­^¤åºK­n After the 11th National Conference of China in December 1978 and the reform of economic policy of China,the private enterprises have dramatically changed the economic scale and industrial structure of Mainland China.Until late 1998,the ptivate-run businesses have transformed its shape role from a subordinate to a major one.However,the private enterprises have also suffered a lot of difficulties,such as capital shortaqe. The development of private enterprises has become an important factor in changing the Chinese society.It has also critically affected the politics,economy,ideology,and the state enterprises in China.Therefore,there is a need to study the issues which include the progress and the development of Chinese economy systematically.Under this research we can find some potentials of private enterprises in Chinese economcy and present some proposals to solve them.From this research,we have a clear picture about the economic policy and means of China.Using these proposals,we also can help our goverment and Taiwan businessmen in China to develop more competitive strategy in dealing with cross-strait economic affairs.

The topic of this thesis is the development of private enterprise in China in context of political and economic changes. The first chapter is devoted to the private sector development during last decades and its characteristics. The second chapter focuses on the private sector and its impact on the economy of China. Topics such as GDP or employment are discussed in this part. The end of this chapter shows the growth of Chinese private enterprise in the context of Chinese private companies' growth and the world's billionaires rise in last years. The third chapter looks at the issue from the other perspective. By analyzing yearbooks from world organizations I will find out what problems or obstacles put China to private enterprise to deal with, and also the means how the government promotes private business. The last chapter is devoted to current trends in the private business in China and its future development.

The process of economic innovation in Vietnam since the late 1980s presented its human resources in the private sector with constant challenges in terms of continuous improvement for operating effectiveness and efficiency. The challenges have been met by substantial investment of resources in business and management training. Returns from this training, however, have not received due attention. The study sets out to examine the reality of acquiring and utilising business and management training in local private businesses in Ho Chi Minh City, the country’s economic centre. In doing so, the study is expected to provide a better understanding of the characteristics of business and management training in Vietnam, and how this human resources development activity assists private businesses in a transitional economy. Based on Kirkpatrick’s evaluation framework, findings of the study revealed not only different approaches to business and management training but also the limited effects of the training on the trainees and private companies. Knowledgemania, or training for the sake of pursuing knowledge, was still very prevalent among the group of ‘Oriental’ companies whilst a more practical approach towards training aimed at meeting explicit business objectives was adopted by companies exposed to Western management practices. The research revealed that among the factors facilitating or hindering learning transfer within the case study companies, the ability to manage the training process and cultural values were the most influential. The research study also introduced two refined frameworks for training evaluation, aimed at small family and larger private businesses respectively. These refined frameworks incorporate not only the spirit of simplicity and practicality of Kirkpatrick’s framework but also relevant contextual factors. These frameworks are, therefore, able to serve as evaluation tools to reveal both training outcomes and spot the opportunities to further improve management of training. The experience and process of developing the frameworks gained in this research may assist future researchers when undertaking training evaluation in other business contexts.

Agência Nacional do Petróleo / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / A atividade empresarial requer dos agentes econômicos soluções práticas para a transposição dos riscos inerentes ao exercício da empresa. A engenhosidade dos homens de negócio tem visualizado nos denominados contratos associativos um importante mecanismo para o sucesso do empreendimento. Na indústria do petróleo, especificamente no setor do upstream, as parcerias empresariais mostram-se como importante meio para compartilhamento dos riscos geológico, financeiro e político inerentes a esta atividade. Neste sentido o trabalho desenvolvido busca efetuar uma análise das associações empresariais, especialmente aquelas consagradas na prática como joint ventures, especificando suas peculiaridades, para posteriormente analisar a situação destas dentro do novo marco regulatório que se firma para exploração de petróleo, gás natural e outros hidrocarbonetos na região denominada de pré-sal e outras áreas estratégicas. Nesse sentido, foram analisadas as mudanças instituídas pela Lei n. 12.351/2010, a qual instituiu o modelo de partilha de produção, no qual se observou uma mudança do Estado que deixa de ser mero regulador para atuar mais diretamente, de modo a influenciar a atuação empresarial, limitando a autonomia privada no referido setor. / The business activity requires practical solutions for overleaping the risks inherent to the performance of the activity. The creativity of businessmen finds in the so-called associative contracts an important mechanism for a successful venture. In the oil industry, specifically in the upstream sector, joint ventures show up as an important means for sharing of geological risks, financial and political involved in this activity. In this regard, the dissertation then developed primarily seeks to analyze the concept and the legal nature of joint ventures, specifying its peculiarities, to further analyze their situation within the new regulatory framework that is firm to explore oil, natural gas and other hydrocarbons in the region called pre-salt and other strategic areas. Accordingly, we analyzed the changes instituted by the Law n. 12.351/2010, which established the model production sharing, in which we observed a change in the State ceases to be mere regulator to act more directly, to influence the business performance, limiting individual autonomy in that sector.

Agência Nacional do Petróleo / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / A atividade empresarial requer dos agentes econômicos soluções práticas para a transposição dos riscos inerentes ao exercício da empresa. A engenhosidade dos homens de negócio tem visualizado nos denominados contratos associativos um importante mecanismo para o sucesso do empreendimento. Na indústria do petróleo, especificamente no setor do upstream, as parcerias empresariais mostram-se como importante meio para compartilhamento dos riscos geológico, financeiro e político inerentes a esta atividade. Neste sentido o trabalho desenvolvido busca efetuar uma análise das associações empresariais, especialmente aquelas consagradas na prática como joint ventures, especificando suas peculiaridades, para posteriormente analisar a situação destas dentro do novo marco regulatório que se firma para exploração de petróleo, gás natural e outros hidrocarbonetos na região denominada de pré-sal e outras áreas estratégicas. Nesse sentido, foram analisadas as mudanças instituídas pela Lei n. 12.351/2010, a qual instituiu o modelo de partilha de produção, no qual se observou uma mudança do Estado que deixa de ser mero regulador para atuar mais diretamente, de modo a influenciar a atuação empresarial, limitando a autonomia privada no referido setor. / The business activity requires practical solutions for overleaping the risks inherent to the performance of the activity. The creativity of businessmen finds in the so-called associative contracts an important mechanism for a successful venture. In the oil industry, specifically in the upstream sector, joint ventures show up as an important means for sharing of geological risks, financial and political involved in this activity. In this regard, the dissertation then developed primarily seeks to analyze the concept and the legal nature of joint ventures, specifying its peculiarities, to further analyze their situation within the new regulatory framework that is firm to explore oil, natural gas and other hydrocarbons in the region called pre-salt and other strategic areas. Accordingly, we analyzed the changes instituted by the Law n. 12.351/2010, which established the model production sharing, in which we observed a change in the State ceases to be mere regulator to act more directly, to influence the business performance, limiting individual autonomy in that sector.

本文以遠東國際商業銀行為個案研究銀行，探討個案銀行經營績效(以CAMEL架構為衡量指標)之良窳與法人金融授信業務之狀況。經過蒐集與分析大量的財務數據後，發現個案銀行在平均每位員工獲利能力、資產報酬率(ROA)、股東權益報酬率(ROE)與流動準備率上表現優異。然而，投資收益與存放款利率差的表現相對落後，並且觀察到定期存款比率過高，可能是導致存放款利率差縮小的原因。在法人金融授信業務上，發現遠東商銀的法人金融授信金額佔總體授信金額的比重偏低，將會提高過度仰賴個人金融授信業務所面臨的違約風險。除此之外，相較於主要競爭銀行，遠東商銀法人金融授信業務的資產品質亦有改善的空間。最後，依據遠東商銀所面臨的問題，本文針對整體經營績效提出兩項建議：(1) 多元化金融商品與財富管理服務；(2) 深化客戶線上金融服務使用率。另針對法人金融授信業務提出三項建議：(1) 深耕既有法人客戶；(2) 擴大海外聯貸市場參貸與擴增銀行資產；(3) 開發中小企業授信業務。

The manufacturing industry has experienced a change in the business environment during the last decade and has started to explore the possibilities of integrating products and services into new bundled offerings. A great deal has been published about this new phenomenon and it is often referred to as integrated solutions. When implementing an integrated solution it requires changes in the organizational structure, resulting in a need to develop further capabilities. Capabilities are explained as complex bundles of skills and accumulated knowledge possessed by organizations that enables them to coordinate their activities and make use of their assets. Previous literature has focused on the capabilities needed for suppliers that develop integrated solutions, leaving uncertainties regarding the needed capabilities for the customer. This research intends to investigate the capabilities needed from both the supplier’s and customer’s perspective and how they affect the development of integrated solutions. To investigate this, a thorough literature review was conducted to create a foundation of knowledge regarding the research area and resulted in a theoretical framework. The research follows a qualitative case study approach where empirical data was collected primarily through interviews but also by analyzing documents that resulted in needed capabilities for both actors. Furthermore, economic models were developed to provide a holistic view of the integrated solution and enable comparison with the current trading situation. The research resulted in five dimensions including capabilities needed for the supplier and four dimensions including capabilities needed for the customer when developing the integrated solution. The dimensions are: Control capability, Economic capability, Organizational capability, Production capability, and Relational capability. In this specific case study, the production capability dimension was considered unique for the supplier and did not iterate from the perspective of the customer. Apart from this, the dimensions were considered important for both actors. The findings indicate that the capabilities possessed by both the supplier and the customer affect the integrated solution and that it is important to investigate the needed capabilities form the perspective of both actors before developing the integrated solution. However, there were differences since some capabilities were required by only one actor and some were considered more or less essential depending on the actor. Furthermore, the findings imply that the uniqueness of the business relationship and the industry may affect the needed capabilities. / Under det senaste årtiondet har det skett en förändring i tillverkningsindustrin då flera företag har börjat undersöka möjligheterna att integrera produkter och tjänster till kombinerade erbjudanden. Denna förändring har förekommit frekvent i litteraturen och benämns ofta som integrerade lösningar. När man implementerar en integrerad lösning krävs förändringar i den organisatoriska strukturen vilket har resulterat i ett behov av att utveckla ytterligare förmågor. Förmågor definieras som komplexa kombinationer av kompetenser och den kunskap som finns hos organisationen som möjliggör att kunna koordinera sina möjligheter och utnyttja sina tillgångar optimalt. Tidigare litteratur har fokuserat på de förmågor som leverantörer behöver för att utveckla integrerade lösningar vilket skapar en osäkerhet gällande de förmågor som krävs av kunden. Studien avser att undersöka de förmågor som krävs både ur ett leverantörs- och kundperspektiv när man utvecklar integrerade lösningar. En noggrann litteraturundersökning gjordes för att skapa en grund av kunskap gällande forskningsområdet och resulterade i ett teoretiskt ramverk. En kvalitativ fallstudie utfördes där empirisk data samlades in genom huvudsakligen intervjuer men också genom att analysera dokument. Således resulterade fallstudien i de förmågor som krävdes av båda aktörerna för att utveckla den integrerade lösningen. För att skapa en helhetssyn över den integrerade lösningen utvecklades en ekonomisk modell vilket möjliggjorde för en jämförelse av den nuvarande handelssituationen. Undersökningen resulterade i fem dimensioner innehållande förmågor för leverantören respektive fyra dimensioner innehållande förmågor för kunden vid utveckling av den integrerade lösningen. Följande dimensioner identifierades: kontrollförmåga, ekonomisk förmåga, organisatorisk förmåga, produktionsförmåga och relationsförmåga. I denna specifika fallstudie ansågs produktionsförmågorna endast beröra leverantören och därav itererade dem inte ur ett kundperspektiv. Utöver denna förmåga ansågs alla dimensioner viktiga för båda aktörerna. Resultatet indikerar att det är viktigt att undersöka vilka förmågor som behövs både för leverantören och kunden vid utvecklingen av en integrerad lösning. Trots att många av de förmågor som identifierades i studien ansågs viktiga för båda aktörerna fanns det olikheter då vissa förmågor endast behövdes för en av aktörerna och vissa ansågs mer eller mindre viktiga beroende på aktör. Resultatet indikerar även att den unika affärsrelationen och den specifika industrin kan ha en påverkan på vilka förmågor som anses viktiga för aktörerna.

本研究採用個案研究方法，以德隆及復星兩大中國民營上市集團企業為對象，從最終控制者的觀點，針對股權結構及董事會組成分析中國民營集團企業之控股型態，以及公司治理指標衡量之議題進行探討。具體而言，本研究首先分析中國民營企業股權結構特性，發展大陸上市公司股份控制權、盈餘分配權及席次控制權的衡量方法，並比較兩個案集團在控股型態及公司治理模式上的異同。 研究結果顯示，德隆及復星企業集團（系）股權仍屬集中，集團旗下上市公司均有持股超過三成的單一大股東，且均透過金字塔之股權結構控制其集團企業，但交叉持股情形不明顯。其中，德隆系大都透過未上市公司取得集團內上市公司持股控制，復星系則大都透過集團內上市公司轉投資未上市公司，並經由各未上市公司再持股其他上市公司(屬間接互相持股性質)，取得股權控制。以傳統偏離指標（盈餘分配權與股份控制權之偏離）上，兩集團偏離程度相近；但以盈餘分配權與席次控制權或以席次控制權與股份控制權之偏離比率來衡量偏離程度時，德隆系偏離程度明顯高於復星系。此外，兩大集團均設有獨立董事，及由職工代表出任監事會；但分析結果亦顯示，法令雖規定應由職工代表監事席次，但集團內仍有部分上市公司未依法設置。 / Based on an ultimate controller(s) perspective and using a case study approach to two private business groups—DeLong and Fuson—in China, this research analyzes the ownership structure, board structure, and measurement of governance indicators of theses groups. In specific, this research first discuss the attributes of ownership structure of the individual business group, followed by the computation of voting rights, cash-flow rights, the degree of control through board seats (board-seat control), and the related deviation between theses control power owned by the ultimate controller. In addition, in-depth comparisons of governance features between these two groups are also performed. The analysis indicates that the concentration of ownership is relatively high for both DeLong and Fuson groups. There exits one single largest shareholder with more than 30% of shareholdings, and the formation of pyramidal ownership structure is also common for both groups. However, cross-holding is not obvious for either group. In DeLong, the ultimate owners exercise their voting control through their unlisted companies. In contrast, the ultimate owners of Fuson exercise their voting rights through unlisted companies that invested by the listed companies. The deviation between cash-flow rights and voting rights of these two business groups are similarm while the deviation between cash-flow rights and board-seat control and the deviation between voting rights and board-seat control is significantly higher for DeLong groups. Furthermore, the corporate boards of DeLong and Fuson groups are composed of both independent board directors and workers' representatives on the supervisory board. Although it is mandatory to have a minimum numbers of workers' representatives on the supervisory board, it is not uncommon to find the lack of full compliance to this requirement.