Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CiceroSMG.pdf: 1142595 bytes, checksum: 20dddd65ffb6900703c4d6782ba12894 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-28 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / The use of the natural gas is growing year after year in the whole world and also in Brazil. It is verified that in the last five years the profile of natural gas consumption reached a great advance and investments had been carried through in this area. In the oil industry, the use of the natural gas for fuel in the drive of engines is usual for a long date. It is also used to put into motion equipment, or still, to generate electric power. Such engines are based on the motor cycle of combustion Otto, who requires a natural gas with well definite specification, conferring characteristic anti-detonating necessary to the equipment performance for projects based on this cycle. In this work, process routes and thermodynamic conditions had been selected and evaluated. Based on simulation assays carried out in commercial simulators the content of the methane index of the effluent gas were evaluated at various ranges of pressure, temperature, flowrate, molecular weight and chemical nature and composition of the absorbent. As final result, it was established a route based on process efficiency, optimized consumption of energy and absorbent. Thereby, it serves as base for the compact equipment conception to be used in locu into the industry for the removal of hydrocarbon from the natural gas produced / A utiliza??o do g?s natural vem crescendo ano ap?s ano em todo o mundo e tamb?m no Brasil. Verifica-se que nos ?ltimos cinco anos o perfil de consumo de g?s natural veicular ganhou um grande alcance e v?rios investimentos foram realizados nesta ?rea. Na ind?stria do petr?leo a utiliza??o do g?s natural para combust?vel no acionamento de motores j? vem de longa data, e o mesmo ? utilizado tamb?m para movimentar equipamentos, ou ainda, para gerar energia el?trica. Tais motores baseiam-se no ciclo motor de combust?o Otto, que requer um g?s natural com especifica??o bem definida, conferindo caracter?sticas anti-detonantes necess?rias ao desempenho de equipamentos com projetos baseados neste ciclo. Neste trabalho foram analisadas rotas de processo enfocando caracter?sticas necess?rias ? montagem de um equipamento compacto e simples que permitisse remover com efici?ncia compostos pesados do g?s natural conseguindo-se desta forma um ajuste adequado do ?ndice de Metano, caracter?stica principal na aplica??o do g?s natural em motores a combust?o interna. Foram inicialmente selecionados compostos e condi??es termodin?micas que serviram como base para as rotas estudadas. A partir de simula??es realizadas em aplicativos comerciais foram analisadas os efeitos no ?ndice de metano do g?s efluente decorrentes de varia??es na press?o, temperatura, vaz?o, peso molecular e natureza qu?mica do absorvente. Como produto final foi estabelecida uma rota baseada na efici?ncia de processo, consumo otimizado de energia e absorvente, que se prop?e a servir como base para a concep??o de equipamentos compactos a serem utilizados na ind?stria do petr?leo

Esta Tese está dividida em três volumes: I - Croqui: representação e simulação II - O desenho e o processo de projeto III - O ensino do desenho para arquitetos Os três volumes tratam do mesmo objeto de estudo: o desenho do arquiteto e para a arquitetura, mas sob um enfoque diverso. No Volume I, além de uma abordagem teórica sobre as premissas metodológicas, o desenho é visto sob três outros enfoques: enquanto conceito relativo à problemática inerente à arquitetura, ou seja, representação e simulação do espaço; enquanto instrumento de projeto adaptado a cada momento da arquitetura; e também enquanto objeto artístico. No Volume II, estreita-se a relação entre desenho e projeto de arquitetura, tentando estabelecer relações entre um e outro método. São apresentados os resultados do acompanhamento e análise do trabalho de vários arquitetos, bem como entrevistas, na íntegra, com os arquitetos Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Joaquim Guedes e Abrahão Sanovicz. No Volume III, o ensino do desenho tem destaque com base nas teorias da escola ativa, os métodos de ensino-aprendizagem e sua adaptação ao universo da arquitetura. Nos três volumes, a intenção principal é sempre verificar os pressupostos básicos para o ensino de desenho para futuros arquitetos. Os três volumes são permeados por conclusões inerentes ao enfoque sobre o qual se referem. No final do terceiro volume, apresenta-se uma conclusão sobre o enfoque geral, tratado nos três volumes, relacionando imagem, desenho e projeto para fins didáticos. / This Thesis is divided in three volumes: I - Croquis: representation and simulation II - Design and process of the project III - Teaching of the design to architects The three volumes deal with the same object to study: the design of architect and to architecture, but under a different focus. In the first volume, besides a theoretical aproach about the metodological premisses, the design is seen under three other focuses: as a concept conected to the problematic inherente to the architecture, I mean, representation and simulation of the space; whereas instrument of the project adapted to each moment of the architecture; and even as artistic object. In the volume II, narrows the conection between design and project of architecture, trying to stablish conexions between one and other method. Here are presented the results of the attendance and analyse of the work of various architects, as well as briefinga, as a whole, with the architects Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Joaquim Guedes and Abrahão Sanovicz. In the volume III, the teaching of the design has a prominence based in the theories of the active school, the methods of teaching-apprenticeship and its adaptation to the architecture universe. In the three volumes, the main target is always verify the basic pressuposed to the teaching to the future architects. The three volumes are interposed by conclusions inherents to the focus on which they refer. At the end of the third volume, we present a conclusion about the general focused, treated in the three volumes, linking image, drawing and project to didacts aims.

Orientadores: Bruno Coraucci Filho, Jose Roberto Guimarães / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T08:33:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Assirati_DoraliceMeloni_M.pdf: 2605980 bytes, checksum: 5106be58d7335d014302f38a1c28070d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A desinfecção de águas residuárias prioritariamente ao seu uso agrícola é um processo de tratamento indispensável à proteção da saúde pública. Neste contexto, o ozônio apresenta-se como desinfetante alternativo ao cloro, já que é muito efetivo contra grande variedade de organismos patogênicos e permite minimizar a formação de subprodutos organoclorados. Neste trabalho avalia-se a efetividade do ozônio contra bactérias, protozoários e helmintos, bem como a interferência das características de qualidade do efluente sobre o processo de desinfecção. Efluentes de lagoa anaeróbia e de lagoa anaeróbia mais filtro de areia, provenientes de estação de tratamento de esgotos situada em Limeira, São Paulo, foram desinfetados em reator tubular, em escala piloto. Doses de ozônio entre 8 e 21 mg L-1 foram necessárias para adequar os efluentes de lagoa anaeróbia, de elevada carga orgânica, aos padrões estabelecidos pela OMS para reuso agrícola. Para os efluentes de filtros de areia, aeróbios e mais estabilizados, foram necessários até 4 mg L-1. Compostos que conferiram cor aos efluentes da lagoa consumiram ozônio de forma mais ou menos prioritária ao início da inativação de coliformes. Foi encontrada correlação exponencial entre este consumo e a cor verdadeira dos efluentes, com índices de correlação superiores a 90 %. A eficiência de desinfecção de coliformes totais e E.coli não foi influenciada pelo tempo de contato entre o ozônio e os efluentes tratados. Os resultados sobre a inativação de protozoários e helmintos foram considerados não conclusivos, devido à inadequação dos métodos de análise empregados. À exceção da cor e de forma geral, as características de qualidade dos efluentes não foram significativamente alteradas com a aplicação de ozônio em doses de até 34 mg L-1 para os efluentes da lagoa e 21 mg L-1 para os efluentes dos filtros de areia / Abstract: Disinfection of wastewater, prior to its use in agriculture, is a treatment process indispensable to the protection of public health. In this context, ozone constitutes an alternative disinfectant to chlorine since it is very effective against a wide variety of pathogenic organisms and minimizes the formation of trihalomethanes. In this hesis, the effectiveness of ozone against bacteria, protozoa and helminths was evaluated as well as the interference of the quality of the wastewater in the disinfection process. Effluents from an anaerobic pond and from an anaerobic pond plus an aerobic sand filter from a sewage treatment facility located in the city of Limeira in the state of São Paulo were disinfected in a plug flow pilot reactor. Ozone doses from 8 to 21 mg L-1 were needed to disinfect the anaerobic pond effluent to meet standards set by the World Health Organization for agricultural use. The sand filter effluents, aerobic and more stabilized, required up to 4 mg L-1. Colored compounds present in the anaerobic pond effluent consumed ozone more or less prior to the beginning of the inactivation of coliforms. An exponential correlation was found between the consumption of ozone and the true color of the effluents with correlation indexes higher than 90%. Contact time was found not to be a factor affecting the disinfection efficiency of ozone against total coliforms and E. coli since the mass transfer conditions were met. The results concerning the inactivation of protozoa and helminths were found to be inconclusive due to the inadequacy of the analytical methods employed. Regardless of the color, the characteristics of the effluents were not altered significantly by the doses of ozone used during the experiments, up to 34 mg L-1 for the anaerobic pond effluents and up to 21 mg L-1 for the sand filter effluents / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

This thesis examines how dialogue-based methodologies can be integrated into a participatory planning process for strategic sustainable development. Evidence of the complex nature of the sustainability challenge is cited as necessitating tools and methodologies suited for dealing with complexity. The methodologies in this study were designed to use dialogue to address complex problems in which outcomes are unpredictable. Within the sustainability practitioner community, we identified a need for research on systematic guidance for pairing engagement processes with use of the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD). This research focuses on how a specific set of dialogue-based methodologies within the Art of Hosting network can be integrated with the FSSD to strengthen the linkage between content and process. As the culmination of our research, we have developed The Weave: Participatory Process Design Guide for Strategic Sustainable Development (www.theweave.info). It includes a Template for process design, suggestions and examples for use, and guiding principles. It is the first prototype of participatory process design guidance to be offered for pilot testing in the field of strategic sustainable development.

Abstract In the design and development of unit operations in chemical engineering, experimental testing is often very expensive or even impossible to perform. In these kinds of situations, numerical simulations offer a good approach to study process characteristics. Typically in chemical engineering, data-based modeling is applied to study the process. This requires many experiments for tuning the model parameters and validating the model. In a phenomenology-based approach, the evolution of the system is dictated by fluid and particle transport equations. These equations are independent of the process, and can therefore be applied in various systems. However, depending on the system, there are several aspects that have to be taken into account in order to choose the correct model for the problem in hand. In this work, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) modeling have been applied in different unit operations in the field of chemical engineering. CFD was applied in preventing sedimentation in a tube heat exchanger, estimating the cooling efficiency of a vertical water jet onto a hot metal plate, and studying the formation of the slag free open-eye area on the steel ladle. For comparison, DEM was applied in the continuous high-shear granulation of pharmaceutical powder. The different models used in this work are reviewed, and the results are presented from the point of view of model and process development. The grid aspects in CFD simulations and the termination criteria for DEM and CFD simulations are also studied. Based on the results of this work, phenomenological modeling can be considered to be an efficient tool for unit operation design. Together with experimental work, different modeling strategies offer a powerful tool for the design and development of unit operations. / Tiivistelmä Kemiantekniikan yksikköprosessien suunnittelussa kokeellinen tutkimus on usein erittäin kallista ja joskus jopa mahdotonta toteuttaa. Tällöin mallinnus tarjoaa hyvän lähestymistavan yksikköprosessin ominaisuuksien tutkimiselle. Tyypillisesti kemianteollisuudessa, datapohjaista mallinnusmenetelmiä on käytetty systeemin ominaisuuksien tutkimiseksi. Tämä menetelmä vaatii kuitenkin paljon koetoistoja mallin parametrien virittämiseksi ja mallin validoimiseksi. Ilmiöpohjaisessa mallinnuksessa, systeemin aikakehitys määräytyy fluidi- ja partikkelivirtauksia määräävien kuljetusyhtälöiden perusteella. Nämä yhtälöt ovat prosessista riippumattomia, jolloin niitä voidaan soveltaa yleisesti mihin tahansa systeemiin. Riippuen kuitenkin tutkittavasta yksikköprosessista, eri asioita on otettava huomioon, jotta oikea malli voidaan valita kuvaamaan systeemiä. Tässä työssä virtauslaskentaa (computational fluid dynamics, CFD) ja partikkelimenetelmää (discrete element method, DEM) on käytetty erilaisten kemiantekniikan yksikköprosessien tutkimuksessa. CFD:n avulla on tutkittu putkilämmönvaihtimen sedimentaation ehkäisyä, laminaarisen suorasuihkujäähdytyksen tehokkuutta teräslevyn jäähdytyksessä, sekä senkkaprosessissa teräksen pinnalle ilmestyvän kuonasilmäkkeen muodostumista. DEM mallinnusta käytettiin lääkejauheen jatkuvatoimisen rakeistuksen tutkimuksessa. Mallinnuksessa käytetyt mallit esitellään ja niiden tulokset esitellään malli- ja prosessikehityksen näkökulmasta. Työssä on otettu myös esille mallinnustekniset asiat CFD:n vaatiman laskentahilan ja laskennan lopetuskriteerien näkökulmasta. Työssä esitettyjen tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että ilmiöpohjainen mallinnus on tehokas työkalu yksikköprosessien suunnittelussa. Yhdessä kokeellisen tutkimuksen kanssa, eri mallinnusmenetelmät tehostavat yksikköprosessien suunnittelua ja kehitystä.

This statement gives an overall summary of the aims and achievements of the research work and scholarship carried out by the author during her time at The University of Manchester (and UMIST - now part of The University of Manchester) for which the publications presented give evidence. The research has been about exploring the design process, the activities and issues, and elements involved - from both an industry and student point of view. The publications explore design pedagogy, the skills required by designers and how these might fit into a curriculum for design today.In three parts it summarises the publications presented, reviews the main aspects of design and the current state of knowledge and research in design and summarises the core aspects as distilled from over 36 years practice, research and scholarship.The driver for much of the research undertaken has been to gain a better understanding of the core aspects of design - what key knowledge and skills are required by designers to allow the consistent design of better products and services which enhance the experiences of users. The work presented investigates design and design methods: the activities and processes and the elements involved. It considers responses to designs, the emotional aspect of design - why some designs are preferred over others, why some colour combinations are more desirable, and why repetition is so important to the human psyche. Underpinning the work presented are three research questions. • Are design rules and processes generic for whatever is being designed? • Can a better understanding of design theory and the emotional response to designs ensure a more effective process and thus lead to stronger designs? • Can students be educated to be better design thinkers and ultimately better designers? It concludes that: • 'design' is a process; • design is a problem-solving process and problem-solving is a design process; • for the most effective outcomes a creative and structured approach is required; • this process is based on generic rules and principles which are applicable across all discipline areas; • collaborative/cross disciplinary elements reinforce the concept that there are processes involved that are not unique to individuals or discipline specific; • a greater understanding of the process is of benefit to all individuals and organisations; • any design/problem solving activity will normally result in more than one solution option. The results of the research have informed the author's teaching practice and have been disseminated through publications to benefit the wider education arena. The work presented aims to inform students and design education practitioners.

An incentive for origin of this diploma work was an effort to bring a solution for a troubleshooting area in an international IT company ́s process management where the author was working for more than one and half year and which subsidiary is based in the Czech Republic. The goal of the work is not even to bring a solution in a form of redesign below spcificated process area with suggestion for implementation, but also to bring the reader overview on one possible way how to design and model processes implemented by a certain company. The private objective of the author is to enlarge her own experience with analysis and process modelling portfolio. Goals were achieved by study of a lot of internal resources in a form of documents, documentation and also by study of a scientific literature and scientific topics published in Internet. Moreover there was needed to realize several interviews with employees, analyze all founded information and suggest a solution with regards to given conditions and restrictions. A contribution of this work is in a transparent elaboration of a given reengineering ́s problems, starting with methodics designed for reengineering, through tools used for modelling to solution of a practical task. This work also reveals a process management approach one of the top IT company effecting the international markets, also with description of methods and tools used to it ́s support.

Scenario Planning as a tool for planning for the future has widespread use in the industry today and enjoys an envious status as the primary tool of futures thinking. However, the development in this field has been mired with confusion on its application and purpose. Since popularized by Shell in its use to anticipate the oil crisis in the 70s, scenario thinking has grown in use to aid public policy making, corporate strategic planning and even in the natural sciences. This paper attempts to study the scenario planning process design from a corporate perspective by studying its use in energy companies in Sweden. Energy companies present an ideal industry for this study as it is embroiled with obvious uncertainties in future power and carbon prices but also with subjective uncertainties tied to the political interest in the industry and the industry being in the centre of the climate change debate. Furthermore, the extremely long term nature of investment projects in this industry further exacerbates the need for deep insights into the future. This paper studies the nature of the scenario planning process based on two past papers; that have identified the key characteristics of scenarios. Firm specific internal factors are used to explain the differences in the process designs found in empirical data. Finally a framework to design a scenario planning process is proposed. This framework takes into account these internal factors to enable companies to leverage their internal resources and make full use of scenario planning as a tool.