat dem själva, deras relationer med anhöriga, hur de tänker kring sin kommande frigivning och framtidsplaner samt hur de upplever att samhället och media framställer människor som blivit dömda till fängelse. I studien har en kvalitativ metod använts med en narrativ utgångspunkt och semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. De intagnas berättelser analyseras med hjälp av utvalda teorier och tidigare forskning. Det framkom att de intagna hade olika strategier för att hantera sin nuvarande situation, men den gemensamma nämnaren var att de accepterade och anpassade sig för att ta sig igenom tiden i anstalten. Deras frihetsberövning har lett till blandade konsekvenser, exempelvis har relationen till anhöriga påverkats, dock anser flera av de intagna att de har blivit psykiskt starkare av sin tid i anstalten och kan se positivt på framtiden.

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The present study has the following purposes: to provide a general description of work release in this country, to provide specific descriptions of the work release programs at two federal institutions, and to relate the descriptions of these programs to societal reactions to crime and theories of criminal etiology and epidemiology.