<p>Public-private partnerships to provide services are a relatively new policy initiative in Mexico, and have shown contrasting results. This research has endeavored to analyze the possible determinants behind the failure, or the success, of the choice of a specific mode of service provision. By using contracting literature based on transaction costs, and looking specifically at the case of AGSAL, a joint venture established between Saltillo, a northern Mexican city, and INTERAGBAR, a private investor, for the provision of water, this study showed that characteristics of the transaction at stake. More specifically, it showed that specificity of the investments that support a given transaction, the unanticipated changes in circumstances surrounding an exchange, either from physical assets or its ownership rights, and the frequency and duration with which parties engage in the transaction.</p>

Bakgrund och problem: Definitionen av en controllers roll och arbetsuppgifter är mycket diffus till följd av dess relativitet samt ständigt genomgående utveckling. Än idag är det svårt att generalisera en controllers arbetsuppgifter då det rör sig om en flukturerande yrkesroll. Tidigare forskning som addresserar bakomliggande faktorer i en controllers roll, redogör till stor del för rollens förändring över tid. Vi finner en kunskapslucka i komparativ forskning av controllerns roll och arbetsuppgifter inom offentlig respektive privat sektor. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva och förstå hur controllerns roll och arbetsuppgifter ser ut inom offentlig och privat sektor, vilka relevanta likheter och skillnader som går att urskilja samt vilka de bakomliggande förklaringarna till dessa är. Detta för att bidra med en komparativ förståelse för controllers roll som komplement till redan befintlig forskning och som referens till vidare studier inom ämnet. Metod: Uppsatsen omfattas av en kvalitativ forskningsdesign med en komparativ undersökningsdesign. Den empiriska studien grundas huvudsakligen i semistrukturerade intervjuer med controllers inom offentlig respektive privat sektor. Slutsats: De stora likheterna gällande controllerns roll och arbetsuppgifter inom offentlig och privat verksamhet kretsar kring dess stödjande och framåtblickande karaktär, analysarbetet samt dess medverkan till att på olika sätt skapa mervärde i beslutsprocesserna. De stora skillnaderna gällande controllerns arbetsuppgifter inom offentlig och privat verksamhet berör framför allt utveckling, implementering och uppföljning av ekonomistyrningssystem samt användningen av finansiell och icke-finansiell information. Controllerrollerna analytiker och coach visas framträdande hos controllers inom den offentliga sektorn och controllerrollerna kamrer och pedagog visas framträdande hos controllers inom den privata sektorn. De bakomliggande förklaringarna kan finna grund i organisationens typ, det vill säga de karaktäristiska dragen för offentlig och privat verksamhet, men där finns även många fler bakomliggande faktorer och dimensioner att ha i åtanke. / Background: The definition of a controller's role and work assignements are very diffuse due to its relativity and continuous development. Even today, it is difficult to generalize a controller's work assignements as it is a fluctuating professional role. Previous research addressing underlying factors in a controller's role primarily accounts for the trasformation of the role over time. We find a gap of knowledge in comparative research of the controller's role and work assignements in the public and private sectors. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe and understand how the role and work assignements of a controller appear in the public and private sector, to identify relevant similarities and differences that can be distinguished and what the underlying explanations of these are. This, in order to contribute with a comparative understanding of the role of controllers as a complement to existing research and as a reference in further studies within the subject. Method: The paper is subject to a qualitative research design with a comparative survey design. The empirical material is mainly based on semistructured interviews with controllers within the public and private sector. Conclusions: The main similarities regarding the role and work assignements of a controller in the public and private sector revolve around its supportive and forward-looking character, the analysis work and its contribution to add value in the decision-making process. The main differences regarding the controller's work assignements in public and private sector concerns, in particular, the development, implementation and monitoring of management systems and the use of financial and non-financial information. The controller roles analytiker and coach appear prominent by public sector controllers and the controller roles kamrer and pedagog appear prominent by privat sector controllers. The underlying explanations can be found in the type of organization, that is, the characteristic features of public and private sector organizations, but there are also many more underlying factors and dimensions to keep in mind.

A participação privada em infra-estrutura não é um conceito novo. Os serviços públicos têm sido prestados por terceiros e as concessões têm sido delegadas a investidores privados por séculos. Nas últimas décadas, contudo, a participação privada tem mudado a forma segundo a qual a infra-estrutura e os serviços públicos são providos ao redor do mundo. A última tendência nessa área tem sido a associação entre o governo e o setor privado, denominada parceria públicoprivada (PPP), para a provisão de serviços usualmente prestados pelo setor público. Nesses novos tipos de arranjos, a sustentabilidade financeira do projeto pode requerer algum tipo de contribuição do governo, que precisa, por conseguinte, prestar contas para a sociedade sobre a eficiência no uso dos recursos públicos. Nesse contexto, modelos de análise da qualidade do investimento público para avaliar a conveniência e a oportunidade da contratação em regime de PPP têm sido propostos por diversos governos, que, desta forma, prestam contas para a sociedade sobre as suas ações. Os primeiros modelos de análise, baseados unicamente em comparações financeiras, foram severamente criticados devido à subjetividade na avaliação dos riscos, ao viés para a escolha da opção com financiamento privado e à suposta manipulação dos resultados. Como resultado, os governo têm, nos últimos anos, introduzido inovações nesses modelos a fim de eliminar as deficiências detectadas e incorporar os avanços mais recentes na política e regulação das PPPs. Este trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para a regulamentação do Art. 4° e do Art. 10° da Lei n° 11.079/2004, que condiciona a abertura da licitação à demonstração da conveniência e da oportunidade da contratação na forma de PPP. Além de estabelecer diretrizes para a análise financeira do projeto que reduzem os problemas detectados em outras abordagens, o modelo propõe uma combinação de análises socioeconômicas e testes do interesse público e privado que permitem avaliar o suporte público ao projeto e a capacidade de o setor privado conduzi-lo de forma eficiente. Entende-se que o modelo proposto promove a prestação de contas, a auditabilidade e a transparência nos projetos de PPP, condições fundamentais para a legitimidade dessa nova política no Brasil. O método de pesquisa adotado envolveu a revisão do estado da arte na implementação e análise de projetos de PPP, além da consulta a profissionais e gerentes envolvidos com o desenvolvimento de parcerias pioneiras no Reino Unido. / The private participation in infrastructure is not a new concept. Outsourcing and concession have been in place for centuries in many countries, where private companies played an important role in the development of the physical infrastructure. In the last decades, however, private participation has deeply changed the ways infrastructure and public services are delivered around the world. The most recent trend in this context is the partnership between the government and the private sector in areas of traditional public sector provision and control. Under this new approach, different types of government contributions may be required to render projects attractive to private investors. As a result, these schemes require a high level of public accountability, and the government must demonstrate that the PPP deal offers value for money for the use of public resources. Value for money assessment frameworks have been proposed in different countries to test whether the public-private partnership is the most efficient option for the government to carry out the project and deliver the associated services. Therefore, these frameworks are essential for the accountability and legitimacy of this new policy. The earliest value for money frameworks were severely criticized due to deficiencies such as subjectivity in risk analysis, bias for the selection of the private financing option and manipulation of the results to produce an expected answer. Recently, value for money frameworks have been reformed to address the deficiencies of the former approaches and to incorporate the ongoing evolution in public-private partnerships regulation and policy-making. This thesis aims to contribute for the regulation of the Brazilian PPP Law, which demands the demonstration of the value for money as a requisite for the progress of the project as a PPP. In this context, the thesis proposed not only comprehensive changes in the financial analysis approach for PPPs, but also the combination of socioeconomic, public interest and market appetite analysis prior to the procurement process as an indication of the likelihood of getting value for money in the deal. Consequently, the proposed framework highlights the accountability, transparency and auditability of schemes, which is ultimately a cornerstone for the legitimacy of the PPP policy. The research collection method involved a literature review of PPP state of art and meetings with public and private managers involved in groundbreaking PPP projects in the United Kingdom.

In today's society, we face many complex and major challenges, several of them concerning human rights - at both global, regional and local level. To enable solutions to these problems, collective action and effort is required. As a result, cooperation between all sectors within the UN, as well as the public and the private sector, not to mention civil society, is crucial. In September 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted a historic framework: Agenda 2030, which addresses the importance of partnerships and engagement from all sectors to achieve sustainable development and the application of human rights for all. In light of this, the present study investigates partnerships between the private and non-profit sector from a human rights perspective. Previous research has dealt with both cross-sector partnerships for social issues, the role of companies in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals, and CSR and human rights. The research about cross-sector partnerships for social issues, which are the partnerships that are addressed in Agenda 2030, often lacks the perspective of how they can promote human rights. The aim with this thesis is to therefore research how human rights are understood in cross-sectoral partnerships, in which ways these partnerships can promote human rights, as well as the successes and challenges that exist for them. The methodological design of this research consists of interviews with participants from partnerships between the private and the non-profit sector, with representatives from both sides. The present study shows that there is an interdependency between cross-sector partnerships and human rights and that it is clear that partnerships between different sectors are necessary to solve the social problems we are facing today. We need to partner for change.

Thesis is focused on the analysis of the application Public Private Partnership within the financing of public infrastructures projects. Public infrastructure financing has traditionally lain in the domain of public sector. A tightening of many countries' budgets recently has led to an exploration of alternative resources for financing transport infrastructure as e.g. PPP. The aim of the thesis is to compare or evaluate which form of financing (PPP or using only public finance esp. issue of public bonds) is more effective. The thesis is separate into 2 important parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part of the thesis provides the general description of PPP projects, international experiences and about the legal and institutional framework within the EU and Czech Republic. Practical part of the thesis is focused on the main advantages and disadvantages of PPP projects. Here is also part devoted to the financial models using for the comparison which form of financing (PPP or traditional public procurement) is more efficient. Conclusion of the thesis summarizes the gained findings and also assesses which form of financing is more efficient.

Opinions on what is best way to provide more people in low income countries with adequate water and sanitation services have changed over time. A recent policy paradigm suggests that private companies should be involved in WSS service provision to improve the situation for those in need. This study looks at how issues of water supply and sanitation (WSS) have been confronted by the international donor community and how strategies to improve performance in this sector have changed from the early 1970’s up until today. The evolution of ideas and strategies are linked to overall development policies in order to better understand the forces that have shaped policy redirections in the sector. In addition, the case study of Ghana gives a preliminary picture of how donor policies have been played out in a national context. The concept of problem frames is used as an analytical tool in order to highlight how ideas change and replace each other but also to illustrate how problem frames are becoming more inclusive as new knowledge and experiences are gained. The study finds that while hardware knowledge such as engineering skills were put at the forefront to begin with, software matters such as capacity building and appropriate management of the sector gained increased attention with time. As the water challenge becomes increasingly framed as a matter of managing scarcity, the economic value of water is emphasized and private sector participation is promoted on a larger scale. With time the cross sectoral nature of the WSS issue gains increased attention as its overall impact on poverty reduction and environmental sustainability is emphasized. This holistic approach also contributes to an increased emphasis on sanitation as important to sustainable WSS systems and services. The case study of Ghana shows that all in all, institutional change within the Ghanaian WSS sector during the post independence era, mirror international policy trends. Power is moving out from the state in different directions and responsibilities are gradually hived off from the central organization to local authorities or other agencies working on specific issues. Subsidies on water tariffs are abolished and at the end of the period the private sector is also invited to act in the sector. However, recent trends indicate that as democracy deepens and civil society is growing stronger this also effects policy development in the Ghanaian WSS sector.

Masters Research Report Department of International Relations School of Social Sciences Faculty of Humanities The University of the Witwatersrand / This research report provides a framework to assess the value of private-public partnerships (PPPs) in shaping the regulatory framework of the food safety regime within southern Africa. As one of Africa’s largest economies and major exporting countries, South Africa provides a clear case for analysing how developing countries in Africa have adopted and enforce international standards relating to the safety of foodstuffs that are produced, distributed and sold. Within the international systems, governments are generally held responsible for the ratification of international treaties that inform global standards and are criticised or excluded when they fail to comply. However, the role of private sector in supporting and enforcing food safety practices has not been evaluated in any meaningful way. The aim of this research is further the understanding of how PPPs have formed in South Africa and to what extent they have had a positive impact on the advancement of food safety between the years 2000 and 2015. With the help of document analysis and a review of the current regulatory framework, this research is framed within the concept of hybridity and allows us to better understand the focus of PPPs within South Africa’s food safety regime. The main conclusion is that South Africa’s commitment to food safety is strong but the relevant policy remains uncoordinated and undefined. South African businesses and the government are involved at the international level in terms of standards-setting and are aware of the global food safety strategy. The primary reason for this is that the country’s involvement improves trade prospects and affirms its role as a collaborative actor within the International Food Safety Complex (IFSC). However, South Africa still experiences several issues relating to food safety risks that affect trade and challenge the efficacy of existing food safety regulations. The recommendation is that public and private sectors should invest more capital and capacity in establishing a comprehensive food safety policy that brings together legislation, identifies key actors and provides a guideline to improve transparency and accountability relating to food safety issues in South Africa. / MT2017

Few U.S. nonprofit organizations meet annual operational costs. Facing government funding cuts, U.S. nonprofit leaders have had to seek other revenue streams to remain operable and ensure that the clients they serve continue to receive support. Leaders often seek out large donors but lack strategies for successfully doing so. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies successful nonprofit leaders have used to capture the attention of committed, large donors in Southern California. Government failure theory and independence theory constituted the conceptual framework. The purposeful sampling method consisted of 3 nonprofit agency managers who had operated a nonprofit for at least 5 years, while securing a longstanding partnership of large, committed donors. These managers substantiated having met the criteria in having successfully gained committed large donor(s), and operating in a geographic setting with no less than 50,000 residents. Data included participant interviews and company websites. Transcribed data were analyzed by comparing meanings that formulated clusters into themes, and then triangulated across sources to bolster the trustworthiness of interpretations. From these clusters, 5 distinctive themes were identified: cultivating donors, building personal relationships with donors, promoting the mission, understanding relationship contribution, and detailing directly what the donation will accomplish. Findings impact social change by fortifying nonprofits with committed large donors, to reduce need in society, and create greater financial independence within communities.

Since 2009 the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima has partnered with private corporations to deliver three highway projects worth US$1.5bn. This process follows a state-building strategy developed since the 1990s to allow different levels of government to deliver infrastructure projects with private finance. In Lima, the model has almost exclusively produced highways through a specific scheme that allows firms to submit unsolicited proposals. In this dissertation, I investigate how the availability of private finance transforms the political process and local planning outcomes. I argue that rather than being simply a solution for cash-strapped governments looking to invest in specific pieces of infrastructure, the introduction of private finance shapes what projects get built. Private finance not only transforms the implementation part of a two-step process: it has a deep impact on the planning phase itself by setting constraints on what can be done and to what ends. I call the specific mechanism by which private finance influences planning ‘unplanning.’ Here, the state is not simply retreating to let the private sector determine priorities. In other words, it is not abandoning planning, or simply not planning. Rather, it is being transformed in order to follow a proactive role in attracting investment, and to adapt planning to the needs of private capital. The dissertation goes beyond understandings of infrastructures as neutral conduits and into their techno-political nature in order to reveal how they reflect, reproduce and become both the conduit and the site of political conflicts between private capital, the state, and urban dwellers.

<p>This essay deals with the social services cooperation with the private sector relating to foster care. The aim was to examine whether and what the causes may be that the social service transfer tasks of authority to private actors. Furthermore, we have examined and discussed if such a working procedure can lead to consequences for the individual child and how / if the children's legal security is affected. Survey methodology is qualitative in nature where we conducted semi-structured interviews with three persons who work in different ways to be involved in work with a foster family. We have also made use of questionnaires sent to social workers around the country.</p><p>The result has been interpreted on the basis inter alia, legal texts, legislative history, and two theories which have their origin in organization theory. Our results show that some municipalities do not feel that they have the resources to investigate the family. Furthermore, it appears that the cooperation of the social services have with the private sectors has declined, perhaps because of clearer legislation of 2008, or because of the sharp criticism that they received from the provincial government. Our study also shows that some municipalities still leaves management tasks to the private sector, without legal basis. Since there is no control over who is inquiring the family a result of this can be that a child is growing up in unsuitable environments, which in itself can affect the rule of law.</p>