A new issue of public policy in America's higher education history is the state support of private higher education. As of January 1, 1980, all of the states except Wyoming and Nevada provide some type of aid to private higher education institutions. One state, North Carolina, began its efforts to provide state assistance to private higher education in 1971 and by 1981 had provided approximately 86 million dollars to its now 38 private colleges and universities. This study is an in depth description of (1) the current status of that aid; (2) the political evolution of that aid; (3) the several different interest groups and individuals involved with (a) the legislation authorizing the aid and (b) the subsequent litigation contesting the legislation; and (4) the issue of state aid to private higher education in a national context. Currently, there are three general programs of state aid to private higher education in North Carolina: (1) the North Carolina State Contractual Scholarship Fund, (2) the North Carolina Legislative Tuition Grant Program and (3) the North Carolina Student Incentive Grant Program. The North Carolina statutes authorizing these programs of aid were held to be constitutional under the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution in Smith v. Board of Governors of the University of North Carolina (1977). Those actors responsible for the legislation authorizing the programs of aid include former Governors Bob Scott, Dan Moore, and Jim Holshouser; Governor Jim Hunt; former and present legislators favoring aid to private higher education; the trustees, staff, faculty, and students of private higher education institutions; parents of students attending those institutions; representatives of the (now defunct) State Board of Higher Education; and representatives of the North Carolina Association of Independent Colleges and Universities. Those actors who are considered the primary forces behind the legislation are Duke University President Terry Sanford (former North Carolina Governor), Pfeiffer College President Cameron West (former Director of the State Board of Higher Education), Ben Fisher (former Executive Secretary for the Council on Christian Higher Education of the Baptist State Convention of North Carolina), Virgil McBride (former Executive Director of the North Carolina Association of Independent Colleges and Universities), and John Henley (current President of the North Carolina Association of Independent Colleges and Universities). Proponents of the aid postulate that such aid is economical, i.e., the State saves money by utilizing available space at private institutions. They also posit that the aid provides access to and choice of higher education for North Carolina students. They are quite adamant in their belief that the aid is student aid, not institutional aid, although the funds are allocated directly to the institutions. For this study, the researcher utilized newspaper files, official reports, legal documents, letters, memoranda, related literature, House and Senate Journals, and Session Laws. Fifty interviews with principal actors were conducted. / Ed. D.

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the opinions of chief executive officers (CEOs) and school board chairs of Texas private schools in educational service center (ESC) Regions 10 and 11 toward board training and the potential benefits for the success of their respective roles. Literature regarding private school board training is limited. As a result, most private school boards face challenges regarding school board training expectations, which could affect their roles and the roles of CEOs. The quantitative and qualitative cross-sectional research design examined Texas private school CEOs’ and school board chairs’ perceptions about school board training and the working relationships between Texas school CEOs and school boards. The researcher developed the survey and interview questions used in this study. Responses to a 4-point Likert-type scale instrument, short answer questions, and interviews were solicited from a population of private school CEO and school board chairs within ESC Regions 10 and 11 from schools with an enrollment of at least 100 students and that contained Grades 9 through 12. In-depth Interviews were conducted with 12 private school CEOs and 12 school board chairs with varying levels of school board training. The research findings indicate that board training does make a significant difference in the working relationships between CEOs and private school boards. The findings of this study may assist private school boards in addressing school board training and the components of such training, which would benefit the working relationships between CEOs and school boards, as well as the success of private schools.

Leadership styles of principals and school climate are two factors that vary greatly in different private secondary schools in Mauritius. They also contribute immensely in the making of a school a peaceful and happy work place for both staff and students. This study first presented a literature review on leadership styles of principals and school climate. References were made from many sources in order to have a clear overview on these two factors. A qualitative research based on interviews and observations was conducted on teachers and principals from nine private secondary schools in order to fulfill three aims of the study. Firstly, the types of leadership styles adopted by principals in private secondary schools in Mauritius were assessed. Secondly the types of school climate that prevailed in these private secondary schools were evaluated. Lastly, the relationship between the leadership styles of principals and school climate in the private secondary schools was investigated. The results revealed that when the democratic style of the `power' concept of leadership was used alone or with other styles but was more prevalent, the principals of these schools scored `high' in both the initiating structure and consideration items of the `relational' concept of leadership and, the climate of these schools was classified in the category of `others' but was more `open' than `closed'. However, when the authoritarian style of the `power' concept of leadership was used with other styles but was more prevalent, the principals either scored `low' in both the initiating structure and the consideration items or `low' in the consideration items only of the `relational' concept of leadership and the climate was more `closed' than `open'. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Education Management)

The purposes of this study were to determine (a) what teacher evaluation processes or instruments are used in the 45 independent schools of the Southwest, (b) what types of professional development activities or programs are provided for teachers in these schools, and (c) how the development and implementation of the teacher evaluation process and professional development programs are perceived by the teaching faculty in selected schools. Questionnaires were administered to chief administrators of the 45 member schools of the Independent Schools Association of the Southwest. From the 28 schools submitting completed questionnaires and evaluation instruments, it was found that: (a) 3 of the schools had a very informal process, (b) 7 of the schools had an informal process, (c) 12 of the schools had a formal process, and (d) 6 of the schools had a very formal process. Four generalizations emerged from factors evident at the 5 schools selected for on-site visitations which should be addressed by independent schools regardless of the type of evaluation process used: (a) each school should develop a teacher evaluation policy; (b) each school should develop evaluation criteria and procedures that relate to each teacher's classification; (c) each school should delineate the specific role of the chief administrator in the evaluation process, and (d) each school should design a program of preferred professional development activities for each teacher's classification and level of the school. Finally, the recommendation was made that further research on teacher evaluation in independent schools include the investigation of how and why schools select a particular teacher evaluation process.

Esta pesquisa analisou um distrito periférico da Zona Leste de São Paulo: Ermelino Matarazzo. A abordagem microssocial permitiu relacionar vários fenômenos que caracterizaram a periferização da cidade de São Paulo como a industrialização, imigração, migração, loteamento, autoconstrução, formação de favelas e como tais fenômenos incidiram na segregação social na periferia a partir de um distrito. Discutiu-se o valor simbólico da periferia leste e a hierarquização dos espaços, à luz da formação dos agentes ali inseridos para discutir a heterogeneidade social local. Comprovou-se a hipótese da diferenciação interna de Ermelino Matarazzo a partir de três processos distintos pelo qual o distrito passou a partir da instalação da primeira indústria na década de 1940. Foram propostas três regiões: a dos loteamentos que foi caracterizada pela urbanização a partir de loteamentos/autoconstrução até a década de 1970; a região das ocupações que foi formada pelo surgimento de favelas a partir da década de 1970; e, por fim, a região das construtoras que constituiu uma região por empreendimentos imobiliários que venderam casas construídas a partir de 1980. Um dos resultados desta heterogeneidade social pôde ser percebido pela forma como foram distribuídas espacialmente em Ermelino Matarazzo as escolas públicas e privadas, ao longo das décadas, cujas dependências administrativas privilegiaram ora uma ou outra região. A pesquisa utilizou-se de dados estatísticos da Prefeitura de São Paulo e da Secretaria da Educação; dados qualitativos que resultaram da realização de vinte entrevistas com antigos moradores e um líder local, além de observação participante em movimentos sociais atuantes em Ermelino Matarazzo. Recorreu-se também ao uso fotografias e mapas. Este estudo contribuiu para entender como se constroem as clivagens sociais, como elas se objetivam no espaço local e como são tomadas simbolicamente pelos indivíduos. / This research paper analyzes a peripheral district of the Eastern Zone of São Paulo Ermelino Matarazzo. Observing a single district, the microsocial approach allows for the assessment of various phenomena that characterized the growth of the city of São Paulo such as industrialization, immigration, migration, lot divisions, irregular construction, and development of slums and how these phenomena resulted in the social segregation in the periphery. The paper discusses the symbolic value of the eastern periphery and the development of a spatial hierarchy in light of the education of its residents in order to discuss the local social diversity. In particular, the paper analyzes the heterogeneity of the district and its spatial hierarchies. The paper tests the hypothesis of the internal differentiation of Ermelino Matarazzo due to three distinct processes through which the district has passed since the installation of the first industrial plant in the 1940s. Three regions were proposed: the residential lots that were characterized by urbanization via regular and irregular housing developments until the 1970s; the occupied region formed by the emergence of slums beginning in the 1970s; and, lastly, the builder region consisting of real estate developers selling houses built starting in the 1980s. One result of the social diversity can be observed by how the public and private schools were spatially distributed over the decades in Ermelino Matarazzo as their respective administrators favored one region or another. The survey utilizes statistics from the Municipal Government of São Paulo and its Secretariat of Education in addition to qualitative data derived from twenty interviews with long-time residents and a local leader and participatory observation of social movements in Ermelino Matarazzo. The paper also displays photos and maps. This study contributes to understanding how social cleavages emerge, how they take shape in local spaces, and how they are perceived symbolically by individuals.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-05-07T17:50:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ibanor Mollmann.pdf: 921365 bytes, checksum: 669b489bf977ed5291e5ab2540d38eaa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T17:50:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ibanor Mollmann.pdf: 921365 bytes, checksum: 669b489bf977ed5291e5ab2540d38eaa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-17 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Há no Brasil uma crescente cultura de avaliação da educação básica na qual estão se inserindo também as escolas privadas, com reflexos em sua gestão e objetivando, de forma genérica, a melhoria na qualidade da educação. Compreender como avaliação em larga escala e gestão da educação básica se relacionam e como são significadas por escolas privadas no Rio Grande do Sul foi o objetivo desta tese. A presente investigação empreendeu metodologia qualitativa, utilizando como instrumento de pesquisa questionários enviados às escolas privadas de educação básica no Rio Grande do Sul. Foram realizadas também entrevistas com responsáveis por agências que realizam avaliações em larga escala. O primeiro dos quatro capítulos da tese apresenta o quadro teórico de gestão e avaliação da educação a partir da literatura. No segundo capítulo são analisadas agências de avaliações em larga escala, assim como as escolas pesquisadas e seus desafios atuais. Os capítulos 3 e 4 apresentam a interpretação dos dados da pesquisa e sua discussão com diversos autores. O terceiro capítulo relata as experiências das escolas com relação à avaliação em larga escala, que usos dela são feitos e suas consequências para a gestão, e no quarto capítulo encontram-se os aspectos importantes de gestão da educação, organizados em seis blocos emergidos da análise. Concluindo, esta pesquisa mostrou como gestão e avaliação em larga escala estão imbricadas e a forma como são significadas por escolas privadas de educação básica. É ressaltada, ainda, a importância de um maior número de pesquisas no âmbito das escolas privadas com relação à gestão e aos processos avaliativos. / The trend in evaluating the private school system of primary education in Brazil has gained momentum with focus on its quality and the implication to the management of schools. This thesis aimed to understand the relationship between large scale education evaluation and school management and the impact of this relationship to the Rio Grande do Sul private educational system. A qualitative methodology was used combining questionnaire surveys sent to private schools of primary education and open ended interviews with key individuals in charge of the large scale educational evaluation. The first chapter introduces the theoretical framework illustrating the relationships between educational management and evaluation that was built from the literature whereas chapter two presents the analysis of the large scale educational evaluation agencies, the participating schools and their struggles nowadays. Chapters three and four explore the interpretation given to the findings: the former discusses the schools’ experiences in using the large scale evaluation and its implication to school management, and the later focuses on the important aspects of educational management through the six main blocks of information that emerged from the quantitative and qualitative data gathered. This research was able to demonstrate the intertwined relationship between the large scale educational evaluation and the school management, and their meaning to the private school system of primary education. It encourages further research on the area of private school management and evaluation.

To improve students’ scientific literacy and their general perceptions of chemistry, I enacted critical chemistry education (CCE) in two “regular level” chemistry classes with a group of 25 students in a suburban, private high school as part of this study. CCE combined the efforts of critical science educators (Fusco & Calabrese Barton, 2001; Gilbert 2013) with the performance expectations of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) (NGSS Lead States, 2013a) to critically transform the traditional chemistry curriculum at this setting. Essentially, CCE engages students in the critical exploration of socially situated chemistry content knowledge and requires them to demonstrate this knowledge through the practices of science. The purpose of this study was to gauge these students development of chemistry content knowledge, chemistry interest, and critical scientific literacy (CSL) as they engaged in CCE. CSL was a construct developed for this study that necessarily combined the National Research Center’s (2012) definition of scientific literacy with a critical component. As such, CSL entailed demonstrating content knowledge through the practices of science as well as the ability to critically analyze the intersections between science content and socially relevant issues. A mixed methods, critical ethnographic approach framed the collection of data from open-ended questionnaires, focus group interviews, Likert surveys, pre- and post unit tests, and student artifacts. These data revealed three main findings: (1) students began to develop CSL in specific, significant ways working through the activities of CCE, (2) student participants of CCE developed a comparable level of chemistry content understanding to students who participated in a traditional chemistry curriculum, and (3) CCE developed a group of students’ perceptions of interest in chemistry. In addition to being able to teach students discipline specific content knowledge, the implications of this study are that CCE has the ability to affect students’ critical science thinking in positive ways. However, to develop longer lasting, deeper critical insights that students use to participate in science-related issues outside of class, critical science education must be enacted longitudinally and across disciplines. Furthermore, it must be enacted in ways that either prompt or help students to transfer classroom learning outside of the classroom as they engage in critical issues in the classroom.

A maioria das escolas de ensino fundamental ainda utiliza como recurso pedagÃgico para as aulas de ciÃncias apenas aulas teÃricas. Para Krasilchik (1986, p. 5), o papel do ensino de CiÃncias na escola fundamental à âdesenvolver a capacidade de observar, fazer perguntas, explorar, resolver problemas, cooperar, comunicar idÃias. Neste trabalho foi realizado o levantamento e uma anÃlise da situaÃÃo do aprendizado prÃtico referente ao conteÃdo das CiÃncias no Ensino Fundamental, do 6 ao 9 ano, em seis escolas de Fortaleza, sendo trÃs pÃblicas e trÃs do setor privado. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratÃria qualitativa, mediante entrevistas com discentes e docentes do Ensino Fundamental da rede particular e pÃblica estadual e observaÃÃo, in loco. Seguiu as seguintes etapas: levantamento da legislaÃÃo referente a aplicaÃÃo do ensino-aprendizado prÃtico no Ensino Fundamental; realizaÃÃo de visitas em escolas, possuindo ou nÃo laboratÃrio experimental; obtenÃÃo e avaliaÃÃo dos dados obtidos por questionÃrios das condiÃÃes das estruturas fÃsicas e metodologias aplicadas no ensino prÃtico nestas escolas; para conhecer o grau de envolvimento e valorizaÃÃo do ensino prÃtico; e elaboraÃÃo e explanaÃÃo de sugestÃes para aplicaÃÃo do ensino prÃtico. Infelizmente a legislaÃÃo nÃo rege nada sobre orientaÃÃo e/ou obrigatoriedade do ensino-aprendizado prÃtico nesta etapa do ensino , mesmo sendo a faixa etÃria mais apropriada para estimular a curiosidade cientÃfica.Os resultados obtidos demonstraram realidades distintas para as escolas privadas e publicas, tanto na parte estrutural como funcional.Assim, conclui-se que a experimentaÃÃo propicia aos alunos o estÃmulo à busca do conhecimento cientifico, à muito importante que as escolas, professores e alunos se envolva com a idÃia deste projeto e mostre para toda a comunidade que a ciÃncia à muito mais do que um ensino teÃrico onde pode-se entender a descriÃÃo dos fenÃmenos observados. / Most elementary schools also use as an educational resource for science classes only theoretical. To Krasilchik (1986, p. 5), the role of science teaching in elementary school is to "develop the ability to observe, ask questions, explore, solve problems, cooperate, communicate ideas. In this paper we present a survey and analysis of the situation regarding the practical learning of science content in elementary school, 6th to 9th grade in six schools in Fortaleza, three public and three private sector. It is an exploratory qualitative research through interviews with students and teachers of primary education in private and public state and observation, on the spot. Followed the following steps: survey of legislation regarding the application of practical teaching and learning in elementary school, carrying out visits to schools, or not having an experimental laboratory, obtaining and evaluating data obtained from questionnaires of the conditions of physical structures and methodologies in teaching practical in these schools, to know the degree of involvement and appreciation of the practical teaching, and explanation of design and implementation of suggestions for practical teaching. Unfortunately the law does not govern anything about orientation and / or enforceability of the practical teaching and learning at this stage of education, even though the age group most appropriate to stimulate curiosity cientÃfica.The results showed different realities for the public and private schools, both in funcional.Assim as structural part, it is concluded that the experiment provides students with the stimulus to the pursuit of scientific knowledge, it is very important that schools, teachers and students engage with the idea for this project and show the community that science is much more than a theoretical one can understand where the description of observed phenomena.

Esta pesquisa analisou um distrito periférico da Zona Leste de São Paulo: Ermelino Matarazzo. A abordagem microssocial permitiu relacionar vários fenômenos que caracterizaram a periferização da cidade de São Paulo como a industrialização, imigração, migração, loteamento, autoconstrução, formação de favelas e como tais fenômenos incidiram na segregação social na periferia a partir de um distrito. Discutiu-se o valor simbólico da periferia leste e a hierarquização dos espaços, à luz da formação dos agentes ali inseridos para discutir a heterogeneidade social local. Comprovou-se a hipótese da diferenciação interna de Ermelino Matarazzo a partir de três processos distintos pelo qual o distrito passou a partir da instalação da primeira indústria na década de 1940. Foram propostas três regiões: a dos loteamentos que foi caracterizada pela urbanização a partir de loteamentos/autoconstrução até a década de 1970; a região das ocupações que foi formada pelo surgimento de favelas a partir da década de 1970; e, por fim, a região das construtoras que constituiu uma região por empreendimentos imobiliários que venderam casas construídas a partir de 1980. Um dos resultados desta heterogeneidade social pôde ser percebido pela forma como foram distribuídas espacialmente em Ermelino Matarazzo as escolas públicas e privadas, ao longo das décadas, cujas dependências administrativas privilegiaram ora uma ou outra região. A pesquisa utilizou-se de dados estatísticos da Prefeitura de São Paulo e da Secretaria da Educação; dados qualitativos que resultaram da realização de vinte entrevistas com antigos moradores e um líder local, além de observação participante em movimentos sociais atuantes em Ermelino Matarazzo. Recorreu-se também ao uso fotografias e mapas. Este estudo contribuiu para entender como se constroem as clivagens sociais, como elas se objetivam no espaço local e como são tomadas simbolicamente pelos indivíduos. / This research paper analyzes a peripheral district of the Eastern Zone of São Paulo Ermelino Matarazzo. Observing a single district, the microsocial approach allows for the assessment of various phenomena that characterized the growth of the city of São Paulo such as industrialization, immigration, migration, lot divisions, irregular construction, and development of slums and how these phenomena resulted in the social segregation in the periphery. The paper discusses the symbolic value of the eastern periphery and the development of a spatial hierarchy in light of the education of its residents in order to discuss the local social diversity. In particular, the paper analyzes the heterogeneity of the district and its spatial hierarchies. The paper tests the hypothesis of the internal differentiation of Ermelino Matarazzo due to three distinct processes through which the district has passed since the installation of the first industrial plant in the 1940s. Three regions were proposed: the residential lots that were characterized by urbanization via regular and irregular housing developments until the 1970s; the occupied region formed by the emergence of slums beginning in the 1970s; and, lastly, the builder region consisting of real estate developers selling houses built starting in the 1980s. One result of the social diversity can be observed by how the public and private schools were spatially distributed over the decades in Ermelino Matarazzo as their respective administrators favored one region or another. The survey utilizes statistics from the Municipal Government of São Paulo and its Secretariat of Education in addition to qualitative data derived from twenty interviews with long-time residents and a local leader and participatory observation of social movements in Ermelino Matarazzo. The paper also displays photos and maps. This study contributes to understanding how social cleavages emerge, how they take shape in local spaces, and how they are perceived symbolically by individuals.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-11-07T11:43:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 André Luiz Rebelo da Silva.pdf: 478080 bytes, checksum: f445d55c4d8fdce7f877dae42dd3df80 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-07T11:43:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 André Luiz Rebelo da Silva.pdf: 478080 bytes, checksum: f445d55c4d8fdce7f877dae42dd3df80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The discussion about the purpose of secondary education, as well as its social function, is as old as the very existence of this segment as an integral part of what is now called basic education. In the context of its commitment to the student learning process, there has always been a duality related to the propaedeutic high school and the vocational high school. The history of education, however, reveals another face of this schooling phase, concerning to the market opportunities that the private initiative found in the exploitation of this level of education. This research intends to carry out an analysis on the type of productions which have been made by the postgraduate programs about private secondary education. It is a bibliographical research of quantitative-qualitative nature, which analyzes data from the abstracts available in the bank of thesis pertaining to CAPES (Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel),within the period of 2013-2016.It refers to 121 productions about high school education in Brazil, and aims at answering questions concerning to who, when, where and how has studied the Brazilian secondary education through academic productions. Analysis have been theoretically supported by the contributions of cultural materialism (Williams, 1980), through which particularities of material production to understand socio-historical practices have been verified. It is concluded that, among other factors, there is little interest in private secondary education as an object of research. Most of the academic productions are predominantly concentrated in the São Paulo State by education and teaching programs, and their studies prioritize the thematic fields of teaching and pedagogical practices / A discussão sobre a finalidade do Ensino Médio, bem como sua função social, é tão antiga quanto a própria existência desse segmento como parte integrante do que se chama hoje educação básica, sendo que uma das tensões básicas existentes desde o advento da República foi o do embate entre ensino público e privado. Tendo esse embate como foco desta pesquisa e tendo em vista a disseminação de uma visão crítica que culpabiliza o poder público pela baixa qualidade do seu sistema de ensino, que possibilitou a emergência e expansão do ensino médio privado, esta dissertação teve como finalidade investigar os contextos acadêmicos nos quais o ensino médio privado foi tema de pesquisa, no intuito de verificar o que vem sendo produzido nos programas de pós-graduação sobre essa etapa da educação básica, por meio de balanço tendencial das dissertações e teses contidas no Banco de Teses da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES, no período de 2013 a 2016. O corpus da investigação, após processos de seleção foi composto 121 produções sobre o ensino médio privado no Brasil, a fim de responder quem, quando, onde e como tem sido investigado o ensino médio privado nas produções acadêmicas brasileiras. As análises foram orientadas pelas contribuições do materialismo cultural (Williams, 1980), por meio do qual se verifica particularidades da produção material para compreender as práticas sócio históricas, como expressão dos contextos em que foram produzidos, sendo que o principal achado diz respeito à utilização do ensino médio, nessas pesquisas, como campo empírico de investigações localizadas, especialmente para aplicar e avaliar procedimentos didáticos específicos, assim como a quase inexistência de estudos que procuraram analisar de forma crítica a sua natureza e função social, já que o ensino médio privado, embora quantitativamente englobe alunado reduzido em relação às matrículas totais, exerce uma função importante no que se refere aos históricos e continuados processos de seletividade escolar, que penalizam os setores subalternos da sociedade brasileira