<p>This study identifies the determinants of sheep prices for small-scale sheep farming households in two districts of the Eastern Cape, namely Amathole and Ukhahlamba (Joe Xabe). Output prices that small farm households receive for their sheep affect their incomes from agriculture (knowing that revenue is a product of quantity and price), which, in turn, influence their living standards. The study isolates three sets of determinants of price formation in local agricultural markets - structural drivers, institutional factors and livelihood shocks - to account for the variations in prices that smallholder farmers receive. Data were collected from 134 households that were selected using purpose sampling and preceded by key informant and focus groups interviews with actors along the sheep value chain. A questionnaire consisting of both open-ended and quantitative questions was used. The relationship between output price formation and clusters of determinants is a typical hedonic pricing framework, which is fitted using a backward stepwise econometric technique that is a widely used experimental tool to identify significant determinants.</p>

<p>This study identifies the determinants of sheep prices for small-scale sheep farming households in two districts of the Eastern Cape, namely Amathole and Ukhahlamba (Joe Xabe). Output prices that small farm households receive for their sheep affect their incomes from agriculture (knowing that revenue is a product of quantity and price), which, in turn, influence their living standards. The study isolates three sets of determinants of price formation in local agricultural markets - structural drivers, institutional factors and livelihood shocks - to account for the variations in prices that smallholder farmers receive. Data were collected from 134 households that were selected using purpose sampling and preceded by key informant and focus groups interviews with actors along the sheep value chain. A questionnaire consisting of both open-ended and quantitative questions was used. The relationship between output price formation and clusters of determinants is a typical hedonic pricing framework, which is fitted using a backward stepwise econometric technique that is a widely used experimental tool to identify significant determinants.</p>

O desenvolvimento econômico mostra-se um instrumento fundamental numa das questões cruciais a toda a população e aos formuladores de políticas públicas: a redução da pobreza. As experiências ao redor do mundo e durante os tempos têm mostrado que os países e mesmo as regiões dentro deles crescem de maneira desigual. Do mesmo modo, a distribuição de renda dentro deles e entre eles não é homogênea, podendo beneficiar determinadas parcelas da população. Para tratar desse enfoque, o presente trabalho explora o tema crescimento pró-pobre, que sinteticamente traduz-se como aquele em que a população de mais baixa renda efetivamente se beneficia do crescimento. Apresenta-se o debate conceitual e histórico, as experiências ao redor do mundo e do Brasil, os aspectos significativos e as condições que tenham se mostrado favoráveis ao crescimento pró-pobre. Adicionalmente discutem-se as políticas públicas que podem promover o bom crescimento. De posse desse ferramental, introduziu-se o índice “G” de crescimento para empiricamente avaliar, por meio de dados do IBGE, o crescimento no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul no período compreendido entre 1991 e 2000. Reforçando a tese de que o desenvolvimento não é neutro sob o ponto de vista de distribuição de renda, os resultados para as diferentes regiões do RS da década de 1990 mostraram-se heterogêneos, de pró-pobres a pró-ricos, passando por empobrecedores. Na média, no entanto, o crescimento foi pró-rico. / Economic development has appeared itself as a major instrument considering a crucial question for the whole population and policy makers: poverty reduction. Experiences around the world and through the years has shown unequal growth among countries and even in its regions. In this sense, income distribution in the countries and among them isn´t homogeneous, which may benefit just part of individuals. In order to discuss this approache, the present paper examines pro-poor growth notion, which basically occurs when the poorest population in fact benefit from economic growth. A conceptual and historical debate is presented, as well the experiences around the world and in Brazil, significant aspects and conditions that has been favorable in order to achieve pro-poor growth.Additionally, public policies that may promote a “good” growth are discussed. Having all this set of knowledge in mind, the “G” growth index is introduced to empirically evaluate Rio Grande do Sul state growth beetwen 1991 and 2000, using IBGE data. The results regarding the different regions in RS during the 1990 decade has been heterogeneous, reinforcing the idea that development is not neutral considering income distribution. They varied from pro-rich to pro-poor, including anti-poor situations. Therefore, it´s average was pro-rich.

O desenvolvimento econômico mostra-se um instrumento fundamental numa das questões cruciais a toda a população e aos formuladores de políticas públicas: a redução da pobreza. As experiências ao redor do mundo e durante os tempos têm mostrado que os países e mesmo as regiões dentro deles crescem de maneira desigual. Do mesmo modo, a distribuição de renda dentro deles e entre eles não é homogênea, podendo beneficiar determinadas parcelas da população. Para tratar desse enfoque, o presente trabalho explora o tema crescimento pró-pobre, que sinteticamente traduz-se como aquele em que a população de mais baixa renda efetivamente se beneficia do crescimento. Apresenta-se o debate conceitual e histórico, as experiências ao redor do mundo e do Brasil, os aspectos significativos e as condições que tenham se mostrado favoráveis ao crescimento pró-pobre. Adicionalmente discutem-se as políticas públicas que podem promover o bom crescimento. De posse desse ferramental, introduziu-se o índice “G” de crescimento para empiricamente avaliar, por meio de dados do IBGE, o crescimento no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul no período compreendido entre 1991 e 2000. Reforçando a tese de que o desenvolvimento não é neutro sob o ponto de vista de distribuição de renda, os resultados para as diferentes regiões do RS da década de 1990 mostraram-se heterogêneos, de pró-pobres a pró-ricos, passando por empobrecedores. Na média, no entanto, o crescimento foi pró-rico. / Economic development has appeared itself as a major instrument considering a crucial question for the whole population and policy makers: poverty reduction. Experiences around the world and through the years has shown unequal growth among countries and even in its regions. In this sense, income distribution in the countries and among them isn´t homogeneous, which may benefit just part of individuals. In order to discuss this approache, the present paper examines pro-poor growth notion, which basically occurs when the poorest population in fact benefit from economic growth. A conceptual and historical debate is presented, as well the experiences around the world and in Brazil, significant aspects and conditions that has been favorable in order to achieve pro-poor growth.Additionally, public policies that may promote a “good” growth are discussed. Having all this set of knowledge in mind, the “G” growth index is introduced to empirically evaluate Rio Grande do Sul state growth beetwen 1991 and 2000, using IBGE data. The results regarding the different regions in RS during the 1990 decade has been heterogeneous, reinforcing the idea that development is not neutral considering income distribution. They varied from pro-rich to pro-poor, including anti-poor situations. Therefore, it´s average was pro-rich.

O desenvolvimento econômico mostra-se um instrumento fundamental numa das questões cruciais a toda a população e aos formuladores de políticas públicas: a redução da pobreza. As experiências ao redor do mundo e durante os tempos têm mostrado que os países e mesmo as regiões dentro deles crescem de maneira desigual. Do mesmo modo, a distribuição de renda dentro deles e entre eles não é homogênea, podendo beneficiar determinadas parcelas da população. Para tratar desse enfoque, o presente trabalho explora o tema crescimento pró-pobre, que sinteticamente traduz-se como aquele em que a população de mais baixa renda efetivamente se beneficia do crescimento. Apresenta-se o debate conceitual e histórico, as experiências ao redor do mundo e do Brasil, os aspectos significativos e as condições que tenham se mostrado favoráveis ao crescimento pró-pobre. Adicionalmente discutem-se as políticas públicas que podem promover o bom crescimento. De posse desse ferramental, introduziu-se o índice “G” de crescimento para empiricamente avaliar, por meio de dados do IBGE, o crescimento no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul no período compreendido entre 1991 e 2000. Reforçando a tese de que o desenvolvimento não é neutro sob o ponto de vista de distribuição de renda, os resultados para as diferentes regiões do RS da década de 1990 mostraram-se heterogêneos, de pró-pobres a pró-ricos, passando por empobrecedores. Na média, no entanto, o crescimento foi pró-rico. / Economic development has appeared itself as a major instrument considering a crucial question for the whole population and policy makers: poverty reduction. Experiences around the world and through the years has shown unequal growth among countries and even in its regions. In this sense, income distribution in the countries and among them isn´t homogeneous, which may benefit just part of individuals. In order to discuss this approache, the present paper examines pro-poor growth notion, which basically occurs when the poorest population in fact benefit from economic growth. A conceptual and historical debate is presented, as well the experiences around the world and in Brazil, significant aspects and conditions that has been favorable in order to achieve pro-poor growth.Additionally, public policies that may promote a “good” growth are discussed. Having all this set of knowledge in mind, the “G” growth index is introduced to empirically evaluate Rio Grande do Sul state growth beetwen 1991 and 2000, using IBGE data. The results regarding the different regions in RS during the 1990 decade has been heterogeneous, reinforcing the idea that development is not neutral considering income distribution. They varied from pro-rich to pro-poor, including anti-poor situations. Therefore, it´s average was pro-rich.

Magister Economicae - MEcon / This study identifies the determinants of sheep prices for small-scale sheep farming households in two districts of the Eastern Cape, namely Amathole and Ukhahlamba (Joe Xabe). Output prices that small farm households receive for their sheep affect their incomes from agriculture (knowing that revenue is a product of quantity and price), which, in turn, influence their living standards. The study isolates three sets of determinants of price formation in local agricultural markets - structural drivers, institutional factors and livelihood shocks - to account for the variations in prices that smallholder farmers receive. Data were collected from 134 households that were selected using purpose sampling and preceded by key informant and focus groups interviews with actors along the sheep value chain. A questionnaire consisting of both open-ended and quantitative questions was used. The relationship between output price formation and clusters of determinants is a typical hedonic pricing framework, which is fitted using a backward stepwise econometric technique that is a widely used experimental tool to identify significant determinants. / South Africa

The aim is to explore how community participation can situate beneficiaries to discover and commit to what they need for the future in northern Ghana. The methodology used was observational, descriptive, qualitative and quantitative, cross-sectional and longitudinal survey. A convenient sampling method was used for the community and district selection process. Respondents were randomly selected to ensure equal opportunity for all those available at the time of the interview. Eight communities were used from the three regions of northern Ghana in which community-based pro-poor interventions by interventionists have either completed or are still in process. The participatory, reflective and participatory rural appraisal, techniques were used in the data gathering. The results show that 57% males and 43% females participated in the study. The study shows that 95.2% respondents from Northern region, 93.3%, from Upper West region and 88.7% from Upper East region participated more in NGO than government led activities. There were five main findings of the research. First, 61% of respondents give high priority to farm credit, boreholes/wells and dams. Respondents claim to gain maximum benefit from these interventions more. Second, 92.4% of respondents from the eight communities participate more in activities organised by NGOs for personal gain and motivation. Third, 53% of all target respondents participated actively at the implementation stage of the participation process. Fourth, there is low investment in the area of school, road and dam projects in the study communities. Only two of the eight communities benefited from a school or road project, and three out of eight communities benefited from dam projects. Fifth, 57% males against 43% females participate in pro-poor intervention activities in the eight communities. As a contribution to knowledge, the thesis shows community members in northern Ghana participate in activities when there is immediate motivation (either in cash or kind) or when projects border more on their main occupational areas. The thesis recommends that Government facilitates community members to demand the right to take active part in the participatory process in all pro-poor interventions in their communities. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

Cette thèse met en exergue des recommandations sur le rôle des politiques de gouvernance, structurelles et fiscales pour atteindre une croissance pro-pauvre et inclusive. Le premier chapitre qui est introductif, présente le contexte de la thèse et discute brièvement les principaux problèmes de données ainsi que les faits stylisés sur l’inégalité et la pauvreté. Le deuxième chapitre analyse les effets de la bonne gouvernance sur la croissance pro-pauvre et inclusive au niveau macroéconomique. Il montre que tous les indicateurs de la gouvernance impactent positivement la croissance des revenus et la réduction de la pauvreté tandis que seuls deux indicateurs : l’efficacité du gouvernement et la règle de droit favorisent une croissance inclusive. Le troisième chapitre analyse comment les gouvernements peuvent réduire les inégalités de revenu en ajustant la composition des dépenses publiques tout en gardant le niveau total inchangé. Les résultats montrent que réallouer les dépenses de défense vers les dépenses d’éducation et de santé et en particulier les dépenses sociales et d’infrastructure, est associé à une réduction des inégalités dans les pays avec une stabilité politique. Le quatrième chapitre fournit une perspective micro-économique, en étudiant comment une meilleure performance des firmes dans le secteur informel peut promouvoir la prospérité partagée dans un contexte de fragilité. Ce chapitre montre que la performance des firmes est un facteur clé expliquant les différences de revenus entre les entrepreneurs. En outre, les résultats montrent que le capital humain et les compétences managériales sont des déterminants importants de la performance des firmes informelles. / This dissertation provides some evidence-based policy lessons focusing on the role of institutional, structural, and fiscal policies in achieving pro-poor and inclusive growth. The first chapter gives an overview of the dissertation and briefly discusses the main data issues and some stylized facts on inequality and poverty. The second chapter examines the role of good governance in fostering pro-poor and inclusive growth at the macroeconomic level. It shows that while all features of good governance enhance pro-poor growth, only government effectiveness and the rule of law tend to promote inclusive growth. The third chapter provides a cross-country analysis investigating how governments can reduce income inequality by changing the composition of public spending while keeping the total level fixed. The results show that reallocating defense spending towards education, and health spending and in particular social and infrastructure spending, is associated with reduced income inequality in countries with political stability. The fourth chapter provides a microeconomic perspective, focusing on how better performance of informal firms could promote shared prosperity in a context of fragility. It shows that firms’ performance is a key factor in explaining income differences between entrepreneurs. In addition, the chapter finds that human capital and managerial skills are important engines of informal firms’ performance.

The aim is to explore how community participation can situate beneficiaries to discover and commit to what they need for the future in northern Ghana. The methodology used was observational, descriptive, qualitative and quantitative, cross-sectional and longitudinal survey. A convenient sampling method was used for the community and district selection process. Respondents were randomly selected to ensure equal opportunity for all those available at the time of the interview. Eight communities were used from the three regions of northern Ghana in which community-based pro-poor interventions by interventionists have either completed or are still in process. The participatory, reflective and participatory rural appraisal, techniques were used in the data gathering. The results show that 57% males and 43% females participated in the study. The study shows that 95.2% respondents from Northern region, 93.3%, from Upper West region and 88.7% from Upper East region participated more in NGO than government led activities. There were five main findings of the research. First, 61% of respondents give high priority to farm credit, boreholes/wells and dams. Respondents claim to gain maximum benefit from these interventions more. Second, 92.4% of respondents from the eight communities participate more in activities organised by NGOs for personal gain and motivation. Third, 53% of all target respondents participated actively at the implementation stage of the participation process. Fourth, there is low investment in the area of school, road and dam projects in the study communities. Only two of the eight communities benefited from a school or road project, and three out of eight communities benefited from dam projects. Fifth, 57% males against 43% females participate in pro-poor intervention activities in the eight communities. As a contribution to knowledge, the thesis shows community members in northern Ghana participate in activities when there is immediate motivation (either in cash or kind) or when projects border more on their main occupational areas. The thesis recommends that Government facilitates community members to demand the right to take active part in the participatory process in all pro-poor interventions in their communities. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

Magister Artium - MA / Recent years have seen an upsurge of interest from governments and development organisations in adopting the Public Private Partnership (PPP) approach when developing and operating ecotourism projects. A PPP is a contract between a public sector institution and a private party, in which the private party assumes substantial financial, technical and operational risk in the design, financing, building and operation of a project (South African National Treasury 2004). Countries such as India, China and Kenya have developed numerous projects through PPPs. Protected Areas have followed suit in adopting the PPP approach, to be able to focus on their core business, namely conservation. To date, relevant research on PPP ecotourism projects, specifically pro-poor tourism approach is fragmented, limited in scope, and lacks examples that can assist practitioners in embedding pro-poor tourism principles in the PPP methodology. Academically, studies are largely evaluations that compare progress against projects’ defined objectives or broad based sustainable tourism goals. However, this study is an assessment of a tourism development from a pro-poor tourism perspective. Thus, this study interrogated the extent to which ecotourism PPP at De Hoop is pro-poor. Furthermore, the study sought to establish if rural local communities living in and near De Hoop PPP benefit and how their benefits can be enhanced. Pro-poor tourism indicators are used in this study as a theoretical base to evaluate De Hoop PPP.