Doctoral thesis is focused on the unconventional methods of the discrete probability estimation of categorical quantity from its observed values. The gradient of quasinorm and so-called line estimation were emlopyed for these estimations. Bootstrap method was used for the improvement of accuracy. Theoretical results for selected quasinorms were illustrated on specific examples.

An investigation into the relaxation of highly vibrationally excited trifluorobenzene and tetrafluorobenzene following collisions with carbon dioxide was performed using diode laser transient absorption spectroscopy. A 248 nm excimer laser prepared the vibrationally hot (E'~41,000 cm-1) fluorobenzene molecules. Large amounts of translational and rotational energy are transferred through collisions between the hot donor molecule and CO2. Rate constants and collisional probabilities were calculated by probing the high J states (J=58~80) of CO2 in the vibrational ground state, 0000, with measurements taken 1 µsec, ¼ the mean gas collision time, following each excimer laser pulse. The energy transfer probability distribution function, P(E,E'), was calculated for each molecule using the state-resolved probabilities and the energy gain of the bath. The study found a relationship between the fraction of strong collisions and the donor's dipole moment. Additionally, these findings support an application of Fermi's Golden rule to collisional energy transfer by linking the shape of P(E,E') to the shape of the donor's density of states as a function of ΔE.

No / River morphological processes are among the most complex and least understood phenomenon in nature. Recent research indicates that the braiding of marine waterways of the estuary zone occurs at an aspect ratio similar to the alluvial braided river. The instability of complex sporadic fluvial processes at river-sea interface is responsible for bar formation in alluvial as well as in marine waterbodies Due to the lack of knowledge of flow characteristics around bar, the flow structure around the sand bar is analyzed. The bursting events play the crucial role in understanding the fluvial characteristics in the vicinity of submerged structure. The study of bursting events around the mid-channel bar is only done by the present author. The effect of submergence ratio on the turbulence behavior in the proximity of bar is analyzed in this study. The flow turbulence generated by the mid-channel bar is also analyzed in detail. The extreme turbulent burst is segregated from low intensity turbulent events by using the hole size concept. The effect of hole size on the parameter Dominance Function is analysed which is not yet studied by any researcher for mid-channel bar. The Momentum Dominance Function (MDF) parameter increases with increase in the Hole Size. This indicates that the magnitude of upward flux increases with increase in the hole size. The effect of bar height on the turbulent burst which is not yet studied by any researchers is analyzed in the present research. The joint probability distribution of bursting events is modeled using the Gram-Charlier bivariate joint probability function. The joint probability distribution gives the details of probabilistic structure of flow in the vicinity of bar. The effect of bar is predominant only in the lower flow layer. The joint probability distribution graph becomes more eccentric toward the dominant quadrants with increase in the submergence ratio. This indicates that the probability of dominant events further increases with increase in the submergence ratio.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 乙第13589号 / 論人健博第13号 / 新制||人健||8(附属図書館) / 名古屋大学大学院医学系研究科医療技術学専攻 / (主査)教授 中尾 恵, 教授 杉本 直三, 教授 中本 裕士 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Advanced architecture processors provide features such as caches and branch prediction that result in improved, but variable, execution time of software. Hard real-time systems require tasks to complete within timing constraints. Consequently, hard real-time systems are typically designed conservatively through the use of tasks? worst-case execution times (WCET) in order to compute deterministic schedules that guarantee task?s execution within giving time constraints. This use of pessimistic execution time assumptions provides real-time guarantees at the cost of decreased performance and resource utilization. In soft real-time systems, however, meeting deadlines is not an absolute requirement (i.e., missing a few deadlines does not severely degrade system performance or cause catastrophic failure). In such systems, a guaranteed minimum probability of completing by the deadline is sufficient. Therefore, there is considerable latitude in such systems for improving resource utilization and performance as compared with hard real-time systems, through the use of more realistic execution time assumptions. Given probability distribution functions (PDFs) representing tasks? execution time requirements, and tasks? communication and precedence requirements, represented as a directed acyclic graph (DAG), this dissertation proposes and investigates algorithms for constructing non-preemptive stochastic schedules. New PDF manipulation operators developed in this dissertation are used to compute tasks? start and completion time PDFs during schedule construction. PDFs of the schedules? completion times are also computed and used to systematically trade the probability of meeting end-to-end deadlines for schedule length and jitter in task completion times. Because of the NP-hard nature of the non-preemptive DAG scheduling problem, the new stochastic scheduling algorithms extend traditional heuristic list scheduling and genetic list scheduling algorithms for DAGs by using PDFs instead of fixed time values for task execution requirements. The stochastic scheduling algorithms also account for delays caused by communication contention, typically ignored in prior DAG scheduling research. Extensive experimental results are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the new algorithms in constructing stochastic schedules. Results also show that through the use of the techniques developed in this dissertation, the probability of meeting deadlines can be usefully traded for performance and jitter in soft real-time systems.

Prestressed concrete structural members camber upwards or downwards depending upon the location of application of prestress force. Identical members do not camber equally due to variability of the factors influencing it. Differential camber in the beams, if significant, results in excessively tall haunches or girder top flange extending into the bottom of the slab. For adjacent members like deck bulb-tees and box girders that are to be transversely post-tensioned the differential camber causes problems during the fit up process. This variation is undesirable and hinders the smooth progress of construction work if not properly accounted for at the design stage. Various factors influence camber and camber growth in prestressed members. Some of the factors are concrete strength and modulus, concrete creep and shrinkage properties, curing conditions, maturity of concrete at release of prestress force, initial strand stress, climatic conditions in storage and length of time in storage. Combinations of these variables result in variation of camber of otherwise similar beams at the time they are erected. One way to increase the precision of camber estimation is to use Monte Carlo simulation based upon the randomized parameters affecting the camber and camber growth. In this method, the parameters, in the form of a probability distribution function, are combined and passed through a deterministic model resulting in camber and camber growth prediction with narrowed probability bounds as compared to single definite value given by most contemporary methods. This outcome gives the expected range of cambers for a given girder design. After determining the expected range of camber, the ultimate goal is to provide guidelines for using unbonded monostrands for camber adjustment. / Master of Science

Since past more than hundred years, fluvial geomorphologists all across the globe have been trying to understand the basic phenomena and processes that control the behavioral patterns of streams. A large number of stream classification systems has been proposed till date, but none of them have been accepted universally. Lately, a large amount of efforts have been made to develop bankfull relations for estimating channel geometry that can be employed for stream restoration practices. Focusing on these two objectives, in this study a new stream classification system based on elevation above mean sea level has been developed and later using elevation as one of the independent and nondimensionalising parameters, universal and regional regime equations in dimensionless forms have been developed for predicting channel geometry at bankfull conditions. To accomplish the first objective, 873 field measurement values describing the hydraulic geometry and morphology of streams mainly from Canada, UK and USA were compiled and statistically analyzed. Based on similar mode values of three dimensionless channel variables (aspect ratio, sinuosity and channel slope), several fine elevations ranges were merged to produce the final five elevation ranges. These final five zones formed the basis of the new elevation based classification system and were identified with their unique modal values of dimensionless variables. Performing joint probability distributions on each of these zones, trends in the behavior of channel variables while moving from lowland to upland were observed. For the completion of second objective, 405 data points out of initial 873 points were selected and employed for the development of bankfull relations by using bankfull discharge and watershed variables as the input variables. Regression equations developed for width and depth established bankfull discharge as the only required input variable whereas all other watershed variables were proved out to be relatively insignificant. Channel slope equation did not show any dependence on bankfull discharge and was observed to be influenced only by drainage area and valley slope factors. Later when bankfull discharge was replaced by annual average rainfall as the new input variable, watershed parameters (drainage area, forest cover, urban cover etc.) became significant in bankfull width and depth regression equations. This suggested that bankfull discharge in itself encompasses the effects of all the watershed variables and associated processes and thus is sufficient for estimating channel dimensions. Indeed, bankfull discharge based regression equation demonstrated its strong dependence on watershed and rainfall variables. / Master of Science

BACKGROUND:People who have extremely high arched feet or pes cavus often suffer from substantial foot pain. Custom-made foot orthoses (CFO) have been shown to be an effective treatment option, but their specificity is unclear. It is generally thought that one of the primary functions of CFO is redistributing abnormal plantar pressures. This study sought to identify variables associated with pain relief after CFO intervention.METHODS:Plantar pressure data from a randomized controlled trial of 154 participants with painful pes cavus were retrospectively re-analyzed at baseline and three month post CFO intervention. The participants were randomized to a treatment group given CFO or a control group given sham orthoses.RESULTS:No relationship between change in pressure magnitude and change in symptoms was found in either group. However, redistribution of plantar pressure, measured with the Dynamic Plantar Loading Index, had a significant effect on pain relief (p=0.001). Our final model predicted 73% of the variance in pain relief from CFO and consisted of initial pain level, BMI, foot alignment, and changes in both Dynamic Plantar Loading Index and pressure-time integral.CONCLUSION:Our data suggest that a primary function of effective orthotic therapy with CFO is redistribution of abnormal plantar pressures. Results of this study add to the growing body of literature providing mechanistic support for CFO providing pain relief in painful foot conditions. The proposed model may assist in better designing and assessing orthotic therapy for pain relief in patients suffering painful cavus foot deformity.TRIAL REGISTRATION:Randomized controlled trial: ISRCTN84913516

The purpose of this thesis is to develop a comprehensive model analysis in a three-dimensional spatial frame for the dynamics of molecular particles in dilute colloidal suspensions in solutions flowing inside pores of variable width, subject to hydrodynamic forces, Brownian motion and diffusive collisions at the rough pore boundaries, by using numerical simulations. The approach by simulations is necessary because it is extremely complex to use analytical tools at present to deal with the problem of diffusive collisions of the particles at the solid pore boundaries. The algorithms which we have developed and the corresponding simulations are sufficiently general and refined to be directly applied to the study of the dynamics of a wide variety of polymer and biological particles in dilute solutions under diverse physical and applicable hydrodynamic conditions inside pores. Moreover, the mechanisms leading to the adhesion of particles of nano sizes under what would be non-equilibrium conditions, due to the conflicting influence of the mechanical diffusive collisions and the attractive Hamaker forces at the boundaries, are of major interest. We have hence investigated a theoretical model to calculate the restitution coefficient from basic physical principles. The objective is to quantify the energy balance during the process of a diffusive collision of a nano particle under the influence of the repulsive forces on one hand, and the attractive Hamaker forces acting on the nano particle on the other. This is done by developing a model, based on the JKR and Hertz theories, to account for the energy losses during collisions, and for the energy gains due to the Hamaker interactions. Adhesion becomes an outcome if the energy balance permits this. Our theoretical model is developed by proposing a special analytic approach based on the Hamaker potential. We derive from the theoretical analysis a characteristic nonlinear equation for the restitution coefficient, and analyze its properties which determine under given physical conditions the outcome for adhesion or not.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as origens dos estudos ligados à gestão do risco e suas aplicações no mercado de capitais, incluindo o mercado brasileiro. São destacadas importantes características estatísticas desses estudos, algumas premissas probabilísticas básicas e o questionamento do uso indiscriminado dos modelos matemáticos desenvolvidos para Finanças. Apresentamos alguns tipos de distribuições estatísticas que podem ser aplicadas ao mercado de capitais. Esta pesquisa apresenta, também, características de sistemas complexos, da Teoria da Utilidade de Bernoulli, da Teoria da Utilidade Esperada (TUE) de Von Neumann e Morgenstern (1944), da Hipótese de Mercados Eficientes (HME) organizado/sistematizado por Eugene Fama (1970), da Racionalidade Limitada, estudada por Simon (1959), das Finanças Comportamentais, tratada por Kahneman e Tverski (1979) e do uso de modelos, apresentado por Merton, (1994). É feito um estudo empírico, a título de ilustração, contemplando o mercado brasileiro, representado pelo índice BOVESPA (Ibovespa), comparado com resultados obtidos por Gabaix (2003), em estudo realizado no mercado americano, a fim de verificar a distribuição de probabilidade do retorno. Esta realização empírica é realizada no intento de reforçar a importância da reflexão acerca do uso indiscriminado dos modelos e das quebras de suas premissas. / The objective of this work is to study the origins of the research related to risk and its implications to capital markets, including the Brazilian market. Important statistical characteristics, several basic probabilistic premises and the questioning of indiscriminate use of mathematical models developed by accountants and analysts in finances had been highlighted. There had been shown some kinds of statistical distribution which can be applied to capital markets. This research also presents characteristics of complex systems, Utility Theory, studied by Von Neumann and Morgenstern (1944), Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH), organized/systematized by Eugene Fama (1970), Limited Rationality, studied by Simon (1959), Behavioral Finance, dealt by Kahneman and Tveski (1979) and model\'s use by Merton (1994). In order to illustrate the work, there had been made an empirical study, contemplating Brazilian market and comparing it to Garbaix\'s (2003) results, obtained by American market study. This was made in order to verify the market return probability distribution to reinforce the importance of reflection in indiscriminate usage of models and its premises crack.