As technology advances businesses are being called upon to take an active role in helping protect national security. A variety of different companies and industries within the private sector, which are at the forefront of encryption and hacking technologies, have the option to aid or subvert the intelligence community by sharing breakthrough technology in the interest of helping ensure domestic tranquility. Many industries and companies within the private sector argue that while they are not actively trying to subvert efforts to protect national security it is not in their best interest, or the best interest of their customers, to hand over proprietary technology to the intelligence community through government enforcement of a court order. As a result of the intelligence community's need for assistance from the private sector and the private sectors refusal to provide aid, both parties have turned to the courts for adjudication of the issue. The ensuing legal battle over this question of who is responsible for protecting national security will forever change the relationship between the private sector and intelligence. Has the nature of national security been fundamentally changed as the result of technology and our information society? More specifically, is the intelligence community and other governmental agencies solely responsible for protecting national security? Or, in an age of globalization, has national security become the burden of both public and private actors? The answers to these questions are complex and at the same time straightforward. What was discovered was that while the burden of national security falls to both the public and private sector to an extent. However, it is not the responsibility of the private sector to help protect national security by virtue of providing the intelligence community with proprietary technology or information that could compromise the integrity of a given companies business. Furthermore, the fight to protect national security is important, living in a country that provides certain safety assurances helps businesses grow; but when providing that safety prevents people from living their lives or businesses from operating at their full potential the enemy that the intelligence community is trying to protect us from has already won. In developing the answers to these questions, this paper takes a broad view of the players involved as well as both sides of the legal battle that has already begun. will end with a discussion of the options and opportunities that will be available to both parties as the battle over who should be responsible for helping protect our national security moves forward in the courts.

There is a large amount of literature about corruption and its impacts on conflict and democratization. In the latest decades, scholars have also tried to explain why political corruption trickles down to the public sector. However, less is known about under what circumstances that political corruption trickles down to the private sector. This is the puzzle for this thesis. A second contribution is to look at ethnically heterogenous countries in particular, as possible links between ethnicity and corruption have rarely been covered by previous research. The research question that guides this thesis is: Why do some politically corrupt, ethnically heterogenous, countries experience higher levels of private sector corruption than others? The possible relationship between ethic politization and private sector corruption will be investigated. Based on theories of norms and group behaviour, the paper formulates the hypothesis: higher levels of ethnic politization increases the risk for/level of private sector corruption. Through a Sructured Focused Comparison, the paper will compare two cases: Kenya and Tanzania. The study finds support for a relationship between ethnic politization and higher levels of private sector corruption. However. parts of the suggested causal mechanism will need further revising by future research.

Mellanchefsrollen är en viktig roll ju mer en organisation växer, vilket i sin tur bidrar till att fler chefer behövs, och däribland mellanchefer. Mellanchefen befinner sig mittemellan överordnade och underordnade och det gör att mellanchefen kan uppleva sig klämd mellan olika krav. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka mellanchefsrollen inom privata sektorn och hur den befinner sig mittemellan överordnade och underordnade. Studien fokuserar på den privata sektorn eftersom större delen av den tidigare forskningen har studerat den offentliga sektorn och det uppmärksammas att det finnas skillnader mellan den offentliga och privata sektorn. En fenomenologisk ansats i kombination med kvalitativ innehållsanalys används och grundar sig i semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio mellanchefer från olika branscher. Mellanchefsrollen undersöks genom att använda Agentteorin, Rollteorin samt Gjerde och Alvessons tre rollidentiteter för att förstå potentiella motstridiga krav mellanchefen upplever, rollkonflikter samt hur mellanchefen förhåller sig till överordnade och underordnade. Studien visar att flera informanter har erfarenhet av motstridiga krav men att de beskriver och hanterar dem på olika sätt beroende på arbetslivserfarenhet och relationer till de överordnade och underordnade. Vidare visar studien att rollkonflikter kan uppstå i mellanchefsrollen när förväntningar från en själv, överordnade och underordnade krockar. Studien visar även att mellanchefen förhåller sig på olika sätt till överordnade och underordnade genom att inta olika roller, och därmed hantera de motstridiga krav som uppstår. / The middle manager is an important role in growing organizations. As a result, more managers are needed in the organization, including the middle manager. The middle manager exists between top managers above and subordinates below, which might make them feel like they are wedged between different demands. The purpose of the study is to examine the role of the middle manager in the private sector and how it exists between top managers above and subordinates below. The study focuses on the private sector since most of the previous research has studied the public sector and it is noted that there are differences between the sectors. Furthermore, the study uses a phenomenological approach in combination with qualitative content analysis. Nine middle managers are interviewed. The theoretical perspectives used to examine the middle manager role are the Agency-Principal theory, Role theory and, Gjerde and Alvesson's three role identities. The theories are used to understand potential conflicting demands, conflicts in the role, and how the middle manager relates to top managers above and subordinates below. The result indicates that several informants experience conflicting demands and handle them in different ways, depending on the length of their work experience and relationships to top managers above and subordinates below. Furthermore, the study indicates that conflicts in the role can arise when the middle manager experiences conflicting expectations from themselves, from managers above and subordinates below. The study indicates that middle managers can relate differently to managers above and subordinates below by taking on different roles, thereby managing the conflicting demands.

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Datum:  2023-05-30 Nivå:   Kandidatuppsats i Företagsekonomi, 15 hp  Institution:  Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, Mälardalens Universitet  Författare:                   Grankvist, Philip Hammer, Viktor  Pizzoni Elfving, Benjamin                     (99/07/30)        (01/03/14)             (01/12/20)                                                                                   Titel:   Rekrytering i privat och offentlig sektor -En kvalitativ studie som jämför     rekryteringsprocesser mellan den privata och offentliga sektorn i Västerås kommun  Handledare:  Konstantin Lampou                                                     Nyckelord:  Rekrytering, Rekryteringsprocess, Offentlig sektor, Privat sektor   Frågeställningar: Vilka likheter och skillnader finns det i rekryteringsprocessen mellan offentlig    och privat sektor, hur överensstämmer dessa med teoretiska modeller för    rekrytering? Vad kan den offentliga och privata sektorn lära sig av varandra i respektive    rekryteringsprocess? Syfte:    Syftet med undersökningen är att få en djupare insyn i olika organisationers    rekryteringsprocesser i den offentliga och privata sektorn. För att sedan se    vilka skillnader och likheter som existerar mellan sektorerna samt vad de    kan lära sig av varandra.   Metod:   Studien har en kvalitativ metod med en abduktiv ansats. Studien grundar sig i  semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som har erfarenhet av rekrytering. Analysen har tolkats genom en tematisk syn.      Slutsats:   Undersökningen har givit forskningen en mer djupgående insyn i vilka skillnader och likheter som finns mellan de olika sektorernas  rekryteringsprocesser. Undersökningen har förklarat mer om offentlighetsprincipen och hur det påverkar sökande kandidater i den  offentliga sektorn. Även hur offentlighetsprincipen används till att utveckla  rekryteringsprocesser till mer effektiva och passande för sektorerna. Användandet av en kvalitativ metod gav undersökningen en mer djupgående  bild av rekryteringsprocesserna vilket i sin tur gav möjligheter att förklara skillnader i mer än bara siffror. Både för och nackdelar uppstår med  sektorernas förutsättningar för rekrytering, vilket indikerar stora möjligheter för vardera sektor att ta lärdom av varandra och utveckla sina rekryteringsprocesser ytterligare. / Date:   2023-05-30 Level:   Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr  Institution:  School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University  Authors:           Grankvist, Philip Hammer, Viktor  Pizzoni Elfving, Benjamin                         (99/07/30)                  (01/03/14)             (01/12/20)                                                                                   Title:   Recruitment in private and public sector -A qualitative study comparing    recruitment processes between the private and public in Vasteras municipality Supervisor:  Konstantin Lampou                                                     Keywords:  Recruitment, Recruitment process, Public sector, Private Sector Research questions:  What are the similarities and differences in the recruitment process between the public and private sectors, how do these align with theoretical models of recruitment?      What can the the public and private sector learn from each other in their    respective recruitment process? Purpose:  The purpose of the study is to gain a deeper insight into to the recruitment    processes of various organizations in the public and private sector.     To then see what differences and similarities that exist between the sectors    and what they can learn from each other.     Method:  The study utilizes a method that is qualitative along with an abductive    approach. Semi-structured interviews with individuals having recruitment    experience served as the study’s foundation. A thematic approach has been    used to interpret the data.  Conclusion:  The study has provided research with a deeper awareness of the differences      and similarities between the various sectors recruitment processes. The survey has provided further information about the principle of publicity and how it relates to job applicants in the public sector. Additionally, how  recruitment processes are developed to be more effective and appropriate for the sectors using the principle of publicity. The survey’s use of a qualitative method provided deeper knowledge of the recruitment processes which in turn provided opportunity to explain the variations using factors other than just numbers. The conditions for recruiting in the different sectors both have advantages and disadvantages, which suggests immense chances for learning from one another and improving the recruitment process in each sector.

This thesis analyzes the relation between female representation in private sector decision-making positions and the two predicted variables: the gender wage gap and the average female private-sector wage. Using regional data for Sweden’s 290 municipalities during the year 2014- 2018, OLS and panel fixed effect regression analysis is performed. A gender wage gap exists in all of Sweden’s municipalities. It is found that an increase in the representation of female decision-makers in the private sector significantly adds to the narrowing of the gender wage gap. The relation between female representation in private sector decision-making and average female wages is not found significant. Municipalities can use these findings as motivations for the importance of promoting female managers and when working to reduce the stigma and social norms surrounding females in decision-making positions.

This research explores the nature and extent of training and development (TD) provision, as well as top managers' and TD personnel's attitudes towards the TD function within the medium and large-size private manufacturing organisations of Saudi Arabia. Extensive details of the TD situation are provided and assessed for their adequacy, covering among other elements a descriptive analysis of the main characteristics of the organisations concerned, an evaluation of their TD plans and policies, and a review of their budget allocation and funding. The research then proceeds to describe and discuss the extent to which such organisations are applying a systems approach to TD, both in terms of its design and implementation. Thereafter, the main factors impeding the effectiveness of TD programmes are examined, followed by a consideration of the future challenges that are likely to increase the importance of TD for the organisations in question. The research has adopted a mainly descriptive approach and uses both quantitative and qualitative analytical methods. The required data were gathered through a combination of semi-structural interviews with a number of top managers, and survey questionnaires addressed to the persons responsible for TD within the targeted organisations. The sampling strategy was disproportional stratified random sampling. In total 16 senior executives, 132 medium-size organisations and 94 large-size organisations took part in the study. The findings reveal that although attitudes towards the value of TD are generally favourable, in practice in the majority of cases TD is under-resourced, unplanned and patchy, hardly the ideal features of a systematic model of TD that will enable private manufacturing business to successfully meet the challenges of the future ahead. The research ends with a number of specific and practical recommendations intended to improve the effectiveness of TD in the private manufacturing sector of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as well as a number of suggestions for further research. / Government of Saudi Arabia

Background: Due to a lack of prospective research in South Africa's Speech-Language Therapy (SLT) private healthcare sector, this prospective cohort study investigated associations between speech, language, and swallowing conditions (i.e. dysarthria, apraxia of speech, aphasia, dysphagia), risk factors, and outcomes post-stroke (i.e. length of hospital stay, degree of physical disability according to the Modified Rankin Scale [mRS], functional level of oral intake according to the Functional Oral Intake Scale [FOIS], dehydration, weight loss, aspiration pneumonia, mortality). Methods: Adults with a new incident of stroke without pre-existing speech, language or swallowing difficulties (N=68) were recruited. Convenience sampling was used to select participants. A prospective design was used to determine the incidence of speech, language, and swallowing conditions poststroke and association with outcomes from admission to discharge. Results: Co-occurring speech, language, and swallowing conditions frequently occurred post-stroke (88%). Participants who were referred to SLT greater than 24 hours post-admission (52.94%) stayed in hospital for a median of three days longer than those who were referred within 24 hours (p=.042). Dysphagia was significantly associated with moderate to severe physical disability. Dysphagia with aspiration was significantly associated with poor functional level of oral intake (i.e. altered consistency diets and enteral nutrition), at admission and at discharge (p<. 01). Dysphagia had a higher likelihood of mortality (OR=2.86) (p=.319). At discharge, aspiration pneumonia was significantly associated with severe physical disability (p< .01, r=0.70). Risk factors; poor oral hygiene (p=1.00), low level of consciousness (p=1.00), dependent for oral intake (p=.040), and enteral nutrition (p=.257); were not associated with aspiration pneumonia. Conclusion: In South Africa's private sector, cooccurring speech, language, and swallowing conditions commonly occurred post-stroke, and dysphagia was strongly associated with physical disability and poor functional level of oral intake. Length of hospital stay was increased by delayed SLT referrals.

Since the end of the Cold War, the Department of Defense (DoD) has been challenged to formulate and make strategic decisions, especially in areas related to the Department's "business operations." Strategic decisions are those that focus on setting long-term organizational direction. This has proven difficult because a rather simplistic (and somewhat comforting) DoD organizational orientation toward an "either/or" or "us versus them" decision-making mindset that was once ubiquitous and appropriate, given the nature of political and military threats, has been hard to shake. This study reviews a particular manifestation of this dilemma: the decision-making arrangements associated with the provision of military depot maintenance services. An historical review of this topic shows a mixture of problems, progress, and promise. A strategic decision-making approach that draws upon Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith's Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) is proposed to improve the situation. It addresses key problems identified in the analysis and rests upon an approach to strategic decision making that is politically rational in nature. This approach, called a Strategic Improvement Agenda, is offered as a potential foil to the "us versus them" orientation. / Ph. D.

Rural communities require means for obtaining access to affordable broadband infrastructure and services to meet their economic development, education, and quality of life objectives. Due to the comparatively low potential for return on investment in serving isolated rural communities, the private sector telecommunications providers have proved unwilling or unable to provide beyond the very basic services for rural communities. Private sector providers must maximize their return on investment as it is their responsibility to shareholders. Return on investment is maximized in urban areas as opposed to rural areas because the high capital cost per connection is higher in rural areas; the operating cost per connection is higher; and the revenues per connection tend to be lower. This thesis explores the feasibility of municipal and private sector provider strategic alliances as an approach to provisioning rural areas with improved telecommunications infrastructure and services. As a means of determining whether the possibility exists of a "meeting of the minds" between municipalities and private sector telecommunications providers, a series of interviews was conducted. Common themes from the interviews were analyzed for areas of mutual interest and of polarized perspectives. In pursuing an alliance model, communities may need to consider less than the optimal technological solution in exchange for the opportunity to exemplify the ability to collaborate with a willing private sector partner. The results suggest that, while the prospects for strategic alliances as an emerging business model appear dim, opportunities do exist for rural communities and small private sector companies to find mutual interest on an exceptional basis in developing strategies for access to telecommunications infrastructure and services. / Master of Science