Scientific Computing (SC) software has significant societal impact due to its application in safety related domains, such as nuclear, aerospace, military, and medicine. Unfortunately, recent research has shown that SC software does not always achieve the desired software qualities, like maintainability, reusability, and reproducibility. Software Engineering (SE) practices have been shown to improve software qualities, but SC developers, who are often the scientists themselves, often fail to adopt SE practices because of the time commitment. To promote the application of SE in SC, we conducted a case study in which we developed new SC software. The software, we developed will be used in predicting the nature of solidification in a casting process to facilitate the reduction of expensive defects in parts. During the development process, we adopted SE practices and involved the scientists from the beginning. We interviewed the scientists before and after software development, to assess their attitude towards SE for SC. The interviews revealed a positive response towards SE for SC. In the post development interview, scientists had a change in their attitudes towards SE for SC and were willing to adopt all the SE approaches that we followed. However, when it comes to producing software artifacts, they felt overburdened and wanted more tools to reduce the time commitment and to reduce complexity. While contrasting our experience with the currently held perceptions of scientific software development, we had the following observations: a) Observations that agree with the existing literature: i) working on something that the scientists are interested in is not enough to promote SE practices, ii) maintainability is a secondary consideration for scientific partners, iii) scientists are hesitant to learn SE practices, iv) verification and validation are challenging in SC, v) scientists naturally follow agile methodologies, vi) common ground for communication has always been a problem, vii) an interdisciplinary team is essential, viii) scientists tend to choose programming language based on their familiarity, ix) scientists prefer to use plots to visualize, verify and understand their science, x) early identification of test cases is advantageous, xi) scientists have a positive attitude toward issue trackers, xii) SC software should be designed for change, xiii) faking a rational design process for documentation is advisable for SC, xiv) Scientists prefer informal, collegial knowledge transfer, to reading documentation, b) Observations that disagree with the existing literature: i) When unexpected results were obtained, our scientists chose to change the numerical algorithms, rather than question their scientific theories, ii) Documentation of up-front requirements is feasible for SC We present the requirement specification and design documentation for our software as an evidence that with proper abstraction and application of “faked rational design process”, it is possible to document up-front requirements and improve quality. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Denna rapport återger det arbete som syftat till att ta fram hjälpmedel för att utveckla hållbara förpackningslösningar. Projektet har genomförts som ett examensarbete för högskoleingenjörs- programmet i innovationsteknik och design vid fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap på Karlstads universitet. Arbetet har realiserats med stöd från Helén Williams, forskare inom energi- och miljöteknik. I dagsläget saknas metoder och hjälpmedel för att utveckla hållbara livsmedelsförpackningar där matsvinn tas in som en aspekt. Därför har en serie med tre verktyg utvecklats, från befintlig designprocessmetodik för tillämpning vid produktutveckling av hållbara förpackningslösningar, med fokus på reducerat matsvinn och minskad miljöpåverkan. För att få underlag till utvecklingen av verktygen har en förstudie genomförts där designprocess, hållbar utveckling, förpackning och matsvinn studerats. Förstudien har följts av en analys för att kartlägga var i produktutvecklingsprocessen verktyg för hållbar utveckling saknas. Detta för att identifiera faser med behov av fler hjälpmedel och resurser. Vidare har de olika faserna studerats mer ingående och det har lett fram till det slutliga resultatet bestående av verktygsmallar och riktlinjer för funktionsanalys, kvalitetshus och Pugh’s metod för reducerat matsvinn. För att sätta den centrala delen, kvalitetshusmallen, i ett verklighetsperspektiv har ett test utförts. Objektet för testet är tre olika varianter av mjölkförpackningar. Verktygen är ämnade till förpackningsdesigners och förpackningsteknologer för att underlätta deras arbete och vägval mot mer hållbara lösningar genom ett minskat produktsvinn. Att verktygen är enkla och användarvänliga är ett mål och en förutsättning för att de ska komma till användning. / This report covers a process that has aimed to contribute with tools for development of sustainable packaging solutions. The project has been implemented as a Bachelor thesis for the programme in  innovation and design engineering at the faculty of health, science and technology at Karlstad university. The project has been carried out with support from Helén Williams, researcher of  environmental and energy systems. Today there is a lack of methods and tools for developing sustainable packaging solutions, in which food waste is taken in as an aspect. A set of three tools has therefore been elaborated from existing methods. The set can be applied in the designprocess of sustainable packaging solutions to achieve reduced food waste and environmental impact. The feasibility study of the project has aimed to provide information for support and included the keywords: design process, sustainable development, packaging and food waste. After the feasibility study, an analysis has been made. The intention has been to map where tools for sustainable development are missing. This would help to identify the phases of the design process with extra need of methods and tools. The analysis has given an opportunity to study the selected phases more thoroughly. That has led to the final result consisting of templates and guidelines for function analysis, QFD and Pugh’s method for reduced food waste. A test has been performed to put the central part, the QFD-template, into a reality perspective. The objects for the test consists of three types of milk packages. The tools are aimed to be used by package designers and packages technologists to facilitate their work and decisions to more sustainable solutions through reduced product waste. The goal and the prerequisite are that the tools should be easy and user friendly. If not there is a risk that they might not be used.

L'activité de conception est un processus complexe et décisif dans le cycle de vie des produits et des procédés de fabrication. Dans le contexte actuel, les chercheurs et ingénieurs de conception notent une nette augmentation de la complexité des produits et procédés, pour satisfaire au mieux l’ensemble des exigences croissantes provenant de l’ensemble des acteurs du cycle de vie (industriels et utilisateurs) mais aussi du monde normatif. La gestion des connaissances et de l’expertise métier est un atout important pour rendre plus efficace et accélérer ce processus. Les recherches actuelles sur la gestion des connaissances font émerger des méthodes et outils performants pour identifier, formaliser, exploiter et diffuser la connaissance et les expériences issues de conceptions passées en vue de produire rapidement de nouvelles solutions. Parmi les approches existantes le Raisonnement à Partir de Cas (RàPC) et la Programmation Par Contraintes (PPC) correspondent aux besoins identifiés en Génie des Procédés. A partir de l’analyse de ces deux approches, ce travail propose un couplage du RàPC et de la PPC afin de fournir un cadre méthodologique et un outil logiciel pour une aide à la conception. Le RàPC permet de capitaliser et de remémorer les expériences passées. Toutefois, la modification de la solution passée pour répondre aux exigences du nouveau problème nécessite l’ajout de nouvelles connaissances aussi appelées connaissances d’adaptation. La PPC, quant à elle, offre justement un cadre approprié pour modéliser et gérer la connaissance permettant l’obtention d’une solution à un problème mais aussi ces connaissances d’adaptation. Outre la formalisation des connaissances d’adaptation, une des difficultés réside dans l’acquisition de ces connaissances. Dans l’approche proposée, le cycle traditionnel du RàPC a été modifié de façon à créer une boucle d’interaction avec l’utilisateur. Lorsqu’un échec d’adaptation se produit, cette boucle est activée et l’expert est sollicité pour apporter les modifications nécessaires à l’obtention d’une solution appropriée. Cette correction est l’occasion d’acquérir en ligne cette nouvelle connaissance, qui sera par la suite mise à jour et ajoutée dans le système. Un cas d’étude sur la conception d’une opération unitaire de génie des procédés permet d’illustrer l’approche. / Design is a complex and crucial process within the lifecycle of products and production processes. In the current context, design engineers and researchers notice an increasing in complexity of products and processes, in order to meet all the requirements coming from all the participants(manufacturers and users alike) in the life cycle and in the normative world as well. Knowledge management is an important asset to accelerate this process and improve its efficiency. Current research on knowledge management is producing new methods and tools to identify, formalize, exploit and disseminate knowledge from past designs experiences to produce new solutions rapidly. Among existing approaches, Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) and Constraint Programming (CP) are suited to needs identified in Process Engineering. Based on the analysis of these two approaches, this work proposes a coupling of CBR and the CP to provide a methodological framework and a software tool to assist design. The CBR allows to capitalize and retrieve past experiences. However, transforming the past solution to fit the new problem requirements needs the addition of new knowledge also known as Adaptation Knowledge. CP, meanwhile, offers an appropriate framework to model and manage knowledge required to obtain an appropriate solution to a problem, but also the adaptation knowledge. In addition to the formalization of adaptation knowledge, one of the remaining major difficulties lies in knowledge acquisition. In the proposed approach, the traditional CBR cycle has been modified to create a user interaction loop. When an adaptation failure occurs, this loop is activated and the expert is asked to make the necessary changes to achieve an appropriate solution. This correction is an opportunity to acquire this new knowledge online, which will be subsequently updated and added into the system. A case study on the design of a unit operation of Process Engineering is used to illustrate the approach

La conception de procédé agroalimentaire est une activité complexe, caractérisée par la grande diversité des produits et des procédés étudiés, ainsi que par la disparité des contextes de production (artisanale ou industrielle). La conception de systèmes de transformation alimentaire adaptés est animée par d'importants enjeux humains, sanitaires, économiques, environnementaux et même culturels. Dans le cas des Pays du Sud, l'explosion démographique et l'urbanisation croissante impliquent de développer un système de production industriel capable de valoriser des produits issus de savoir-faire traditionnels, tout en répondant à des contraintes de coût et de productivité.Pour prévenir toute perte de temps causée par des analyses de type « essai-erreur », et afin d'éviter des coûts de développement superflus, il existe des outils spécifiques à l'analyse décisionnelle multicritères (MCDA) pouvant être déployé dès les phases préliminaires de la conception. En particulier, il est possible d'analyser le potentiel et les limites technologiques d'un concept défini dans un contexte donné, par l'analyse de l'ensemble de solutions les plus performantes, dites Pareto-optimales. Ces solutions se distinguent par les valeurs de leurs variables de conception, qui sont autant de degrés de liberté pour le dimensionnement du concept (géométrie, matériaux, conditions opératoires).Notre cas d'étude concerne l'évaluation d'un concept de fumage à chaud à plaques radiantes, pour la production de poisson fumé, traditionnellement consommé en Afrique Centrale et de l'Ouest. En effet, avant de prétendre à la diffusion de cette technologie déjà brevetée, il faut s'assurer que le procédé puisse satisfaire des objectifs de production et de performances énergétiques, tout en maintenant une qualité du produit satisfaisante. Ainsi, un outil d'optimisation multiobjectif spécifique a été développé en se basant sur la modélisation du comportement du procédé. Une première étude expérimentale a permis de construire un modèle de séchage du poisson dans des conditions d'air variables (température, vitesse et humidité), qui représente à la fois les flux d'évaporation et les flux liés aux écoulements gravitaires de graisses et d'eau. Dans un second temps, un outil de simulation existant a été amélioré afin de représenter des phénomènes ayant un impact significatif sur les performances du procédé, tels que l'aéraulique des fumées, le recyclage de l'air et la régulation thermique. Ainsi, un modèle d'observation a été établi. Il permet de prédire le comportement de différentes solutions possibles, définies par huit variables de conception, et d'évaluer leurs performances sur la base de six variables d'observation.Dans un dernier volet, la formalisation des préférences et de la connaissance experte du procédé permet d'interpréter les performances en termes de désirabilités (satisfaction), qui sont agrégées en un indice de satisfaction global (fonction objectif) par un principe de précaution. Un algorithme génétique permet alors de trouver une solution optimale qui maximise cette fonction objectif, en explorant l'espace des solutions possibles de manière combinatoire. Cette démarche de conception a été fructueuse car elle a permis de proposer un dimensionnement permettant d'obtenir des performances très satisfaisantes. Il a aussi été possible de proposer des améliorations ciblées pour redéfinir le concept actuel du fumoir à plaques. Par ailleurs, il est à noter que le modèle de comportement peut facilement être réadapté pour d'autre type de produits. Dans la perspective d'étendre l'utilisation de cette démarche à d'autres cas d'étude, un effort devra être mené pour la collecte de données fonctionnelles issues de l'expertise. / Food process design is a complex activity, given the wide diversity of existing product and processes, and the plurality of production contexts. Designer must meet the requirements derived from the critical stakes from human, sanitarian, economic, environmental and cultural point of views. In southern countries, the rapid growth of population drives the need of more industrial processes able to valorize traditional products.The savings of development time and extra-expenses are mainly determined by the quality of design choices from the early stage of the designing process, called embodiment design. Multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques are used in this purpose, which enable to evaluate and criticize any technological concept. In a specific context, it is possible to generate the Pareto-set of a concept, which is composed of the most efficient possible alternatives. Indeed, every design alternative is defined by some design (or decision) variables which are the degree of freedom for the dimensioning of the system considered. Our case study focuses on a technological innovation to perform hot-smoking using radiant plates (for sanitarian purpose). It is aimed to be developed for the production of traditional hot-smoked catfish widely consumed in West and Central Africa. This is a multicriteria design problem since many objectives have to be satisfied, and concern the product quality, production and energetic performances.In a first work, the mass reduction of catfish dried in hot air conditions was modeled from empirical measurements. In particular, this model takes into account the influence of the drying air conditions (Temperature, Velocity and Relative Humidity) on the calculation of the mass fluxes of evaporation and drips. After that, a global simulation model of the radiant plate hot-smoking process was developed from a previous work. Some key phenomena were described (pressure losses, air recycling, thermal regulation) as they could strongly impact the process performances. The resulting observation model allows predicting the performances of any design alternative defined by a set of 8 design variables.In a final work, expert knowledge and preference were mathematically introduced in a multiobjective optimization tool, meaning some desirability functions. Therefore, every performance variable is converted into desirability indices (traducing the level of satisfaction) and then aggregated into a single global desirability index (thus defining a global objective function). The optimal design of the concept is found using a genetic algorithm.This multiobjective optimization method enabled to find very satisfactory design solution for the radiant plate hot smoking process. More to the point, the analysis of a wide range of Pareto-optimal solutions enabled to better understand what were the strengths and weaknesses, so it was possible to suggest some targeted improvement to the current radiant plate smoking technology. Also, it is noticeable that the current simulation model can be easily adapted to other products. For the purpose of a generalization of the use of such multiobjective methods for the design of food processes, it has been pointed out that efforts should be made to gather expert criteria other relevant functional data.

A tendência em ampliar o uso das tecnologias com aproveitamento da energia solar no setor residencial traz para os profissionais da área de projeto novos desafios que é o de reestruturar seus modelos de concepção e desenvolvimento de projetos a fim de garantir o comportamento em uso e a eficiência dos sistemas construtivos seguros. O Modelo conceitual de identificação e qualificação de risco proposto foi elaborado a partir da pesquisa de investigação e de desenvolvimento experimental. Foram considerados aspectos relativos às demandas de segurança em uso, construção do conhecimento a partir da sistemografia e a forma de integração desses saberes em um único sistema. O desenvolvimento experimental ocorreu durante o processo de projeto, produção, montagem, uso e operação de um protótipo denominado Ekó House. A metodologia aplicada envolveu quatro fases: Fase 1 - Exploratória - com pesquisas bibliográficas (as tecnologias, normas e práticas de projeto; Fase 2 - Definições - com a escolha da base teórica de apoio ao modelo; Fase 3 - Desenvolvimento - proposições e experimentos e Fase 4 - Teste e consolidação. Para validar o modelo aplicou-se a validação por generalização analítica, ou seja, expandir e generalizar a teoria. O modelo proposto, inovador no âmbito da sistemografia, apoiou-se na Teoria do Sistema Geral: teoria da modelização proposta por LE MOIGNE. Essa teoria trabalha com sistemas complexos e se apoia em processadores, são eles: de operação, informação e decisão que condicionam a integração sistêmica do projeto. Verificou-se durante a aplicação do modelo que ele estimula o aprofundamento das análises das soluções de projeto, quando: a)Identifica e formaliza conceitos que suportam o desenvolvimento das soluções nos diversos sistemas; xv b)Facilita a compreensão e síntese das múltiplas informações que precisam ser compatibilizadas no projeto; c)Formaliza um único principio \"segurança do usuário\" para a lógica de concepção e desenvolvimento de projeto; d)Organiza e permite que se priorizem as informações técnicas [fabricantes e normas];e)Facilita o entendimento por meio de informações as ações de organização e coordenação dos sistemas no espaço e de sua relação com as funcionalidades, uso e estética; e f)Fomenta a busca de soluções mais adequadas a segurança do usuário. Sendo assim, o teste do modelo validou a hipótese. Ele contribui como ferramenta guia de aprimoramento do processo de projeto. / The increasing use of solar energy technologies in the residential sector brings new challenges to professionals who work in the field of design, such as the need to restructure their mindset regarding to the conception and to the development of design, in order to ensure the performance and the efficiency of safe building systems. In this context, this thesis main goal is to propose a conceptual model for the identification and qualification of risk within residential architecture that uses solar energy technologies based on systemography. It\'s an investigative and experimental research, considering aspects related to: meet the demands of safety in use, the knowledge construction and how those could be managed. The experimental development was carried out during the process of design, production, assembly, use and operation of a prototype named Ekó House. The applied method has encompassed four stages: 1) Exploratory - bibliographic research about technologies, codes, rules and design practices; 2) Definitions - the choice of the theoretical basis to ground the model; 3) Development - propositions and experiments and 4) Proofing and consolidation. In order to verify the model it was carried out a test wherewith is possible to perform a validation by analytical generalization, that is, expand and generalize the theory. The proposed model, which represents an innovation in sistemography field, was based on LE MOIGNES\'s Systemic Theory. This Theory enabled the implementation in complex systems, using information, decision and operating processors which condition the design systemic integration. The results obtained by the research show that the model: a) incorporates knowledge, thus, being helpful along the decision-making process; b) eases the understanding and the overview of the diverse information needed by the design; c) formalizes a logic of design conception and development; d) xvii organizes and prioritizes the design technical recommendations [rules and manufacturers]; e) is able to promote an interference in the system\'s organization and coordination in space and also in its relation to functionality and aesthetics; it also f) guides the use of more suitable configurations to the design development. The model presents itself as a tool that is capable of reducing misuse of standards, conflicts between building systems, Technologies and architecture, as well as design failures that compromise safety in use.

Este trabalho é resultado das investigações sobre as práticas de projetar e de construir predominantes no cenário atual da construção civil brasileira e discute as perspectivas de evolução tecnológica do setor, através da racionalização do processo construtivo tradicional de edifícios. A partir do resgate e sistematização das informações acerca da evolução tecnológica das alvenarias de vedação, propõe a adoção de projetos voltados à sua produção racionalizada como estratégia para a otimização dos recursos materiais, humanos e energéticos investidos, além da minimização dos impactos ambientais negativos decorrentes das atividades produtivas da construção civil. Além de propor as diretrizes para o projeto de alvenarias de vedação, sugere a composição de um “banco de tecnologia construtiva" visando a sistematização e divulgação, para o meio técnico, de alternativas construtivas que contribuam para o aprimoramento do conteúdo dos projetos e ampliação de seu potencial como instrumento regulador da qualidade final do edifício. / This work is the result of the investigation on the most usual practices of architectural project and building techniques in the present scene of Brazilian civil construction. It discusses the perspectives of technological evolution for the sector, through the rationalization of traditional building processes. From rescuing and systematizing information concerned to technological evolution of non structural walls, it discusses the adoption of projects directed to its rationalized production as a strategy towards the optimization of material, human and energy resources invested, as well as the diminution of the negative environmental impacts resultant from productive activities of civil construction. Besides proposing guidelines for the project of non structural walls, it suggests creation of a "constructive technology database" aiming at the systematization and popularization, among technical practitioners, of constructive alternatives that would contribute for the qualitative improvement of projects as well as the magnifying of its potential as a regulating instrument of the final quality of the building.

A tendência em ampliar o uso das tecnologias com aproveitamento da energia solar no setor residencial traz para os profissionais da área de projeto novos desafios que é o de reestruturar seus modelos de concepção e desenvolvimento de projetos a fim de garantir o comportamento em uso e a eficiência dos sistemas construtivos seguros. O Modelo conceitual de identificação e qualificação de risco proposto foi elaborado a partir da pesquisa de investigação e de desenvolvimento experimental. Foram considerados aspectos relativos às demandas de segurança em uso, construção do conhecimento a partir da sistemografia e a forma de integração desses saberes em um único sistema. O desenvolvimento experimental ocorreu durante o processo de projeto, produção, montagem, uso e operação de um protótipo denominado Ekó House. A metodologia aplicada envolveu quatro fases: Fase 1 - Exploratória - com pesquisas bibliográficas (as tecnologias, normas e práticas de projeto; Fase 2 - Definições - com a escolha da base teórica de apoio ao modelo; Fase 3 - Desenvolvimento - proposições e experimentos e Fase 4 - Teste e consolidação. Para validar o modelo aplicou-se a validação por generalização analítica, ou seja, expandir e generalizar a teoria. O modelo proposto, inovador no âmbito da sistemografia, apoiou-se na Teoria do Sistema Geral: teoria da modelização proposta por LE MOIGNE. Essa teoria trabalha com sistemas complexos e se apoia em processadores, são eles: de operação, informação e decisão que condicionam a integração sistêmica do projeto. Verificou-se durante a aplicação do modelo que ele estimula o aprofundamento das análises das soluções de projeto, quando: a)Identifica e formaliza conceitos que suportam o desenvolvimento das soluções nos diversos sistemas; xv b)Facilita a compreensão e síntese das múltiplas informações que precisam ser compatibilizadas no projeto; c)Formaliza um único principio \"segurança do usuário\" para a lógica de concepção e desenvolvimento de projeto; d)Organiza e permite que se priorizem as informações técnicas [fabricantes e normas];e)Facilita o entendimento por meio de informações as ações de organização e coordenação dos sistemas no espaço e de sua relação com as funcionalidades, uso e estética; e f)Fomenta a busca de soluções mais adequadas a segurança do usuário. Sendo assim, o teste do modelo validou a hipótese. Ele contribui como ferramenta guia de aprimoramento do processo de projeto. / The increasing use of solar energy technologies in the residential sector brings new challenges to professionals who work in the field of design, such as the need to restructure their mindset regarding to the conception and to the development of design, in order to ensure the performance and the efficiency of safe building systems. In this context, this thesis main goal is to propose a conceptual model for the identification and qualification of risk within residential architecture that uses solar energy technologies based on systemography. It\'s an investigative and experimental research, considering aspects related to: meet the demands of safety in use, the knowledge construction and how those could be managed. The experimental development was carried out during the process of design, production, assembly, use and operation of a prototype named Ekó House. The applied method has encompassed four stages: 1) Exploratory - bibliographic research about technologies, codes, rules and design practices; 2) Definitions - the choice of the theoretical basis to ground the model; 3) Development - propositions and experiments and 4) Proofing and consolidation. In order to verify the model it was carried out a test wherewith is possible to perform a validation by analytical generalization, that is, expand and generalize the theory. The proposed model, which represents an innovation in sistemography field, was based on LE MOIGNES\'s Systemic Theory. This Theory enabled the implementation in complex systems, using information, decision and operating processors which condition the design systemic integration. The results obtained by the research show that the model: a) incorporates knowledge, thus, being helpful along the decision-making process; b) eases the understanding and the overview of the diverse information needed by the design; c) formalizes a logic of design conception and development; d) xvii organizes and prioritizes the design technical recommendations [rules and manufacturers]; e) is able to promote an interference in the system\'s organization and coordination in space and also in its relation to functionality and aesthetics; it also f) guides the use of more suitable configurations to the design development. The model presents itself as a tool that is capable of reducing misuse of standards, conflicts between building systems, Technologies and architecture, as well as design failures that compromise safety in use.

Les services Web proposent un paradigme intéressant pour la publication, la découverte et la consommation de services. Ce sont des applications faiblement couplées qui peuvent être exécutées seules ou être composées pour créer de nouveaux services à valeur ajoutée. Ils peuvent être consommés comme des services individuels qui fournissent une interface unique qui reçoit des inputs et retourne des outputs (cas 1), ou bien ils peuvent être consommés en tant que composants à intégrer dans des procédés métier (cas 2). Nous appelons le premier cas de consommation « utilisation individuelle » et le second cas de consommation « utilisation en procédé métier ». La nécessité d'avoir des outils dédiés pour aider les consommateurs dans les deux cas de consommation a impliqué de nombreux travaux de recherche dans les milieux académiques ou industriels. D'une part, beaucoup de portails et de moteurs de recherche de services ont été développés pour aider les utilisateurs à rechercher et invoquer les services Web pour une utilisation individuelle. Cependant, les approches actuelles prennent principalement en compte les connaissances explicites présentées par les descriptions de service. Ils font des recommandations sans tenir compte des données qui reflètent l'intérêt des utilisateurs et peuvent demander des informations supplémentaires aux utilisateurs. D'autre part, plusieurs techniques et mécanismes associées aux procédés métier ont été élaborés pour rechercher des modèles de procédé métiers similaires, ou utiliser des modèles de référence. Ces mécanismes sont utilisés pour assister les analystes métiers à la conception de procédés métiers. Cependant, ils sont lents, source d'erreurs, grands consommateurs de ressources humaines, et peuvent induire à l’erreur les analystes métier. Dans notre travail, nous cherchons à faciliter la consommation de services Web pour une utilisation individuelle ou en procédé métier en proposant des techniques de recommandation. Notre objectif est de recommander aux utilisateurs des services qui sont proches de leur intérêt et de recommander aux analystes métier des services qui sont pertinents pour un procédé métier en cours de conception. Pour recommander des services pour une utilisation individuelle, nous prenons en compte l’historique des données d'utilisation de l'utilisateur qui reflètent ses intérêts. Nous appliquons des techniques de filtrage collaboratif bien connues pour faire des recommandations. Nous avons proposé cinq algorithmes et développé une application Web qui permet aux utilisateurs d'utiliser des services recommandés. Pour recommander des services pour une utilisation en procédé métier, nous prenons en compte les relations entre les services du procédé métier. Nous proposons de recommander les services en fonction de leurs localisations dans le procédé métier. Nous avons définit le contexte de voisinage d'un service. Nous avons présenté des recommandations basées sur l'appariement de contexte de voisinage. Par ailleurs, nous avons développé un langage de requête pour permettre aux analystes métier d'exprimer formellement des contraintes de filtrage. Nous avons proposé également une approche pour extraire le contexte de voisinage à partir de traces d’exécution de procédés métier. Enfin, nous avons développé trois applications afin de valider notre approche. Nous avons effectué des expérimentations sur des données recueillies par nos applications et sur deux grands ensembles de données publiques. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que notre approche est faisable, précise et performante dans des cas d'utilisation réels / Web services have been developed as an attractive paradigm for publishing, discovering and consuming services. They are loosely-coupled applications that can be run alone or be composed to create new value-added services. They can be consumed as individual services which provide a unique interface to receive inputs and return outputs; or they can be consumed as components to be integrated into business processes. We call the first consumption case individual use and the second case business process use. The requirement of specific tools to assist consumers in the two service consumption cases involves many researches in both academics and industry. On the one hand, many service portals and service crawlers have been developed as specific tools to assist users to search and invoke Web services for individual use. However, current approaches take mainly into account explicit knowledge presented by service descriptions. They make recommendations without considering data that reflect user interest and may require additional information from users. On the other hand, some business process mechanisms to search for similar business process models or to use reference models have been developed. These mechanisms are used to assist process analysts to facilitate business process design. However, they are labor-intense, error-prone, time-consuming, and may make business analyst confused. In our work, we aim at facilitating the service consumption for individual use and business process use using recommendation techniques. We target to recommend users services that are close to their interest and to recommend business analysts services that are relevant to an ongoing designed business process. To recommend services for individual use, we take into account the user's usage data which reflect the user's interest. We apply well-known collaborative filtering techniques which are developed for making recommendations. We propose five algorithms and develop a web-based application that allows users to use services. To recommend services for business process use, we take into account the relations between services in business processes. We target to recommend relevant services to selected positions in a business process. We define the neighborhood context of a service. We make recommendations based on the neighborhood context matching. Besides, we develop a query language to allow business analysts to formally express constraints to filter services. We also propose an approach to extract the service's neighborhood context from business process logs. Finally, we develop three applications to validate our approach. We perform experiments on the data collected by our applications and on two large public datasets. Experimental results show that our approach is feasible, accurate and has good performance in real use-cases

Product tolerancing decisions made in product design have a significant effect on manufacturing environmental and cost performances by strongly influencing both the selection and operation of processing machinery. These decisions however are typically made without quantitative knowledge of their effects in manufacturing. With estimates of environmental and cost performances of manufacturing processes required to achieve specific part designs earlier in the product design cycle, designers may make more informed, and potentially better, design decisions with respect to manufacturing environmental and cost performance goals. In this thesis a method for quantifiably relating product tolerancing decisions to environmental and cost performances in manufacturing in order to provide decision support for cost and environmentally conscious design for manufacturing is developed. The method is instantiated as an Excel-based tool and exercised by two illustrative examples of increasing complexity, as well as a study of the manufacture of automotive transmission pinion gears with differing tolerance requirements. Uncertainty analysis is performed through the use of @RISK software; the uncertainty of parameters associated with manufacturing operations and machinery is captured through the use of probability density functions and Monte Carlo simulation is performed. Simulation results provide insight into the uncertainty of performance estimates and the risks associated with ensuing decision making. This method may be useful to product designers, as well as process planners, to support decision making efforts related to cost and environmental consciousness in the manufacturing phase of the product life cycle.

The rapid disposal of products has detrimental effects on environment which is increasing resource consumption for the production of new products, along with the waste production. Therefore, designing long lasting products has great importance for achieving sustainable consumption and production. The present study analyzes the implications of an approach called post-use design thinking for achieving sustainable consumption and production through product longevity. To explore that approach, two educational industrial design projects are analyzed throughout the study. The results suggest that post-use design thinking should be considered at the early stages of the design process. The idea generation exercises developed specifically for this design thinking seem to be helpful in generating design solutions for post-use phase. The results also indicate that the post-use design thinking is feasible in terms of design and production for glass packaging products, which is the specific case analyzed throughout the research.