Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O biogás é um produto originado a partir da digestão anaeróbia de matéria orgânica que possui, principalmente, metano (CH4), dióxido de carbono (CO2), sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S) e vapor de água entre outros em menor quantidade. Para estes gases, procura-se otimizar o processo para aumentar a quantidade de metano e reduzir as de dióxido de carbono e sulfeto de hidrogênio. O gás CO2 reduz o poder de combustão do biogás e o H2S é altamente corrosivo, danificando equipamentos e tubulações. Atualmente, diversas tecnologias vêm sendo empregadas para o tratamento e a purificação do biogás e, dentre elas, se destacam as que utilizam o princípio da absorção em líquidos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência de remoção de CO2 e de H2S com diferentes soluções absorvedoras e compará-las em um estudo de viabilidade técnica para cenários específicos. As soluções absorvedoras utilizadas foram: água ultrapura, gás ozônio (O3) solubilizado em água, solução com hidróxido de sódio (NaOH), solução com hidróxido de cálcio (Ca(OH)2), solução contendo ferro complexado com ácido etilenodiaminotetraacético (Fe/EDTA) e um biofertilizante de um biodigestor anaeróbio alimentado com biomassa da suinocultura. Todos esses testes foram realizados em condições de temperatura e pressão ambientes. Para os ensaios em batelada com as soluções de água ultrapura, gás ozônio solubilizado em água, solução de NaOH (0,5 mol.L-1), solução de CaOH2 (0,250 mol.L-1) e solução de Fe/EDTA foi utilizado um biogás proveniente de um biodigestor de uma agroindústria. Para os ensaios com o biofertilizante foi utilizado um biogás sintético. Para a determinação de condições ótimas de tratamento com a solução de Fe/EDTA, foi utilizado um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR) em que se avaliou a concentração de Fe/EDTA da solução e o pH. Em um segundo DCCR, avaliou-se o efeito da regeneração da solução sobre o tempo de saturação com H2S. No estudo de tratamento de biogás com o biofertilizante foi aplicado um Delineamento Composto Central (DCC) para verificar o efeito da concentração de biofertilizante e pH sobre o tempo de saturação da solução e eficiência na remoção de CO2 e H2S do biogás. Os resultados indicaram que a solução contendo o gás ozônio solubilizado não apresentou efeito significativo para o tratamento de biogás quando comparado com a água ultrapura. Quando comparadas as soluções alcalinas, a solução com NaOH apresentou alta eficiência na remoção, em média, de CO2 (83,98%) e H2S (100%) do biogás, sendo que a solução de Ca(OH)2, indicou menor eficiência na remoção de CO2 (30,1%) com remoção de 100% de H2S. Os resultados dos ensaios com biofertilizante in natura indicaram uma eficiência de remoção de, em média, 50% de CO2 e 90% de H2S, sendo que os ensaios de otimização indicaram que a variação do pH não altera consideravelmente a remoção de CO2, com maior remoção de H2S em pH alcalino. O estudo com as soluções de Fe/EDTA indicou que o pH tem influência direta sobre o tempo de saturação da solução com H2S em soluções regeneradas e recém preparadas. Este estudo possibilitou avaliar o desempenho destas soluções no tratamento de biogás e sua viabilidade técnica gerando um conhecimento mais aprofundado que permite avaliar sua aplicabilidade em escala real. / Biogas is a product originated from the anaerobic digestion of organic matter that has, mainly, methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and steam, among others in smaller quantity. For these gases, it is sought to optimize the process to increase the amount of methane and to reduce those of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. CO2 gas reduces the combustion power of biogas and H2S is highly corrosive, damaging equipment and piping. Currently, several technologies have been used for the treatment and purification of biogas and among them are those that use the principle of absorption in liquids. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of CO2 and H2S removal with different absorber solutions and to compare them in a technical feasibility study for specific scenarios. The absorber solutions used were: ultrapure water, ozone gas (O3) solubilised in water, solution with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), solution with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), solution containing iron complexed with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Fe/EDTA) and a biofertilizer from an anaerobic biodigestor fed with swine biomass. All these tests were performed under room temperature and pressure conditions. For the batch tests with the solutions of ultrapure water, water solubilized ozone gas, NaOH solution (0.5 mol.L-1), Ca(OH)2 solution (0.250 mol.L-1) and Fe/EDTA solution was used a biogas from an agroindustry biodigester. For the biofertilizer trials a synthetic biogas was used. For the determination of optimal treatment conditions with the Fe/EDTA solution, a Rotational Central Compound Design (DCCR) was used in which the Fe/EDTA concentration of the solution and the pH were evaluated. In a second DCCR, the effect of the regeneration of the solution on the saturation time with H2S was evaluated. In the study of biogas treatment with the biofertilizer, a Central Compound Design (DCC) was applied to verify the effect of the concentration of biofertilizer and pH on the saturation time of the solution and efficiency in the removal of CO2 and H2S from the biogas. The results indicated that the solution containing the solubilized ozone gas had no significant effect on the treatment of biogas when compared to ultrapure water. When the alkaline solutions were compared, the solution with NaOH presented a high efficiency in the removal of CO2 (83.98%) and H2S (100%) of the biogas, on average, and the Ca(OH)2 solution indicated lower efficiency in the removal of CO2 (30.1%) with removal of 100% of H2S. The results of the fresh biofertilizer assays indicated a removal efficiency of on average 50% of CO2 and 90% of H2S, and the optimization tests indicated that the pH variation does not change considerably the removal of CO2, with higher removal of H2S at alkaline pH. The study with the Fe/EDTA solutions indicated that the pH has a direct influence on the saturation time of the solution with H2S in regenerated and freshly prepared solutions. This study made it possible to evaluate the performance of these solutions in the treatment of biogas and its technical feasibility, which generates an in depth knowledge that allows to evaluate its applicability in real scale.

O arseniato de cobre cromatado (CCA) é um dos preservantes mais utilizados em postes de madeira de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica, devido a sua elevada eficiência na preservação da madeira. Os postes de madeira tratada com CCA devem ter uma destinação final adequada, para evitar impactos ao meio ambiente, devido à presença dos metais. A conversão termoquímica (pirólise) pode ser uma alternativa para a destinação final desse resíduo. Neste trabalho, postes de madeira utilizados por 20 anos na rede de distribuição de energia elétrica do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, fornecidos pela Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz (CPFL), foram seccionados e medida sua concentração de metais. As 2 frações mais internas do poste (ao longo do seu raio) apresentaram menores concentrações de metal (4,00 mg.kg-1 de cobre, 4,19 mg.kg-1 de cromo e 4,72 mg.kg-1 de arsênio) e foram utilizadas para os ensaios de conversão termoquímica (pirólise). As frações sólida, líquida e gasosa foram quantificadas e caracterizadas. O elevado teor de matéria volátil (83,53%, m.m-1 para A23 e 83,23%, m.m-1 para A3) e baixo teor de cinzas (0,62%, m.m-1 para A23 e 0,61 %, m.m-1 para A3) tornam as amostras de madeira tratada com CCA, uma matéria-prima atrativa para o processo termoquímico. O processo de pirólise foi conduzido na ausência de oxigênio à temperatura de 700 ºC, minimizando a liberação de metais e apresentando os seguintes rendimentos: char (25,3 ±1,1%, m.m-1 ); óleo pirolítico (44,2±0,6%, m.m-1 ); gás combustível (30,6±1,7%, m.m-1 ). A concentração máxima de gases não condensáveis (77% vol) provenientes da pirólise de madeira tratada com CCA, bem como o máximo valor de poder calorífico superior do gás combustível (15,32 MJ.Nm-3 ), foram observados na temperatura de 500 ºC. Com o incremento de temperatura (700 ºC) houve uma redução da produção de gases não condensáveis (14% vol), bem como do poder calorífico superior do gás combustível (14,16 MJ.Nm-3 ). Entretanto, com o aumento da temperatura foi observado um aumento da concentração de H2 nos gases não condensáveis. Foi observado que mais de 68% (em massa) dos metais ficam retidos no char, os quais permanecem estáveis à lixiviação, permitindo a utilização segura do char para a obtenção de carvão ativado. O gás gerado apresentou razão molar H2/CO de 6 a 8, favorável à redução de óxidos de ferro em processos de redução da indústria siderúrgica. O char produzido no processo de pirólise foi impregnado com H3PO4 e ativado físicamente na presença de CO2, a temperaturas de 800 e 900 ºC, para a produção de carvão ativado. A temperatura de 900 ºC, isoterma de 240 min e razão de impregnação de H3PO4 de 1:1 foram responsáveis pela formação de um carvão ativado com elevada área superficial (1324 m2 .g-1 ). Com o aumento do tempo de isoterma de 60 a 240 min (900 ºC / Impregnação H3PO4 Razão 2:1) verificou-se o incremento do volume de microporos de diâmetro de 0,3 a 1 nm (0,159 a 0,209 cm3 .g-1 ). O carvão ativado produzido foi avaliado quanto a capacidade de adsorção de CO2 a pressão atmosférica e temperatura de 25 ºC. Os resultados indicaram que as amostras de carvão ativado obtidos da madeira tratada com CCA apresentaram elevada capacidade de adsorção de CO2 variando entre 69 a 83 mg.g-1 . A presença de metais (Cr/Cu) no carvão ativado pode ter contribuído para o aumento da adsorção de CO2. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-12-02T15:24:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Michele Leoratto Botome.pdf: 156188 bytes, checksum: 20932d9faa6bd847967de69e62e0e3df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-02T15:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Michele Leoratto Botome.pdf: 156188 bytes, checksum: 20932d9faa6bd847967de69e62e0e3df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-02 / Universidade de Caixas do Sul, UCS. / Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is the most used preservative in wooden poles of electricity distribution network, due to its high efficiency in the wood preservation. The CCAtreated wooden poles may be properly disposed to avoid damage to the environment due to the metals. The thermochemical process (pyrolysis) can be an alternative to the disposal of this waste. In this work, CCA-treated wooden poles, in service for 20 years in the electricity distribution network in Rio Grande do Sul, provided by Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz (CPFL), were fractionated and the metal concentration was measured. The samples of the internal sapwood and heartwood presented low metal concentrations (4.00 mg.kg-1 of copper, 4.19 mg.kg-1 of chromium and 4.72 mg.kg-1 of arsenic) and were subject to the pyrolysis. The solid, liquid and gaseous fractions were measured and characterized. The high content of volatile matter (83.53 wt.% to A23 and 83.23 wt.% to A3) and low ash content (0.62 wt.% to A23 and 0.61 wt.% to A3) make the samples of CCA- treated wood an attractive raw material for thermochemical process. The pyrolysis process was conducted in the absence of oxygen at 700 ºC to minimize the metal release and presenting mass fractions with the following yields: char (25.3±1.1 wt.%), pyrolytic oil (44,2±0.6 wt.%) and gas fuel (30.6±1,7 wt.%). The maximum concentration of non-condensable gas (77 vol%) from the pyrolysis of CCA-treated wood and the maximum high heating value of the fuel gas (15.32 MJ.N-1m-3 ) were observed in temperature of 500 ºC. With temperature increasing (700 oC) the generation of non-condensable gases (14 vol%) and the high heating value of the fuel gas (14.16 MJ.N-1m-3 ) were reduced. However, with temperature increasing the concentration H2 increased. Most than 68 wt.% of metals are retained in the char. It is possible to use of the activated carbon from char due resistance to leaching. The gas generated presented a molar ratio H2/CO of 6 to 8 is favorable to the iron oxide reduction in reduction process in steel industry. The char produced from the pyrolysis process was impregnated with H3PO4 and physically activated in the presence of CO2 at temperatures of 800 to 900 ºC for activated carbon production. The temperature of 900 oC, isotherm of 240 min and 1:1 impregnation H3PO4 were responsible to formation of an activated carbon with a high surface area (1324 m2 .g -1 ). With the increased of time isotherm of 60 to 240 min (900 ºC / 2:1 impregnation H3PO4) there was obtained increased microporous volume with 0.3 a 1 nm diameter (0.159 to 0.209 cm3 .g-1 ). The activated carbon produced was evaluated in CO2 adsorption assays at atmospheric pressure and 25 oC. The results indicated that the activated carbons obtained from the CCA-treated wood showed high CO2 adsorption capacity ranging 69-83 mg.g -1 . The presence of metals (Cr/Cu) can be contributed to the high CO2 adsorption.

O arseniato de cobre cromatado (CCA) é um dos preservantes mais utilizados em postes de madeira de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica, devido a sua elevada eficiência na preservação da madeira. Os postes de madeira tratada com CCA devem ter uma destinação final adequada, para evitar impactos ao meio ambiente, devido à presença dos metais. A conversão termoquímica (pirólise) pode ser uma alternativa para a destinação final desse resíduo. Neste trabalho, postes de madeira utilizados por 20 anos na rede de distribuição de energia elétrica do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, fornecidos pela Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz (CPFL), foram seccionados e medida sua concentração de metais. As 2 frações mais internas do poste (ao longo do seu raio) apresentaram menores concentrações de metal (4,00 mg.kg-1 de cobre, 4,19 mg.kg-1 de cromo e 4,72 mg.kg-1 de arsênio) e foram utilizadas para os ensaios de conversão termoquímica (pirólise). As frações sólida, líquida e gasosa foram quantificadas e caracterizadas. O elevado teor de matéria volátil (83,53%, m.m-1 para A23 e 83,23%, m.m-1 para A3) e baixo teor de cinzas (0,62%, m.m-1 para A23 e 0,61 %, m.m-1 para A3) tornam as amostras de madeira tratada com CCA, uma matéria-prima atrativa para o processo termoquímico. O processo de pirólise foi conduzido na ausência de oxigênio à temperatura de 700 ºC, minimizando a liberação de metais e apresentando os seguintes rendimentos: char (25,3 ±1,1%, m.m-1 ); óleo pirolítico (44,2±0,6%, m.m-1 ); gás combustível (30,6±1,7%, m.m-1 ). A concentração máxima de gases não condensáveis (77% vol) provenientes da pirólise de madeira tratada com CCA, bem como o máximo valor de poder calorífico superior do gás combustível (15,32 MJ.Nm-3 ), foram observados na temperatura de 500 ºC. Com o incremento de temperatura (700 ºC) houve uma redução da produção de gases não condensáveis (14% vol), bem como do poder calorífico superior do gás combustível (14,16 MJ.Nm-3 ). Entretanto, com o aumento da temperatura foi observado um aumento da concentração de H2 nos gases não condensáveis. Foi observado que mais de 68% (em massa) dos metais ficam retidos no char, os quais permanecem estáveis à lixiviação, permitindo a utilização segura do char para a obtenção de carvão ativado. O gás gerado apresentou razão molar H2/CO de 6 a 8, favorável à redução de óxidos de ferro em processos de redução da indústria siderúrgica. O char produzido no processo de pirólise foi impregnado com H3PO4 e ativado físicamente na presença de CO2, a temperaturas de 800 e 900 ºC, para a produção de carvão ativado. A temperatura de 900 ºC, isoterma de 240 min e razão de impregnação de H3PO4 de 1:1 foram responsáveis pela formação de um carvão ativado com elevada área superficial (1324 m2 .g-1 ). Com o aumento do tempo de isoterma de 60 a 240 min (900 ºC / Impregnação H3PO4 Razão 2:1) verificou-se o incremento do volume de microporos de diâmetro de 0,3 a 1 nm (0,159 a 0,209 cm3 .g-1 ). O carvão ativado produzido foi avaliado quanto a capacidade de adsorção de CO2 a pressão atmosférica e temperatura de 25 ºC. Os resultados indicaram que as amostras de carvão ativado obtidos da madeira tratada com CCA apresentaram elevada capacidade de adsorção de CO2 variando entre 69 a 83 mg.g-1 . A presença de metais (Cr/Cu) no carvão ativado pode ter contribuído para o aumento da adsorção de CO2. / Universidade de Caixas do Sul, UCS. / Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is the most used preservative in wooden poles of electricity distribution network, due to its high efficiency in the wood preservation. The CCAtreated wooden poles may be properly disposed to avoid damage to the environment due to the metals. The thermochemical process (pyrolysis) can be an alternative to the disposal of this waste. In this work, CCA-treated wooden poles, in service for 20 years in the electricity distribution network in Rio Grande do Sul, provided by Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz (CPFL), were fractionated and the metal concentration was measured. The samples of the internal sapwood and heartwood presented low metal concentrations (4.00 mg.kg-1 of copper, 4.19 mg.kg-1 of chromium and 4.72 mg.kg-1 of arsenic) and were subject to the pyrolysis. The solid, liquid and gaseous fractions were measured and characterized. The high content of volatile matter (83.53 wt.% to A23 and 83.23 wt.% to A3) and low ash content (0.62 wt.% to A23 and 0.61 wt.% to A3) make the samples of CCA- treated wood an attractive raw material for thermochemical process. The pyrolysis process was conducted in the absence of oxygen at 700 ºC to minimize the metal release and presenting mass fractions with the following yields: char (25.3±1.1 wt.%), pyrolytic oil (44,2±0.6 wt.%) and gas fuel (30.6±1,7 wt.%). The maximum concentration of non-condensable gas (77 vol%) from the pyrolysis of CCA-treated wood and the maximum high heating value of the fuel gas (15.32 MJ.N-1m-3 ) were observed in temperature of 500 ºC. With temperature increasing (700 oC) the generation of non-condensable gases (14 vol%) and the high heating value of the fuel gas (14.16 MJ.N-1m-3 ) were reduced. However, with temperature increasing the concentration H2 increased. Most than 68 wt.% of metals are retained in the char. It is possible to use of the activated carbon from char due resistance to leaching. The gas generated presented a molar ratio H2/CO of 6 to 8 is favorable to the iron oxide reduction in reduction process in steel industry. The char produced from the pyrolysis process was impregnated with H3PO4 and physically activated in the presence of CO2 at temperatures of 800 to 900 ºC for activated carbon production. The temperature of 900 oC, isotherm of 240 min and 1:1 impregnation H3PO4 were responsible to formation of an activated carbon with a high surface area (1324 m2 .g -1 ). With the increased of time isotherm of 60 to 240 min (900 ºC / 2:1 impregnation H3PO4) there was obtained increased microporous volume with 0.3 a 1 nm diameter (0.159 to 0.209 cm3 .g-1 ). The activated carbon produced was evaluated in CO2 adsorption assays at atmospheric pressure and 25 oC. The results indicated that the activated carbons obtained from the CCA-treated wood showed high CO2 adsorption capacity ranging 69-83 mg.g -1 . The presence of metals (Cr/Cu) can be contributed to the high CO2 adsorption.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:59:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Elio Barbieri Junior.pdf: 7095685 bytes, checksum: 1bcdc77a8d686ebd516a400693c004ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Among the biochemical properties related to the use of nitrogen (N) for the plants, chlorophyll pigments occupy a relevant position. For that reason, and given the importance of the N fertilization for pasture productivity, it has been developed methodologies that allow determining leaf chlorophyll contents for indirect and non destructive procedures. With the purpose of supplying subsidies for N fertilization management in in pastures of Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85 was installed an experiment with purpose of verifying the performance of a commercial chlorophyll meter. The experimental strategy consisted of the induction of three levels of soil N availability, through N fertilization. The working hypotheses were the following ones: i) different soil N availabilities result in differentiated leaf chlorophyll contents in leaves recently emerged and fully expanded; ii) readings obtained with a chlorophyll meter are related with foliar Total chlorophyll contents; iii) chlorophyll contents are related with foliar N concentrations; e iv) chlorophyll content indicators keep relationship with green dry matter production. This study was carried out on a Haplic Planosol at the Experimental Campus of the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, during the period of July to December 2008. An entirely randomized block design was used, with four repetitions. Main treatments were allocated in plots (4x4 m) and consisted of three N fertilization levels (0; 75 and 150kg N-ur?ia). Four sampling dates designed as days from a standardization cut made 131days after planting were allocated in sub-plots. Three of the sampling dates (8, 16 and 24 days) were pre-fixed, while the last was accomplished when the sward interception level of photosynthetically active radiation reached a value of 95%. Structural dynamics was followed by monitoring the following canopy variables: sward height; tiller density, leaf area index, green cover index and green dry mass accumulation. Chlorophylls a, b and (a+b) were measured always in the first fully expanded leaves of sun tillers by the Arnon method with modifications, and indirectly, with the chlorophyll meter ClorofiLOG?. In the same type of leaves, total N content was determined by Kjeldhal routine procedures. Principal results showed that concentrations of chlorophylls a, b and (a + b) in Tifton leaf blades were affected by nitrogen fertilization and sampling dates reaching maximal differences at the 24th day after cut. Chlorophyll meter readings (Falker Chlorophyll Index, FCI) and foliar N contents also responsed very sensibly to N rates, reaching maximal values at the16th day after cut. In the same day, Total chlorophyll contents and Total N leaf contents were also significantly correlated with FCI values, with r2 coefficients of 0,93 and 0,89 respectively. Correlation coefficient between total green dry matter and FCI values was 0,867. Total green dry matter accumulation at the last sampling date and FCI readings at 16th day after cut also resulted significantly related (r2 = 0,72), a promising relation for purposes of forage yield estimation. In conclusion, the obtained results allow affirming that, in Tifton 85, total chlorophyll content present in the first leaf totally expanded is a sensitive marker of soil N availability and therefore of N fertilization needs. Total chlorophyll content through its relationship with leaf N contents may be also a valuable tool for foliar N diagnosis. Both attributes were discriminated properly by the chlorophyll meter under evaluation. This apparatus maximized its performance in the period were happened Among the biochemical properties related to the use of nitrogen (N) for the plants, chlorophyll pigments occupy a relevant position. For that reason, and given the importance of the N fertilization for pasture productivity, it has been developed methodologies that allow determining leaf chlorophyll contents for indirect and non destructive procedures. With the purpose of supplying subsidies for N fertilization management in in pastures of Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85 was installed an experiment with purpose of verifying the performance of a commercial chlorophyll meter. The experimental strategy consisted of the induction of three levels of soil N availability, through N fertilization. The working hypotheses were the following ones: i) different soil N availabilities result in differentiated leaf chlorophyll contents in leaves recently emerged and fully expanded; ii) readings obtained with a chlorophyll meter are related with foliar Total chlorophyll contents; iii) chlorophyll contents are related with foliar N concentrations; e iv) chlorophyll content indicators keep relationship with green dry matter production. This study was carried out on a Haplic Planosol at the Experimental Campus of the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, during the period of July to December 2008. An entirely randomized block design was used, with four repetitions. Main treatments were allocated in plots (4x4 m) and consisted of three N fertilization levels (0; 75 and 150kg N-ur?ia). Four sampling dates designed as days from a standardization cut made 131days after planting were allocated in sub-plots. Three of the sampling dates (8, 16 and 24 days) were pre-fixed, while the last was accomplished when the sward interception level of photosynthetically active radiation reached a value of 95%. Structural dynamics was followed by monitoring the following canopy variables: sward height; tiller density, leaf area index, green cover index and green dry mass accumulation. Chlorophylls a, b and (a+b) were measured always in the first fully expanded leaves of sun tillers by the Arnon method with modifications, and indirectly, with the chlorophyll meter ClorofiLOG?. In the same type of leaves, total N content was determined by Kjeldhal routine procedures. Principal results showed that concentrations of chlorophylls a, b and (a + b) in Tifton leaf blades were affected by nitrogen fertilization and sampling dates reaching maximal differences at the 24th day after cut. Chlorophyll meter readings (Falker Chlorophyll Index, FCI) and foliar N contents also responsed very sensibly to N rates, reaching maximal values at the16th day after cut. In the same day, Total chlorophyll contents and Total N leaf contents were also significantly correlated with FCI values, with r2 coefficients of 0,93 and 0,89 respectively. Correlation coefficient between total green dry matter and FCI values was 0,867. Total green dry matter accumulation at the last sampling date and FCI readings at 16th day after cut also resulted significantly related (r2 = 0,72), a promising relation for purposes of forage yield estimation. In conclusion, the obtained results allow affirming that, in Tifton 85, total chlorophyll content present in the first leaf totally expanded is a sensitive marker of soil N availability and therefore of N fertilization needs. Total chlorophyll content through its relationship with leaf N contents may be also a valuable tool for foliar N diagnosis. Both attributes were discriminated properly by the chlorophyll meter under evaluation. This apparatus maximized its performance in the period were happenedAmong the biochemical properties related to the use of nitrogen (N) for the plants, chlorophyll pigments occupy a relevant position. For that reason, and given the importance of the N fertilization for pasture productivity, it has been developed methodologies that allow determining leaf chlorophyll contents for indirect and non destructive procedures. With the purpose of supplying subsidies for N fertilization management in in pastures of Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85 was installed an experiment with purpose of verifying the performance of a commercial chlorophyll meter. The experimental strategy consisted of the induction of three levels of soil N availability, through N fertilization. The working hypotheses were the following ones: i) different soil N availabilities result in differentiated leaf chlorophyll contents in leaves recently emerged and fully expanded; ii) readings obtained with a chlorophyll meter are related with foliar Total chlorophyll contents; iii) chlorophyll contents are related with foliar N concentrations; e iv) chlorophyll content indicators keep relationship with green dry matter production. This study was carried out on a Haplic Planosol at the Experimental Campus of the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, during the period of July to December 2008. An entirely randomized block design was used, with four repetitions. Main treatments were allocated in plots (4x4 m) and consisted of three N fertilization levels (0; 75 and 150kg N-ur?ia). Four sampling dates designed as days from a standardization cut made 131days after planting were allocated in sub-plots. Three of the sampling dates (8, 16 and 24 days) were pre-fixed, while the last was accomplished when the sward interception level of photosynthetically active radiation reached a value of 95%. Structural dynamics was followed by monitoring the following canopy variables: sward height; tiller density, leaf area index, green cover index and green dry mass accumulation. Chlorophylls a, b and (a+b) were measured always in the first fully expanded leaves of sun tillers by the Arnon method with modifications, and indirectly, with the chlorophyll meter ClorofiLOG?. In the same type of leaves, total N content was determined by Kjeldhal routine procedures. Principal results showed that concentrations of chlorophylls a, b and (a + b) in Tifton leaf blades were affected by nitrogen fertilization and sampling dates reaching maximal differences at the 24th day after cut. Chlorophyll meter readings (Falker Chlorophyll Index, FCI) and foliar N contents also responsed very sensibly to N rates, reaching maximal values at the16th day after cut. In the same day, Total chlorophyll contents and Total N leaf contents were also significantly correlated with FCI values, with r2 coefficients of 0,93 and 0,89 respectively. Correlation coefficient between total green dry matter and FCI values was 0,867. Total green dry matter accumulation at the last sampling date and FCI readings at 16th day after cut also resulted significantly related (r2 = 0,72), a promising relation for purposes of forage yield estimation. In conclusion, the obtained results allow affirming that, in Tifton 85, total chlorophyll content present in the first leaf totally expanded is a sensitive marker of soil N availability and therefore of N fertilization needs. Total chlorophyll content through its relationship with leaf N contents may be also a valuable tool for foliar N diagnosis. Both attributes were discriminated properly by the chlorophyll meter under evaluation. This apparatus maximized its performance in the period were happened Among the biochemical properties related to the use of nitrogen (N) for the plants, chlorophyll pigments occupy a relevant position. For that reason, and given the importance of the N fertilization for pasture productivity, it has been developed methodologies that allow determining leaf chlorophyll contents for indirect and non destructive procedures. With the purpose of supplying subsidies for N fertilization management in in pastures of Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85 was installed an experiment with purpose of verifying the performance of a commercial chlorophyll meter. The experimental strategy consisted of the induction of three levels of soil N availability, through N fertilization. The working hypotheses were the following ones: i) different soil N availabilities result in differentiated leaf chlorophyll contents in leaves recently emerged and fully expanded; ii) readings obtained with a chlorophyll meter are related with foliar Total chlorophyll contents; iii) chlorophyll contents are related with foliar N concentrations; e iv) chlorophyll content indicators keep relationship with green dry matter production. This study was carried out on a Haplic Planosol at the Experimental Campus of the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, during the period of July to December 2008. An entirely randomized block design was used, with four repetitions. Main treatments were allocated in plots (4x4 m) and consisted of three N fertilization levels (0; 75 and 150kg N-ur?ia). Four sampling dates designed as days from a standardization cut made 131days after planting were allocated in sub-plots. Three of the sampling dates (8, 16 and 24 days) were pre-fixed, while the last was accomplished when the sward interception level of photosynthetically active radiation reached a value of 95%. Structural dynamics was followed by monitoring the following canopy variables: sward height; tiller density, leaf area index, green cover index and green dry mass accumulation. Chlorophylls a, b and (a+b) were measured always in the first fully expanded leaves of sun tillers by the Arnon method with modifications, and indirectly, with the chlorophyll meter ClorofiLOG?. In the same type of leaves, total N content was determined by Kjeldhal routine procedures. Principal results showed that concentrations of chlorophylls a, b and (a + b) in Tifton leaf blades were affected by nitrogen fertilization and sampling dates reaching maximal differences at the 24th day after cut. Chlorophyll meter readings (Falker Chlorophyll Index, FCI) and foliar N contents also responsed very sensibly to N rates, reaching maximal values at the16th day after cut. In the same day, Total chlorophyll contents and Total N leaf contents were also significantly correlated with FCI values, with r2 coefficients of 0,93 and 0,89 respectively. Correlation coefficient between total green dry matter and FCI values was 0,867. Total green dry matter accumulation at the last sampling date and FCI readings at 16th day after cut also resulted significantly related (r2 = 0,72), a promising relation for purposes of forage yield estimation. In conclusion, the obtained results allow affirming that, in Tifton 85, total chlorophyll content present in the first leaf totally expanded is a sensitive marker of soil N availability and therefore of N fertilization needs. Total chlorophyll content through its relationship with leaf N contents may be also a valuable tool for foliar N diagnosis. Both attributes were discriminated properly by the chlorophyll meter under evaluation. This apparatus maximized its performance in the period were happened the highest leaf N content and linking directly with final green dry matter accumulation. / Dentre as propriedades bioqu?micas relacionadas ? utiliza??o do nitrog?nio (N) pelas plantas, os teores de clorofila ocupam posi??o de destaque. Por essa raz?o, e dada a import?ncia que a aduba??o nitrogenada tem na express?o da produtividade das pastagens, tem sido desenvolvidas metodologias que permitem a determina??o do teor de clorofila por procedimentos indiretos e n?o destrutivos. No intuito de fornecer subs?dios para a defini??o de estrat?gias de aduba??o nitrogenada em pastagens de Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85 foi instalado um experimento com o prop?sito primordial de verificar o desempenho de um clorofil?metro comercial. Foi utilizada uma estrat?gia experimental consistente na indu??o de tr?s n?veis de disponibilidade de N no solo, atrav?s de aduba??o nitrogenada. As hip?teses que guiaram o experimento foram as seguintes: i) n?veis diferenciados de N no solo, resultam em teores diferenciados de clorofila em folhas rec?m emergidas; ii) leituras obtidas com um clorofil?metro guardam rela??o com os teores foliares das clorofilas; iii) teores de clorofila total relacionam-se com os teores foliares de N; e iv) os indicadores ligados ? clorofila foliar guardam rela??o com a produ??o de mat?ria seca. O experimento foi desenvolvido sobre um Planossolo H?plico, no campo experimental da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, munic?pio de Serop?dica, RJ, durante o per?odo de julho a dezembro de 2008. O experimento foi disposto segundo um desenho em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com quatro repeti??es. Os tratamentos, alocados nas parcelas (4x4m), consistiram de tr?s n?veis de N (0; 75 e 150kg N-ur?ia/ha), enquanto que nas sub-parcelas, foram alocadas quatro dias de coletas, contados a partir um corte de uniformiza??o, realizado 131 dias ap?s o plantio do capim. Tr?s das datas de amostragem foram pre-fixadas, aos 8, 16 e 24 dias, enquanto a ?ltima foi realizada quando a pastagem atingiu um n?vel de intercepta??o de 95% da radia??o fotossint?ticamente ativa incidente. A din?mica estrutural foi acompanhada atrav?s da mensura??o das seguintes vari?veis do dossel: altura; densidade populacional de perfilhos; ?ndice de ?rea foliar, ?ndice de cobertura verde, e ac?mulo de massa verde seca. As clorofilas a, b, e (a+b), foram quantificadas, sempre em primeiras folhas completamente expandidas de perfilhos de sol, pelo m?todo de Arnon modificado, e indiretamente, com um aparelho ClorofiLOG?. Os teores de N total foram determinados nas mesmas folhas, pelo m?todo de Kjeldhal. Os resultados mostraram que os teores de clorofila a, b e (a+b) diferiram entre doses de N, e dias de amostragem, atingindo diferen?as m?ximas entre as doses de N aos 24 dias ap?s corte. As leituras do clorofil?metro (?ndice de Clorofila Falker, ICF) e os teores de N foliar tamb?m responderam sensivelmente ?s doses de N, atinguindo valores m?ximos aos 16 dias. Nesse mesmo dia, a an?lise de regress?o linear entre os teores de clorofila total e de N total, contra os respectivos valores de ICF resultou em coeficientes de determina??o de 0,93 e 0,89 respectivamente. O coeficiente de correla??o entre a massa verde seca total e os valores de ICF foi de 0,867. O ac?mulo de mat?ria verde seca total aos 28 dias ap?s o corte relacionouse linearmente com as leituras do clorofil?metro feitas aos 16 dias (r2=0,72), um tipo de resultado promissor em termos de estimativas de disponibilidade de forragem. Como conclus?o, os resultados permitiram verificar que os teores de clorofila total presentes na primeira folha totalmente expandida, responderam ? aplica??o de doses diferenciadas de N e se relacionaram estreitamente com os teores de N foliar. Ambos os atributos foram discriminados de forma precisa pelo clorofil?metro sob avalia??o. Este aparelho maximizou o seu desempenho no per?odo onde ocorreram os m?ximos teores de N foliar, relacionando-se diretamente com a mat?ria seca acumulada no final do per?odo de rebrota.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CiceroSMG.pdf: 1142595 bytes, checksum: 20dddd65ffb6900703c4d6782ba12894 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-28 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / The use of the natural gas is growing year after year in the whole world and also in Brazil. It is verified that in the last five years the profile of natural gas consumption reached a great advance and investments had been carried through in this area. In the oil industry, the use of the natural gas for fuel in the drive of engines is usual for a long date. It is also used to put into motion equipment, or still, to generate electric power. Such engines are based on the motor cycle of combustion Otto, who requires a natural gas with well definite specification, conferring characteristic anti-detonating necessary to the equipment performance for projects based on this cycle. In this work, process routes and thermodynamic conditions had been selected and evaluated. Based on simulation assays carried out in commercial simulators the content of the methane index of the effluent gas were evaluated at various ranges of pressure, temperature, flowrate, molecular weight and chemical nature and composition of the absorbent. As final result, it was established a route based on process efficiency, optimized consumption of energy and absorbent. Thereby, it serves as base for the compact equipment conception to be used in locu into the industry for the removal of hydrocarbon from the natural gas produced / A utiliza??o do g?s natural vem crescendo ano ap?s ano em todo o mundo e tamb?m no Brasil. Verifica-se que nos ?ltimos cinco anos o perfil de consumo de g?s natural veicular ganhou um grande alcance e v?rios investimentos foram realizados nesta ?rea. Na ind?stria do petr?leo a utiliza??o do g?s natural para combust?vel no acionamento de motores j? vem de longa data, e o mesmo ? utilizado tamb?m para movimentar equipamentos, ou ainda, para gerar energia el?trica. Tais motores baseiam-se no ciclo motor de combust?o Otto, que requer um g?s natural com especifica??o bem definida, conferindo caracter?sticas anti-detonantes necess?rias ao desempenho de equipamentos com projetos baseados neste ciclo. Neste trabalho foram analisadas rotas de processo enfocando caracter?sticas necess?rias ? montagem de um equipamento compacto e simples que permitisse remover com efici?ncia compostos pesados do g?s natural conseguindo-se desta forma um ajuste adequado do ?ndice de Metano, caracter?stica principal na aplica??o do g?s natural em motores a combust?o interna. Foram inicialmente selecionados compostos e condi??es termodin?micas que serviram como base para as rotas estudadas. A partir de simula??es realizadas em aplicativos comerciais foram analisadas os efeitos no ?ndice de metano do g?s efluente decorrentes de varia??es na press?o, temperatura, vaz?o, peso molecular e natureza qu?mica do absorvente. Como produto final foi estabelecida uma rota baseada na efici?ncia de processo, consumo otimizado de energia e absorvente, que se prop?e a servir como base para a concep??o de equipamentos compactos a serem utilizados na ind?stria do petr?leo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O jambú (Acmella oleracea), hortaliça empregada na culinária e na medicina popular no Norte do Brasil, tem sido objeto de pesquisas em diversas áreas revelando aplicações promissoras. Entretanto, são encontrados poucos registros relacionados à sua composição e valor nutricional inorgânico. Neste estudo, foram desenvolvidos dois métodos de tratamento de amostras, calcinação (CA) e digestão úmida (DU), para a quantificação de K, Na e Li por Fotometria de Chama e Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni e Zn por Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica por Chama, em amostras de folhas (Fo), flores (Fl) e folhas-flores (Fo-Fl) de jambú produzidas e comercializadas em Boa Vista/RR, considerando a complexidade das matrizes, a otimização instrumental para cada espécie estudada, a eficiência analítica e laboratorial por meio de experimentos de adição e recuperação de analitos e por comparação com Material de Referência (MR) de Braquiária brizantha e a essencialidade e/ou toxicidade das espécies sob estudo nos limites de tolerância fisiológicos. Os métodos CA e DU mostraram-se eficientes para todas as espécies metálicas nas amostras sob estudo, com desvios padrões relativos abaixo de 10 % para a maioria das espécies e recuperações na faixa de 90 a 110 %, exceto para o Li no método DU, em que necessita de otimizações. Os teores de Cu se mostram próximos e os de Ni abaixo dos seus respectivos limites de quantificação (LOQs), em ambos os métodos e para todas as amostras. Porém, o método DU exibe melhores LOQs para o Ca, Cu, Fe e Zn, enquanto o método CA para o K, Mn, Na e Ni e para o Li, os resultados são semelhantes. Os testes estatísticos, F e t emparelhado (95 % de confiança) aplicados aos resultados dos dois métodos mostram não existir diferenças significativas entre as suas precisões e concentrações em todas as espécies, bem como entre as amostras de Fo e Fo-Fl. As quantificações do MR com o uso dos métodos estabelecidos evidenciam o bom desempenho laboratorial e a aplicabilidade destes métodos em outras matrizes ambientais, exceto para o Fe no método CA para o qual são necessárias adequações. Além disso, os métodos são promissores para a determinação de outras espécies metálicas. De modo geral, o método CA apresenta em relação ao método DU, menores: número de reagentes, quantidades de resíduos, etapas de manipulação e riscos de contaminações da amostra. No entanto o método CA apresenta baixa velocidade de destruição da matéria orgânica e elevado consumo de energia elétrica. Logo, os métodos apresentam vantagens e desvantagens, um em relação ao outro, inerentes aos tratamentos aplicados. Quanto ao potencial nutricional do jambú, recomenda-se sua inserção na dieta humana, visto que a ingestão de 50 g em massa úmida desta hortaliça contribui com altos teores em Li e Mn, sendo as Fl fontes em Cu. Os resultados obtidos para as espécies metálicas, cinzas e umidade nas amostras estudadas se mostram próximos aos de alguns dados da literatura. Os resultados demonstram novas opções de métodos de tratamento de amostras para a quantificação de espécies metálicas em tecidos vegetais, bem como assinalam novas informações sobre alimentos consumidos nacionais que poderão ser úteis na complementação de bases de dados de composição mineral e na popularização do jambú como fonte nutricional. / The jambu (Acmella oleracea), vegetable used in cooking and in popular medicine in northern Brazil, has been the subject of research in several areas showing promising applications. However, few records are found related to its inorganic composition and nutritional value. In this study, two methods were developed for treatment of samples, calcination (CA) and wet digestion (DU), for the quantification of K, Na and Li by Flame Photometry and Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in leaf samples (Fo), flowers (Fl) and leaves-flowers (Fo-Fl) of jambu produced and marketed in Boa Vista/RR, considering the complexity of the matrices, the instrumental optimization for each species studied, the analytical and laboratory efficiency by analytes addition and recovery experiments and comparison with Brachiaria brizantha Reference Material (MR) and the importance and / or toxicity of the studied species in the limits of physiological tolerance. The CA and DU methods were efficient for all metallic species in the studied samples, with relative standard deviations below 10 % for most species and recoveries in the range of 90 to 110 %, except for the Li in DU method, that requires optimization. Cu contents are shown next and the Ni below their respective limits of quantitation (LOQs), in both methods and for all samples. However, the DU method showed improved LOQs for Ca, Cu, Fe and Zn, while the CA method for K, Mn, Na and Ni, and for the Li the results are similar. Statistical tests, F and paired t (95% confidence) applied to the results of both methods show that there arent significant differences between their accuracy and concentrations in all species, and between samples of Fo and Fo-Fl. The quantification of MR with the use of established methods show good performance laboratory methods and their applicability in other environmental matrices, except for Fe in the CA method that are necessary adjustments. Furthermore, methods are promising for the determination of other metallic species. In general, the CA method presents in compared to the DU method, lower: the number of reactants, amounts of waste, handling steps and the risk of contamination of the sample. However, the CA method presents a low rate of destruction of organic matter and high energy consumption. Therefore, the methods have advantages and disadvantages, one over the other, attached to the treatments. In relation of the jambu nutritional potential, it is recommended for insertion in the human diet, whereas the intake of 50 g wet weight of this vegetable contributes a high content of Li and Mn, and the Fl are a Cu sources. The results obtained for the metallic species, ash and moisture in the samples studied are shown next to some literature data. The results show new methods options for processing samples for quantification of metallic species in plant tissues, as well as new information on national food consumed could be useful in complementation databases mineral composition and jambu popularization with a source nutrition.

Sistemas push-pull são caracterizados pela presença de uma transição eletrônica de transferência de carga, o que justifica a grande diferença de polaridade entre os estados fundamental e excitado. Isso os torna sondas moleculares promissoras para a obtenção de informações espectroscópicas sobre a fase condensada. Alguns desses sistemas apresentam modos vibracionais cuja frequência depende da energia de excitação nos espectros Raman. Neste estudo, através de uma sonda molecular push-pull, objetivou-se analisar as características do meio que definem tal dependência. A sonda utilizada, 4-dimetilamino-β-nitroestireno apresentou deslocamento batocrômico no espectro de absorção eletrônico e a dependência da largura de banda com o solvente, o que mostrou sua sensibilidade ao meio, juntamente com uma dependência do modo de estiramento simétrico do grupo nitro com o solvente. Através do modelo do estado de solvatação seletivo, variando a energia de excitação do laser, foi possível observar a dependência do número de onda do modo de estiramento simétrico do NO2. Essa dependência foi, no entanto, mais significativa em solventes próticos polares, os quais apresentam os maiores valores de tempo de relaxação do solvente. Alguns solventes polares apróticos também apresentaram, mas com menor deslocamento, o que poderia estar relacionado com o tempo de relaxação. Solventes com dinâmicas de solvatação mais lentas e com forte interação, provocando uma diminuição na energia de transição eletrônica, são os principais fatores para ocorrência da dispersão Raman em sistemas push-pull. / The push-pulls systems are characcterized by the presence of a charge transfer electronic transition, it explain the large difference in polarity between the ground and excited states. They are promising molecular probes to obtain spectroscopic information on the condensed phase because of that characteristic. Some of these systems have vibrational modes whose frequency depends on the excitation energy in the resonant Raman spectra. The objective of this study was to analyze the vibrational frequency dependence of the molecular probe caused by environment. The 4-dimethylamino-β-nitrostyrene as a probe was sensitive to the medium showing bathochromic shift on electronic spectrum and bandwidth dependence with the solvent as well as the dependency of the nitro symmetric stretching mode in the vibrational spectrum. Based on the selective solvation state model, the laser excitation energy was varied and the dependence of the wave number of the symmetric stretching mode NO2 was observed. This dependency is, however, more significant in polar protic solvents which have the highest relaxation time values of the solvent. Some aprotic polar solvents presented that characteristic with less degree, which may be related to the relaxation time. The main factor for the occurrence of Raman scattering in push-pull solvation systems is the slower solvation dynamics and strong interaction that are capable to diminishing the energy electronic transition. The main factors for the occurrence of Raman dispersion in push-pull solvation systems are the slower solvation dynamics and strong probe/solvent interaction that are capable to diminishing the electronic transition energy.

O vidro com composição 2Na2O1CaO3SiO2, sofre nucleação cristalina homogênea em temperaturas entre 450 e 560oC. Os núcleos, essencialmente esféricos, supostamente tem a mesma composição da matriz vítrea. Em amostras amorfas, parcialmente cristalizadas e policristalinas foram feitas medidas de densidade, difratometria de raios-X, analise térmica por calorimetria exploratória de varredura (DSC), medidas ultrasônicas pelo método do pulso-eco, espectroscopias de absorção ótica, infravermelha e Raman. A densidade do vidro é de 2,66 g/cm3 e para amostra policristalina a densidade aumenta para 2,76 g/cm3. O aumento da densidade com o grau de cristalinidade é a causa do aumento das velocidades de propagação de ondas elásticas longitudinal e transversal, e do aumento do numero e da intensidade dos picos nos difratogramas de raios-X. Das medidas de DSC determinamos que a temperatura de transição vítrea ocorre em torno de 40 °C, e calculamos uma entalpia de ativação para a transição vítrea de 78 kcal/mol. Espectros de absorção ótica de amostras com Cr3+ apresentaram o efeito de anti-ressonância Fano, e pequeno deslocamento da banda 4T2 , para energias maiores com o aumento do grau de cristalinidade e em temperaturas baixas (~ 20 K). A partir dos níveis isoenergéticos 2E e 2T1 calculamos o parâmetro de Racah B = 690 cm-1 e a intensidade do campo ligante ? = 10 Dq = 14 840 cm-1. Junto com Cr3+ ocorre o Cr6+ na forma do íon cromato, CrO42-, cujas bandas de absorção estão próximas do ultravioleta, e é responsável pelo efeito Raman pré-ressonante observado. O espectro Raman do vidro é constituído de bandas assimétricas acima de 550 cm-1, e foram decompostas em seis bandas gaussianas. As bandas de maior freqüência foram tentativamente atribuídas à vibrações de tetraedros de sílica com 1 a 4 oxigênios não-ponteantes. Dos espectros Raman reduzidos concluímos que o pico de boson é devido à vibrações dos fônons térmicos o a freqüência da radiação espalhada. Algumas características dos espectros de absorção de amostras com Cr3+ e dos resultados de medidas ultrasônicas foram atribuídas à possível ocorrência de microtensão ou microfissuras na região da interface núcleo-vidro. / Glass with composition 2Na2O1CaO3SiO2, undergoes homogeneous crystal nucleation between 450 and 56OoC. The nuclei are essentially spherical and presumable have the same composition as the glass matrix. Measuriments of density, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultrasonics by pulse-echo method, optical absorption, infrared and Raman spectroscopy were performed in amorphous, partially crystallized and polycrystalline samples. The density of the glass is 2,66 g/cm3 and 2,76 g/cm3 that of the polycrystalline sample. The increase in density with the degree of crystallinity is the cause of the increasing propagation velocities of longitudinal and transversal elastic waves, and of the increasing peak number and intensities in the X-ray diffractograms. From DSC measurements we determine that the glass transition temperature is about 470o C, and the activation enthalpy for the glass transition was calculated to be 78 kcal/mol. Absorption spectra of Cr3+ containing samples shows the anti-resonance Fano effect, and small displacement of the 4T2 band to higher energies with increasing degree of crystallinity and at lower temperatures (~20 K). From the isoenergetic levels 2E and 2T1 we calculate the Racah parameter B = 690 cm-1 and the ligand field intensity ? = 10 Dq = 14 840 cm-1. Together with Cr3+ occurs Cr6+ as cromate ion, CrO4-2 with absorption bands are near the ultraviolet, and is responsible for the observed pre-resonant Raman effect. The Raman spectrum of the glass is composed of asimetric bands in frequencies above 550 cm-1, which we decompose in six Gaussian shaped bands. The four bands of higher frequencies were tentativily assigned to stretching vibration bond Si-O of silica tetraedra with 1 to 4 non-bridging oxigens. From reduced Raman spectra we concluded that the boson peak is due to thermal phonon vibrations and to the scattered radiation frequency. Some features of absorption spectra of Cr3+ containing glasses and of ultrasonic measurements were assigned to the possible occurence of microtensions or microcracks in the nucleous-glass interf ace region.

El CO2 es una variable clave que afecta tanto al desarrollo como a la fisiología de las plantas, por lo que los incrementos derivados del cambio climático afectarán al crecimiento de los cultivos. Muchas de las respuestas fisiológicas observadas frente al aumento del CO2 están influenciadas por su interacción con otros estreses, como por ejemplo la salinidad, debido al creciente aumento de las áreas afectadas por la salinidad y su impacto sobre la masa vegetal. Por ello, en esta Tesis, se expone como la agricultura desarrolla una función muy importante en la lucha contra el cambio climático debido a su papel como secuestradores de CO2 atmosférico. Las conclusiones de este trabajo ayudarán a clarificar aspectos esenciales para elegir las soluciones más efectivas en este ámbito junto con otras problemáticas dadas en nuestras tierras de cultivos como son el estrés salino, el cual se verá implementado por dicho cambio climático. / CO2 is a variable key that affects both development and the plant physiology, so that the increases resulting from climate change will affect crop growth. Many of the observed physiological responses to increased CO2 in front are influenced by its interaction with other stresses, such as salinity, due to the increasing of the areas affected by the salinity and its impact on the vegetation. Therefore, in this thesis agriculture is exposed as a very important place in the fight against climate change due to its role as kidnappers of atmospheric CO2. The conclusions of this work help clarify what is essential to choose the best solutions effective in this area along with other issues given in our crop lands such as salt stress, which will be implemented by the climate change

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rozane_de_dr_jabo.pdf: 1210450 bytes, checksum: 4b393f7743e9c55fd14f3aff109f97b5 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de carambola do mundo, entretanto há poucas informações científicas, especialmente estudos de nutrição mineral. Objetivando-se contribuir com o conhecimento de nutrição mineral da caramboleira, desenvolveram-se estudos que permitissem avaliar o crescimento e o acúmulo de nutrientes na frutífera nas fases de hipobioto (porta-enxerto), muda e plantas em formação. Foram realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação em hidroponia, nas fases de hipobioto e mudas de caramboleira, na Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Câmpus Jaboticabal, Brasil, coordenadas de 210 15' 22 sul, 480 18' 58 oeste e altitude de 615 m. O experimento com hipobioto foi realizado no período de agosto a dezembro de 2005, tendo cinco tratamentos constituídos por épocas de coleta: 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125 dias após o transplantio e seis repetições, disposto em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O experimento realizado com as mudas foi desenvolvidos, no período de março a junho de 2006, em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições, tendo como parcelas duas cultivares de caramboleira (B-10 e Golden Star) e, como subparcelas cinco épocas de coletas de plantas: 208,233,258,283 e 308 dias após o transplantio para a solução nutritiva, disposto em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Em ambos os experimentos, avaliaram-se, em todas as coletas, a altura da planta, o diâmetro do caule e a área foliar. Em seguida, as plantas foram divididas em raízes, caule e folhas, determinando-se a massa da matéria seca e o teor de nutrientes nos referidos órgãos. O experimento realizado a campo foi desenvolvido de outubro de 2006 a novembro de 2008, em área experimental da FCAV/UNESP, Câmpus Jaboticabal, em Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico típico (Eutrustox). / Brazil is one of the greatest star fruit producers in the world; however, there is little scientific information, especially mineral nutrition studies which contributesto the production. Aiming to contribute to the star fruit knowlege in the field of mineral nutrition, researches were developed to evaluate the growth and the nutrients accumulation in the 'hipobioto', seedling and orchard in formation under irrigation conditions. Two experiments were accomplished at greenhouse in hydroponics at the São Paulo State University - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias 'Julio de MesquitaFilho', Jaboticabal Campus, with coordinates of 210 15' 22 South, 48018' 58 West and 615 m of altitude. The experiment with 'hipobioto' was accomplished in the periodfrom August to December 2005 and it was constituted by an experiment with five treatments that reffered to the collection time 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 days after the transplanting and six repetitions, deposed in an completely randomized designo The seedlings experiment was accomplished in the period from March to June 2006, in slipt plots with three replications. As a plot, it was used two star fruit cultivars ('B-10' and 'GoldenStar') and, as a slipt plot, the five collection of plants accomplished by 208, 233, 258, 283 and 308 days after the transplanting for the nutritious solution, disposed in completely randomized design with three replications. It was evaluated, in both experiments, the plant height, the stem diameter, and the leaf area in ali collections. Afterthat, the plants were divided in roots, stem and leaves, determining the mass of the dry matter and the nutrients content in the referred organs. The experiment was accomplished on the field from October 2006 to November 2008, in an experimental area of the FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal Campus, in Eutrustox.