Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6081.pdf: 3692615 bytes, checksum: c275b7cf71f1d4575f5deeff0b9c56cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-18 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Ethanol is a renewable fuel produced from biomass. Starting in 1975, Brazil began a national program to promote ethanol production in large scale, the ProAlcool Programme. In the harvest 2012/13 it was produced 23.64 billion of litters of ethanol, from that 9.85 billion was in anhydrous form. The anhydrous ethanol is mainly used as a gasoline additive. This mix reduces the dependence on fossil fuels, improves the engine performance and reduces the emission of toxic gases. Anydrous ethanol can be produced by azeotropic distillation (cyclohexane), by extractive distillation (mono ethylene glycol) or by molecular sieves technology (zeolytes). The objective of this work was the construction and operation of a distillation apparatus (in a bench scale) with the purpose of evaluating the extractive distillation of hydroalcoholic solutions of ethanol employing glycerol as solvent, in substitution of mono ethylene glycol. The substitution is motivated by several factors indicated by the literature like the biodiesel production growth, whose glycerol is a byproduct; the low toxicity; the superior capacity to promote the relative volatility increase of water-ethanol solution; and the inferior energetic consumption. The column was composed by three glass modules with five perforated plates each module. On the top it was used a glass coil condenser. As reboiler it was used a two litters round bottom boiling flask linked to a heating mantle. The feed of ethanol, solvent (glycerol) and the bottom product withdraw was made with pumps. The distillation system was modelled and simulated in the Aspen Plus software using the RadFrac distillation model and NRTL (non-random two-liquid model) thermodynamic model. Four simulations were made for different ethanol feed compositions (25, 35 and 45 wt %). Three simulations were made without the glycerine feed and one with solvent feed and 35% ethanol feed. The distillation column was operated in total reflux with 0.599 L/h ethanol feed flow and 0.341L/h glycerine feed flow. The systems without the solvent reached a mass purity of ethanol of 94.1% in distillate (45% of ethanol feed). The process with the solvent reached a purity of 99.8% in distillate. The four simulated conditions were experimentally evaluated. The experimental results confirmed that the use of glycerine feed promoted an improvement in separation, reaching distillate purity over 99%. Experiments without the glycerine reached compositions around 90%. Murphree efficiencies were determined in all experiments carried out. For the systems without the solvent the obtained efficiencies were: 45% (25% ethanol feed), 30% (35% ethanol feed), 35% (45% ethanol feed). The system with glycerine feed reached 70% efficiency. / O etanol é um combustível renovável que teve sua produção incentivada no Brasil a partir da implantação do Programa Nacional do Álcool em 1975. Na safra 2012/13 foram produzidos 23,64 bilhões de litros, destes 9,85 bilhões em sua forma anidra. Nesta composição é utilizado como aditivo na gasolina (25% em volume) o que contribui para redução da dependência dos combustíveis fósseis, melhora do desempenho dos motores e diminuição na emissão de gases tóxicos. A produção de etanol anidro pode ser realizada pela destilação azeotrópica (cicloexano), extrativa (monoetilenoglicol) ou por meio do emprego da tecnologia das peneiras moleculares (zeólitas). Este trabalho teve como objetivo a construção e operação de um aparelho de destilação (em escala de bancada) com o objetivo de avaliar a destilação extrativa de soluções hidroalcoólicas de etanol empregando glicerol como solvente em substituição ao monoetilenoglicol. Essa substituição é motivada por diversos fatores apontados pela literatura como o crescimento da produção de biodiesel, que possui como subproduto o glicerol; a menor toxicidade do glicerol em relação ao monoetilenoglicol; a maior capacidade em promover o aumento da volatilidade relativa da solução água-etanol; e o menor consumo energético. A coluna de destilação era composta de três módulos de vidro com cinco pratos perfurados em cada módulo. No topo foi utilizado um condensador de vidro tipo serpentina. Como refervedor foi utilizado balão de fundo redondo de dois litros acoplado a uma manta de aquecimento. A alimentação das correntes de etanol, solvente e a retirada do produto de fundo da coluna foram realizadas por bombas. O sistema de destilação foi simulado no aplicativo Aspen Plus utilizando o bloco RadFrac e o modelo termodinâmico NRTL (Non-random two-liquid model). Foram realizadas quatro simulações variando-se a composição de etanol na corrente de alimentação (25%, 35% e 45% m/m). Três simulações foram feitas sem a alimentação de glicerina e uma simulação com alimentação do solvente e alimentação de etanol de 35%. A simulação representou o processo em refluxo total com vazão de alimentação de etanol de 0,599 L/h e alimentação de glicerina com vazão de 0,341 L/h. As simulações mostraram que para os sistemas sem alimentação de glicerina a máxima pureza mássica de etanol obtida no destilado foi de 94,1% (alimentação com 45% de etanol). Para a operação com alimentação do solvente a pureza obtida no destilado atingiu 99,8%. As quatro condições simuladas foram avaliadas experimentalmente. Os resultados experimentais confirmaram que o uso da alimentação de glicerina promoveu uma melhora na separação, obtendo um destilado com pureza mássica de etanol superior a 99%. Os experimentos sem a presença do solvente atingiram concentrações próximas de 90% no destilado. A eficiência de Murphree foi determinada em cada uma das operações. Para os sistemas sem a presença de solvente, as eficiências obtidas foram de 45% (25% de etanol na alimentação), 30% (35% de etanol na alimentação) e 35% (45% de etanol na alimentação). Para o sistema com alimentação de glicerina a eficiência foi de 70%.

Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-11T18:10:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Versão Atualizada Tese Eric Ferreira de Oliveira.pdf: 1865683 bytes, checksum: 517608a245f6372afd45b3bba78733d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-11T18:10:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Versão Atualizada Tese Eric Ferreira de Oliveira.pdf: 1865683 bytes, checksum: 517608a245f6372afd45b3bba78733d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / CNEN / O estado da arte dos métodos aplicados para processos industriais é atualmente baseado em princípios de reconstruções tomográficas clássicas desenvolvidos para padrões tomográficos de distribuições estáticas, ou seja, são limitados a processos de pouca variabilidade. Ruídos e artefatos de movimento são os principais problemas causados pela incompatibilidade nos dados gerada pelo movimento. Além disso, em processos tomográficos industriais é comum um número limitado de dados podendo produzir ruído, artefatos e não concordância com a distribuição em estudo. Um dos objetivos do presente trabalho é discutir as dificuldades que surgem da implementação de algoritmos de reconstrução em tomografia dinâmica que foram originalmente desenvolvidos para distribuições estáticas. Outro objetivo é propor soluções que visam reduzir a perda de informação temporal devido a utilização de técnicas estáticas em processos dinâmicos. No que diz respeito à reconstrução de imagem dinâmica foi realizada uma comparação entre diferentes métodos de reconstrução estáticos, como MART e FBP, quando usado para cenários dinâmicos. Esta comparação foi baseada em simulações por MCNPX, e também analiticamente, de um cilindro de alumínio que se move durante o processo de aquisição, e também com base em imagens de cortes transversais de técnicas de CFD. Outra contribuição foi aproveitar o canal triplo de cores necessário para exibir imagens coloridas na maioria dos monitores, de modo que, dimensionando adequadamente os valores adquiridos de cada vista no sistema linear de reconstrução, foi possível imprimir traços temporais na imagem tradicionalmente reconstruída. Finalmente, uma técnica de correção de movimento usado no campo da medicina foi proposto para aplicações industriais, considerando-se que a distribuição de densidade nestes cenários pode apresentar variações compatíveis com movimentos rígidos ou alterações na escala de certos objetos. A ideia é usar dados conhecidos a priori ou durante o processo, como vetor deslocamento, e então usar essas informações para melhorar a qualidade da reconstrução. Isto é feito através da manipulação adequada da matriz peso no método algébrico, isto é, ajustando-se os valores para refletir o movimento objeto do previsto ou deformação. Os resultados de todas essas técnicas aplicadas em vários experimentos e simulações são discutidos neste trabalho. / The state of the art methods applied to industrial processes is currently based on the principles of classical tomographic reconstructions developed for tomographic patterns of static distributions, or is limited to cases of low variability of the density distribution function of the tomographed object. Noise and motion artifacts are the main problems caused by a mismatch in the data from views acquired in different instants. All of these add to the known fact that using a limited amount of data can result in the presence of noise, artifacts and some inconsistencies with the distribution under study. One of the objectives of the present work is to discuss the difficulties that arise from implementing reconstruction algorithms in dynamic tomography that were originally developed for static distributions. Another objective is to propose solutions that aim at reducing a temporal type of information loss caused by employing regular acquisition systems to dynamic processes. With respect to dynamic image reconstruction it was conducted a comparison between different static reconstruction methods, like MART and FBP, when used for dynamic scenarios. This comparison was based on a MCNPx simulation as well as an analytical setup of an aluminum cylinder that moves along the section of a riser during the process of acquisition, and also based on cross section images from CFD techniques. As for the adaptation of current tomographic acquisition systems for dynamic processes, this work established a sequence of tomographic views in a just-in-time fashion for visualization purposes, a form of visually disposing density information as soon as it becomes amenable to image reconstruction. A third contribution was to take advantage of the triple color channel necessary to display colored images in most displays, so that, by appropriately scaling the acquired values of each view in the linear system of the reconstruction, it was possible to imprint a temporal trace into the regularly reconstructed image, where the temporal trace utilizes a channel and the regular reconstruction utilizes a different one. Finally, a motion correction technique used in the medical field was proposed for industrial applications, considering that the density distribution in these scenarios may present variations compatible with rigid motions or changes in scale of certain objects. The idea is to identify in some configurations of the temporarily distributed data clues of the type of motion or deformation suffered by the object during the data acquisition, and then use this information to improve the quality of the reconstruction. This is done by appropriately manipulating the weight matrix in the algebraic method, i.e., by adjusting the values to reflect the predicted object motion or deformation. The results of all these techniques applied in several experiments and simulations are discussed in this work.

Orientador: Marcos Akira d'Ávila / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T01:11:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_NicolaoCerqueira_M.pdf: 2608433 bytes, checksum: 1f09fc99d86a78b7861be6972463c29c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A eletrohidrodinâmica trata basicamente dos efeitos de um campo elétrico em meios contínuos. Um fluido sob o efeito de um campo elétrico tende a se deformar devido a uma força elétrica que age sobre ele. Essa força elétrica é consequência de alguns fatores que têm como base as próprias propriedades do fluido. Entre elas estão à condutividade elétrica (capacidade do fluido de ionizar-se ou de conduzir corrente elétrica) e a permissividade elétrica (capacidade do fluido de polarizar-se). Diversos processos que utilizam efeitos elétricos em fluidos foram desenvolvidos nas últimas décadas. O fato de estes processos envolverem uma alta complexidade de parâmetros faz com que seja consumido bastante tempo e material durante a fase de testes. Por esse motivo, as simulações numéricas passaram a ser uma boa alternativa para otimizar tais processos, além de aumentar o conhecimento sobre eles. Nesse contexto, no presente trabalho foi implementado um código numérico (solver) no pacote de CFD OpenFOAM baseado no modelo para fluidos pouco condutores (leaky dieletric model) no intuito de descrever escoamentos eletrohidrodinâmicos. Entre eles estão o efeito de um campo elétrico em uma gota condutora e o afinamento de um jato na saída de um tubo capilar. Eventualmente, em processos eletrohidrodinâmicos, são utilizados polímeros. Entretanto, não há na literatura muitos estudos sobre a simulação de escoamentos eletrohidrodinâmicos utilizando fluidos viscoelásticos. Assim, um segundo código foi implementado, baseado em um código já existente. Este é capaz de simular efeitos elétricos em fluidos viscoelásticos, utilizando a equação constitutiva de Giesekus como modelo viscoelástico. Os resultados obtidos para a deformação da gota condutora foram comparados com resultados analíticos para fluidos newtonianos e com observações experimentais para fluidos viscoelásticos. Para o caso do jato na saída de um tubo capilar, ambos os tipos de fluidos (newtonianos e viscoelásticos) foram comparados com resultados experimentais e teóricos / Abstract: Electrohydrodynamics deals basically on the effects of an electric field on a continuum media. A fluid under the effect of an electric field tends to deform due to an electric force that acts on it. This electric force is a consequence of some factors which are based on the fluid properties, including the electric conductivity (ability of the fluid to ionize or to conduct electrical current) and the permittivity (ability of the fluid to polarize). Many processes using electrical effects in fluids have been developed in recent decades. The fact that these processes involve a high complexity of parameters, it consumes time and materials during the test phase. For that reason, the numerical simulations start being a good alternative to optimize such processes, and also to increase the knowledge about them. In this context, on the present work was implemented a solver on the open CFD software OpenFOAM, based on the leaky dielectric model, in order to describe electrohydrodynamic flows. Among them, are the effect of an electric field on a conducting droplet and the thinning of a jet on the exit of a nozzle. Eventually, in electrohydrodynamic processes, polymers are used. However, there aren't many studies about electrohydrodynamic flow simulation using viscoelastic fluids. So, a second solver was made, based on another existing solver. This second solver is able to simulate electric effects on viscoelastc fluids, using the Giesekus model as a constitutive equation. The results of the deformation of a conducting droplet were compared to analytical results, for Newtonian fluids, and with experimental observations, for viscoelastic ones. As for the jet, both types of fluids, Newtonians and viscoelastics, were compared to experimental and theoretical results / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Um die wirtschaftliche Relevanz und die Flexibilität des Formdrückens zu erweitern, ist ein Maschinen- und Steuerungskonzept entwickelt worden, dass auch die Herstellung von nichtrotationssymmetrischen Bauteilen erlaubt. Neben experimentellen Untersuchungen zur Verfahrensentwicklung wurde ebenfalls eine numerische Verfahrensoptimierung des neu entwickelten Prozesses „Unrunddrücken“ durchgeführt, um unrunde Bauteile falten- und rissfrei sowie mit geringer Blechdickenreduktion herstellen zu können. In ersten experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden die technologischen Haupteinflussgrößen auf die Versagensformen Falten- und Rissbildung sowie die Blechausdünung ermittelt. Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen ist ein kalibriertes Simulationsmodell erarbeitet worden, mit dem es möglich ist, das Prozessverständnis zu erhöhen und somit die Versagensfälle ganzheitlich über den Prozess zu betrachten. Die daraus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse wurden genutzt, um Optimierungsmaßnahmen für das Unrunddrücken abzuleiten. Es konnte experimentell nachgewiesen werden, dass sowohl die Falten- und Rissbildung als auch die Blechdickenreduktion durch die Optimierungsmaßnahmen deutlich reduziert werden können. Das in der vorliegenden Arbeit entwickelte Verfahren des Unrunddrückens stellt einen effizienten, kostengünstigen und vor allem flexiblen Fertigungsprozess für die Herstellung von nichtrotationssymmetrischen Bauteilen mit nahezu konstantem Blechdickenverlauf dar.

The performance of product development processes is important to the commercial success of new products. The improvement of these processes is thus a strategic imperative for many engineering companies - the aero-engine is one example of a complex product for which market pressures necessitate ever-shorter development times. This thesis argues that process modelling and simulation can support the improvement of complex product development processes. A literature review identified that design process modelling is a well-establishedresearch area encompassing a diverse range of approaches. However, most existing tools and methods are not widely applied in industry. An extended case study was therefore conducted to explore the pragmatic utility of process modelling and simulation. It is argued that iteration is a key driver of design process behaviour which cannot be fully reflected in a mechanistic model. Understanding iteration can help select an appropriate representation for a given process domain and modelling objective. A model-based approach to improve the management of iterative design processes was developed. This approach shows that design process simulation models can support practice despite their limited fidelity. The modelling and simulation framework resulting from this work was enhanced for application to a wider range of process improvement activities. A robust and extensible software platform was also developed. The framework and software tool have made significant contribution to research projects investigating process redesign, process robustness and process optimisation. These projects are discussed to validate the framework and tool and to highlight their applicability beyond the original approach. The research results were disseminated in academia and industry - 72 copies of the software were distributed following requests in the first three months of its release.

L’évolution permanente de l’environnement de l’entreprise pousse les décideurs à s’inscrire dans un processus d’innovation. Nous assistons à une mutation des pratiques de certaines entreprises en intégrant de plus en plus une offre d’un système « produits-services ». Notre objectif, à travers cette thèse, est d’apporter une aide à la décision qui reposera sur la capacité à anticiper la performance du système en fonction de différentes décisions de gestion et face à différents types d’aléas lors de la servicisation. Le premier besoin d’aide à la décision est la nécessité de construire une démarche de modélisation et de simulation avec un modèle conceptuel du système de production orienté PSS. Pour cela nous avons proposé une décomposition de notre système entreprise orientée PSS en deux sous-systèmes : (i) Le sous-système d’usage et (ii) le sous système productif. Les deux sous-systèmes sont connectés et interdépendant. Un deuxième besoin qui apparait pour notre problématique est la construction d’un modèle simulable et exploitable. Nous avons utilisé la simulation à évènements discret afin de profiter de l’aspect « évènementiel » de cette approche et ainsi coupler entre le système d’usage et le système productif d’une part, et d’autre part entre les activités de services et les activités de production. Une application de notre démarche de modélisation et simulation sur un cas d’étude (Entreprise ENVIE) a été effectué et une analyses et interprétation des résultats suivies d’un ensemble de propositions de gestion pour une meilleure transition vers une offre PSS ont été apportées. / The ever-continuing evolution of business practices leads the decision-makers to develop strategies based on Innovative approaches. One of them is the transition to a product-services system, called servitization. The main goal of this thesis is to provide a decision support in order to anticipate the performance of a company when different transition management scenarios are implemented. The first step toward this objective is the formalization of a conceptual model of product-service systems. They consist of two subsystems: (i) user-oriented subsystem and (ii) production-oriented subsystem. These subsystems are connected and interdependent. The model developped in the second step of the thesis takes into account this coupling, whose influence on the overall performance of the company is assessed thanks to a discret-event simulation approach. Finally a case study is performed for a french SME (ENVIE) whose line of business is the re-manufacturing of electrical equipment. The analysis results highlight the main areas of improvement for the company, allowing a better transition to a product-service system.

The aim of this thesis was to design a robotic cell for spot welding of seat reinforcement and the subsequent automatic transport of the part from the cell. Both construction plan and process simulation in Process Simulate should be performed there. It is therefore an application for the automotive industry. The cell consists of a device into which the operator places the parts and is placed on the designed turntable. The welding is performed by two Kuka robots and welding tongs attached to them. The thesis deals with the design of the structure and the choice of individual components, as well as their appropriate deployment in the cell. Along with the design of the cell, the simulation was processed in the software. The output of the thesis is a 3D model of the workplace, simulation of the whole process of welding and manipulation and evaluation of the cell cycle using the RCS module.

Simulace výrobních procesů pomáhá optimalizovat výrobu, logistiku a další systémy, díky čemuž dochází ke snižování nákladů a racionalizaci vnitropodnikových procesů. Využitím diskrétní simulace programu Witness Power with Ease se v diplomové práci optimalizuje logistický tok materiálu ve společnosti Hella Autotechnik, s.r.o. Práce přibližuje metody a jednotlivé fáze tvorby modelu včetně jeho validace a navrhuje vylepšení, díky kterému by mělo dojít ke snížení nákladů na dopravní služby o 24 400 Kč měsíčně.

- Einführung in die Thematik des Hebelflechtens - Ermittlung der mechanisch-/tribologischen Kennwerte von Fadenmaterialien - FE-Modellbildung der Fadenmaterialien im Flechtprozess - FE-Simulation eines Zugversuches mit implementierten Werkstoffdaten und Definition eines einfachen Schädigungskriteriums - Prozesssimulation des Flechtvorganges

<p>Extrusion Deposition Additive Manufacturing (EDAM) is a process in which fiber-filled thermoplastic polymers are mixed and melted in an extruder and deposited onto a build plate in a layer-by-layer basis. Anisotropy caused by flow-induced orientation of discontinuous fibers along with the non-isothermal cooling process gives rise to internal stresses in printed parts which results in part deformation. The deformation and residual stresses can be abated by modifying the fiber orientation in the extrudate to best suit the print geometry. To that end, the focus of this research is on understanding the effect of fiber orientation state and fiber properties on effective properties of the printed bead and the final deformation of a part. The properties of three different orientation tensors of glass fiber-filled polyamide and carbon fiber-filled polyamide were experimentally and virtually characterized via micromechanics. A thermo-mechanical simulation framework developed in ABAQUS© was used to understand the effects of the varying fiber orientation tensor and fiber properties on the final deformation of printed parts. In particular, a medium-size geometry that is prone to high deformation was simulated and compared among the three orientation tensors and two material systems. This serves to be a good preliminary study to understand microscopic properties induced deformations in EDAM.</p>