abstract: Over the last decade, scholars have become increasingly attentive to the role of procedural fairness in shaping police officer attitudes and behaviors. In Chapter 1, I review key developments within this research, and identify several theoretical and methodological issues present in the current literature. I then outline the issues I seek to address through the three studies presented in this dissertation. In Chapter 2, I explore a divergence in how scholars conceptualize and measure sources of internal procedural fairness (IPF) within police departments. I discuss the implications of these divergences, and then compare three conceptualizations of IPF sources. I find that officers appear to form separate IPF judgement for each source, and that each procedural fairness judgment has unique associations with several outcomes. In Chapter 3, I examine the relationship between internal procedural fairness and officer engagement in external procedural fairness (EPF). Drawing upon the group engagement model (GEM), I argue that the relationship between IPF and EPF is mediated by organizational identification. Comparing the GEM against the prevailing explanation for this relationship, I find that the GEM better accounts for the relationship between IPF and EPF. In Chapter 4, I explore the role of organizational emphasis in shaping police officer support for several different policing strategies. The GEM suggests that IPF will simply bond officers to organizational goals and norms; it is this bond that motivates officers to adopt the strategies emphasized by their department. Examining support for several policing strategies, I find that officers who are more committed to their agency are more sensitive to changes in the emphasis placed on specific strategies. In Chapter 5, I review the findings of the various studies presented in this dissertation and discuss the implications of this research. Collectively, these three studies offer several insights into how IPF shapes police officer attitudes and behaviors. They highlight the importance of officer identification with organizational norms and value in shaping police officer attitudes and behaviors and establish new avenues for IPF research within police organizations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Criminology and Criminal Justice 2020

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Fine motor skills are learned through repetitive practice and once learned, last for a long time. Skilled reaching is linked to structural and functional changes in multiple brain regions including, in particular, the primary motor cortex. Previous studies demonstrated that fine motor skill learning is associated with cortical synaptogenesis and motor map reorganization. At present, studies have implicated an indispensable role of epigenetic alterations in both hippocampal- and striatal-dependent memory formations, while examinations into the epigenetic changes in the primary motor cortex are lacking. The current study was aimed to identify epigenetic changes in motor cortex as a result of extensive motor skill learning using the single pellet skilled reaching task. Male Wistar rats were trained in the single pellet skilled reaching task (n = 6) for 10 consecutive days or were, under similar conditions, given access to pellets that did not require skilled reaches (n = 6). Skilled motor trained rats exhibited a rapid increase in successful reaches during the first four days of motor training before reaching a plateau, indicative of the acquisition and consolidation of the learned task, respectively. Expression profiles of chromatin modifying enzymes were screened using epigenetic-targeted PCR arrays. Results suggest that gene expression levels of multiple chromatin regulatory enzymes were down-regulated in the motor cortex of trained animals compared to controls following 10 days of motor training in the skilled reaching task. Among the chromatin modifying enzymes, the transcription level of Smyd1 (SET and MYND domain containing 1; NM_001106595) was lower (-2.17 fold-change) in motor cortex after 10 days of training compared to controls. Our results point to an epigenetic regulation of chromatin modification markers in the primary motor cortex that possibly underlie the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis and the formation of procedural memory.

Sound design with the help of procedurally generated sound in video games has seen arise in the last few years given how that method gives us greated freedom in how soundreacts in realtime to the games, and the players. This research looks into if there is anydifference in how procedural sound, in this case procedurally generated wind, affectsthe navigation of players in a three dimensional world, as opposed to static samplebased sound design.

This study has investigated the emergence of an international criminal justice order from its inception to its current status. It has investigated the emergence of an international criminal justice order by referring to: (1) the early attempts by nations to control the waging of war; (2) the influence and impact of the Nuremberg and Tokyo International Criminal Tribunals; (3) the emergence and rooting of international human rights and humanitarian law in coexistence with international criminal law, particularly since the adoption of the 1949 Geneva Conventions; (4) the influence and impact of the international criminal ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda; (5) recent attempts by states to exercise universal jurisdiction such as in the Pinochet and Congo cases; (6) the establishment of the International Criminal Court and numerous aspects of international criminal law that have been established by the Rome Treaty creating the Court; (7) the obstacles that are faced by the court; (8) other transitional justice mechanisms in an ongoing attempt to provide accountability and redress where serious infringements of international human rights and humanitarian law have occurred; and (9) a South African perspective of the past and current status of international law in domestic law. It has established that although the sovereignty and equality of states remains a cornerstone of international law, inroads have been made into the doctrine of absolute state sovereignty to the extent that it is now universally recognised that certain crimes are so reprehensible in their nature, that they warrant prosecution wherever they are committed, no matter by whom they are committed. It has further established that international criminal law and justice did not evolve overnight and most of its current status is ascribable to unfortunate and indescribable human suffering. It has provided a historical perspective of the early attempts to regulate the waging of war, and showed the impact of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg and Tokyo, most significantly establishing individual accountability as opposed to only state accountability. The latter development led to an introduction, resurgence and development of human rights and particularly humanitarian law subsequent to World War II, to the extent that the destiny of international criminal law is unavoidably interwoven with the former two branches of international law. It proceeded to record and demonstrate the impact on international law generally and international criminal law in particular, with the establishment of the ICTY and the ICTR. It has demonstrated that the establishment of these two ad hoc tribunals provided impetus to renewed calls for the establishment of a permanent International Criminal Court and has greatly contributed to the recording and further development of international criminal law. Lastly, it has provided much impetus for states to exercise universal jurisdiction over prosecution of core crimes. The latter impetus provided the background to a chapter in this work indicating positive steps by states to exercise universal jurisdiction. It proceeded to provide the historical background for the eventual establishment of the International Criminal Court and concurrently demonstrated its impact on the development of an international order of justice. The research provided a brief analysis of transitional justice models in recent times, contributing to an analysis of what lessons may be learned from these attempts of various transitional societies. It then proceeded to provide a South African perspective, particularly the evolution of the status of international law in South African domestic law. The thesis concluded that the need for a consistent international criminal justice order is validated and although the international community is continually shocked by ongoing atrocities around the globe, significant progress has been made in recent decades to extend the international rule of law.

This doctoral thesis examines the different forms of procedural communication available to the Swedish courts. The choice traditionally stood between oral and written procedure. Today the procedure in the general courts is dominated by the principle of orality, while in the administrative courts, procedure chiefly takes the written form. This being said, the types of communication procedures used in courts today are constantly changing, the reason being, in part, the advent and advancement of new communication tools such as telephone, video and the internet. The cardinal aspiration for this doctoral thesis has been to prepare a generous substructure that will allow an assessment of how the principles that constitute the foundation for the choice of a form of procedural communication stand up against the arrival of new conditions. In attaining this goal the thesis takes stock of, structure, and evaluate the current knowledge of the regulation of the forms of procedural communication and the arguments that have been put forward regarding its design and application. The chosen method is a rhetorical-topical audit of the arguments provided by the legislative community. In addition it examines the relationship between these arguments and the activities of the courts and includes a comparative analysis of the current and historic conditions of the procedural communication forms. In the thesis nine different principle topoi (argument sources) for the analysed argumentation are identified and discussed: The Purpose of the Proceedings, Security, Speed, Cost-effectiveness, the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Decision-making, the Parties, Publicity and the Rules and Regulations.

Managing diversity has multiple meanings. Nevertheless, there is some agreement in the literature relating to its broad principles. In particular, there is agreement that there are business benefits to be gained from adopting a managing diversity approach. In other words, an organisation can achieve certain advantages by treating people differently, rather than the same. In this sense, managing diversity is an alternative approach to equal opportunities because the main thrust for adopting an equal opportunities approach arose from a moral imperative. The rhetoric also implies that implementing a managing diversity approach is straightforward. However, this study argues that there is a considerable difference between the persuasive rhetoric of managing diversity and the approach in practice. Adopting a qualitative case study strategy, this study has explored how managing diversity is understood and implemented by different organisational groups. In addition, the study has considered how perceptions of 'fairness' inform and interact with the application of managing diversity and it has considered how realistic, in practice, the business case for managing diversity is. Materials have been obtained from three separate organisations within a large UK based retailer. This study argues that managing diversity requires a stronger theoretical underpinning since there are a number of conceptual flaws that exist within the literature. The case analysis also indicates that the business case for managing diversity is based upon naïve assumptions that frequently fail to consider the 'costs' of managing diversity. The findings additionally suggest that treating people differently in an organisational environment that emphasises procedural justice and treating people the same is highly problematic. Furthermore, implementation is dependent on multiple interrelated internal and external organisational factors that are given little consideration in the literature. These factors have been identified in a map which can help organisations to make sense of managing diversity. Managing diversity, therefore, is an approach that is 'easy to talk about' but 'difficult to do'.

In the last decade the use of closed-circuit television or similar electronic devices (CCTV) has started to play a significant role in courtrooms, both as a silent witness and as a device through which to receive testimony. The benefits of optimising the use of CCTV for receiving testimony are numerous. This paper focusses on two, namely easier access to justice through criminal courts, and bridging the gap between the protective measures created by legislation with regard to vulnerable witnesses and the effective implementation of said measures. The requirements for using CCTV to receive testimony, if interpreted in a reasonable way, does not limit the type of device or facility to be used. It merely stipulates that the facilities at a remote point be overseen by a designated official, and that the device to be used must allow all parties, both at the court point and at the remote point, to hear and see the other parties, and to be able to follow the proceedings. In recent years technology has advanced to such an extent that audio-visual capable devices are readily available. It is proposed that if the above interpretation is followed, the facilities through which testimony can be given by means of CCTV need not be stationary, it can travel to where it is needed thereby making courts more accessible, and alleviating trauma with regards to vulnerable witnesses who can testify at a designated buildings and no longer needs to go to court, a place designed to be intimidating. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Procedural Law / LLM / Unrestricted

Die navorsingstuk ondersoek die interpretasie van die Grondwet deur regsprekende, met aandag op die Handves van Menseregte,2 asook ander wetgwing. Klem gaan veral geplaas word op die regsprekende gesag se algemene magte, verpligtinge en die rol wat hul speel in ‘n demokratiese staat. Verder in die navorsingstuk word die invloed wat hul oortuigings en beginsels het op hul uitsprake ondersoek om vas te stel tot watter mate onpartydigheid en onafhanklikheid gewaarborg kan word. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Procedural Law / LLM / Unrestricted

This dissertation is comparative study of plea bargaining in South Africa and England. It covers when plea bargaining was embraced in the South African criminal justice system. Plea bargaining defines the act of negotiating and concluding contracts in the context of criminal proceedings. Usually the prosecutor and the accused agree that, the accused will plead guilty to the charge brought against him in return for a concession from the prosecution. The agreement is not restricted to the subject matter submitted. Agreements can include charges that are not prosecuted or reduced, particular terms of penalty, probation requirements, and much more. The vast majority of criminal instances are resolved through negotiation in many nations. Plea bargaining infringes the notion of a standard trial and thus conflicts with well-known basic principles of criminal proceedings. In addition, negotiation before criminal trials heavily involves both the accused and the public interest's constitutionally guaranteed rights. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Procedural Law / LLM / Restricted