This is a sustained critique of the historiography of oral, scribal and printed news processes in the English language in the early-modern period.  Focusing on central-government proclamation it suggests that the early-modernist consensus that news media were a sudden invention within the period 1569-1641 is fundamentally flawed. In particular, it refutes the notions 1) that proclamations were always commands, and should be understood as laws; 2) that the Tudors were master communicators whose efforts to ‘speak’ to the entire populations they ruled surpassed those of their Yorkist predecessors, Stuart successors, and foreign contemporaries; 3) that physical communication within, between, to and from Britain and Ireland in the period 1460-1642 was so difficult that the maintenance of any mass medium was tantamount to impossible; 4) that proclamation (and news in general) may be understood largely without reference to the Church; 5) that proclamation practices – especially in terms of geographic range – are impossible to reconstruct; 6) that if these practices were reconstructed, they would show that central-government attempts to inform the subject were intermittent and rare; 7) that the sixteenth century was virtually devoid of serious journalistic activity; and 8) that there was a sudden evolution from ‘bad’ news media to ‘good’ ones, which occurred after 1600. The final chapter argues that proclamation as a news medium continued to dominate the communicative strategies of all parties in the early Civil Wars period (1637-1642).  The collapse of the proclamation system can be traced to strategies of widespread mimicry and iconographic theft.  The emergence of true party newspapers from January 1643, and other important subsequent developments, represent not innovation in a vacuum, but the death throes of proclamation as a system of news distribution and management.

The Public Service Act 30 of 2007 provides for national and provincial departments. In terms of this act each province has its own basic education department. Provincial Departments of Basic Education are sub-divided into district offices that play an important role in the communication between the provincial head office and the educational institutions under its authority. The task of the district office is to collaborate with school principals and educators to promote instruction and learning and to render management and professional support to achieve excellence in instruction and learning. According to the National Development Plan of the National Planning Commission (2011) education district offices are regarded as sub-structures of the Provincial Department of Basic Education. The district office represents the Provincial Education Department in the day-to-day administrative and professional functions of schools. Since the South African Schools Act does not make any provision for district offices, one may conclude that the brief of district offices is only to assist the head of the Provincial Department of Basic Education in the performance of his / her duties. According to the National Planning Commission National Development Plan for 2030 the district office has to provide support to schools to improve educational practices in schools and to ensure that communication and the sharing of information with schools and authorities occur. This qualitative study was conducted from an interpretative paradigm with the purpose of investigating the education law perspectives on the role of education district office officials with regard to the finances of public schools. The research contributes to the understanding of the role and responsibility of the education district office officials regarding the finances of public schools and makes recommendations for practice advancement and further research. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Education Management and Policy Studies / PhD / Unrestricted

Lorsque Henry VII monte sur le trône en 1485, il est loin d'être le successeur légitime. Bien qu'avoir gagné la bataille de Bosworth lui permette d'accroître celle-ci, ce n'est que sous ses descendants qu'elle sera totalement acquise. Les prérogatives royales, particulièrement les proclamations royales et le pardon, sont l'une des méthodes utilisées par cette dynastie pour asseoir leur pouvoir. Même si leur légitimité est de moins en moins en doute, ils doivent faire face à des révoltes pour différentes raisons, principalement politiques et religieuses. Les Tudors n'ont pas tous réagi de la même manière à cette contestation de leur autorité. Alors qu'Henry VII pardonne tous les Northern rebels lors de son ascension, Elizabeth procède à une forte répression lors de la rébellion des comtes. Le contexte joue en partie sur les décisions de répression, mais l'opinion publique y est également pour quelque chose. Bien que les proclamations royales aient été utilisées pour gouverner, l'utilisation du pardon et du châtiment dans celles-ci a certes été utile pour la construction de la légitimité, mais elle n'est pas seule à avoir servie [i.e. servi] le dessein des Tudors.

This thesis tracks the direction of the development of unilateral executive power from Nixon to Clinton. The thirty-two-year process saw a mostly continuous growth of the power of the president to act unilaterally through a variety of mechanisms seizing the ability to act first from the other branches of government and the bureaucracy. The ability to enhance presidential power depends on many factors such as one time shocks (such as Watergate) and congressional support. The minority presidency of Richard Nixon responded to democratic control of Congress by aggressive assertions of presidential power via unilateral decrees. In fights such as impoundment, wage and price controls, and affirmative action plans, Nixon attempted to increase the power of the presidency while also laying groundwork for future regulatory reforms. Nixon’s resignation and Watergate crated stiff headwinds for the development of the unilateral powers of the presidency with Congress passed meaningful attempts to claw back presidential powers that had accumulated over time. Nevertheless, the Ford and Carter presidencies still saw the groundwork laid for the next major expansion of presidential authority. Under Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush, the “Reagan Revolution” saw the Presidency gain new powers to aggressively combat the growing state. The assault on government saw the creation of modern signing statements, and harsh anti-regulatory actions. Clinton’s presidency saw a continued evolution of executive power albeit shaped by the significantly different ends trying to be achieved than under the two previous Republican presidents while also seeing new innovations in the mix of powers.

Este projeto de mestrado objetiva trazer aos responsáveis pelas áreas de aquisição das Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES), principalmente às da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), esclarecimento a respeito da atual legislação aplicada ás licitações, bem como a proposição aos seus Administradores de modelos para os processos de licitação, a fim de padronizá-los, trazendo melhorias em seu desenvolvimento, reduzindo custos e eliminando retrabalho. O método adotado nesta pesquisa foi o estudo de caso, que envolve estudo profundo e exaustivo de um determinado tema, de modo a permitir conhecê-lo de forma ampla. O estudo também foi fundamentado na pesquisa documental dos processos licitatórios elaborados pela Reitoria da UTFPR, de 2010 a abril de 2012, nas notas técnicas emitidas pela Procuradoria Jurídica da UTFPR (PROJU) e nas constatações colhidas no portal da Controladoria Geral da União (CGU). De posse das informações, optou-se, como instrumento de coleta de dados, a elaboração de um questionário, que foi respondido por servidores da UTFPR atuantes nas áreas de licitação, da Auditoria Interna e da Procuradoria Jurídica. Como resultado da pesquisa foi apresentado a legislação e os procedimentos para a realização de uma licitação, bem como os modelos, com os requisitos e fases da licitação, para as modalidades de Concorrência Pública, Tomada de Preços, Convite, Cotação Eletrônica, Inexigibilidade, Dispensa, Pregão Eletrônico e Ata de Registro de Preços. / This master's project aims to bring those responsible for the areas of acquisition of Federal Institutions of Higher Education (IFES), especially at the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR) clarification regarding the current legislation witch ace bids, as well as the proposition their administrators bidding process models in order to standardize them, bringing improvements in their development, reducing costs and eliminating rework. The method adopted in this scientific research was the case study, which involves deep and thorough study of a particular topic, to enable it to meet broadly. The study was also based on desk research of bidding process developed by the Rectory of UTFPR the years 2010 to April 2012, in the technical notes issued by the Legal Department of UTFPR (PROJU), and the findings taken from the portal of the Comptroller General's Office (CGU). As a result of the research were presented legislation and procedures for conducting a bidding, and models, with the requirements and stages of bidding for the modalities of Competitive Bidding, Socket Pricing, Announcement, Electronic Quotation, Unenforceability, Utility , Electronic Trading and Price Registry Act.

CAPES / A presente pesquisa tem como tema central a análise das compras públicas realizadas na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR) sob o prisma da Sociedade Sustentável, da Educação Tecnológica e da Ciência do Direito. O objetivo principal foi verificar se as compras da UTFPR podem ser consideradas Compras Públicas Sustentáveis, a partir das contribuições dos aspectos teóricos de direcionamento da pesquisa nomeados de Unidades de Análise. O método empregado foi o Estudo de Caso, que se baseia em pesquisa exploratória e descritiva do tipo mista (quantitativa e qualitativa). Da análise dos 507 arquivos de pregões eletrônicos realizados pela UTFPR no período escolhido, constatou-se que, dos 14.758 itens comprados, poucos traziam previsões específicas sobre a sustentabilidade. Em função destes resultados, foram propostas linhas de referência traçadas especificamente para o caso das Compras Públicas da UTFPR. A intenção foi colaborar para que esta Instituição Tecnológica de Ensino Superior possa demonstrar um comprometimento com as normas e princípios vigentes no Direito Ambiental e com a Sociedade Sustentável, o que lhe permitirá tornar-se uma referência para outras Instituições que realizem compras públicas. / This research focuses on the analysis of public procurements made by the Federal Technology University of Paraná (Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR) from the perspective of the Sustainable Society, the Technological Education and the Science of Law. The main objective was to verify by applying these guiding theoretical aspects – named herein as Analysis Units – whether UTFPR purchases can be considered as Sustainable Public Procurements. The methodology employed for it has been a case study based on a mixed type (quantitative and qualitative) exploratory and descriptive research. Based on the analysis of 507 records of electronic auctions conducted by UTFPR in the chosen period, it was found that, out of the 14,758 items purchased, very few of them contained specific references to sustainability. According to these results, reference guidelines were specifically drawn for the case of the UTFPR Public Procurements. The purpose has been to contribute to this higher education technological institution o that it can demonstrate a clear commitment with the current rules and principles of Environmental Law and the Sustainable Society, becoming a model for other institutions performing public procurement.

A Lei Complementar no 123, de 14 de dezembro de 2006, trouxe no seu capítulo V uma série de benefícios e tratamentos diferenciados que devem ser dispensados aos pequenos negócios no acesso às compras governamentais. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a influência dessa Lei no resultado dos pregões eletrônicos realizados na Universidade Federal do Paraná no período compreendido entre 2005 a 2013. Foram realizadas buscas nas atas dos pregões eletrônicos para identificar o quantitativo de microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte vencedoras dos certames licitatórios, e para verificar o número de pregões que continham itens relacionados a equipamentos de informática, suprimentos de informática e diversos outros materiais de informática para analisar o percentual de economicidade que esses pregões proporcionaram aos cofres da Universidade Federal do Paraná. A metodologia da pesquisa utilizada para a realização dessa pesquisa foi o estudo de caso e os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram a pesquisa em documentos como as atas dos pregões e um questionário que foi aplicado aos micro e pequenos empresários que venceram três ou mais pregões eletrônicos da Universidade Federal do Paraná no período de 2005 a 2013. Como resultado, constatou-se que a participação das microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte após a implantação da Lei Complementar no 123/2006 foi de 75,7% em média nos anos estudados. O índice de economicidade obtido mediante a participação das MPEs foi de 38,99%, 15,21% maior que a economicidade alcançada com empresas de outros portes participantes dos 26 pregões analisados. Averiguou-se que a Lei Complementar trouxe benefícios para os micro e pequenos empresários como incentivos à participação das micro e pequenas empresas nos pregões; inovação, modernização e facilidade de acesso aos pregões pelas microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte; vantagem competitiva, e possibilidade de competição com médias e grandes empresas. Conclui-se que a LC 123/2006 é um importante instrumento de políticas públicas para fomentar o crescimento econômico das micro e pequenas empresas. / Supplementary Law No. 123 of December 14, 2006, brought in Chapter V a number of benefits and differentiated treatments that should be dispensed to small business access to government procurement. This research aimed to analyze the influence of this Law result of electronic trading sessions at the Federal University of Paraná in the period from 2005 to 2013 were carried out searches in the minutes of electronic trading sessions to identify the amount of winning micro and small enterprises of bidding contests, and to check the number of trading days containing items related to computer equipment, computer supplies and other miscellaneous computer equipment to analyze the percentage of economy these sessions provided to the coffers of the Federal University of Parana. The research methodology used for this survey was the case study and data collection instruments were searching for documents such as the minutes of the sessions and a questionnaire was applied to micro and small entrepreneurs who have won three or more electronic auctions the Federal University of Paraná from 2005 to 2013. As a result, it was found that the share of micro and small companies after the implementation of Complementary Law No. 123/2006 was 75.7% on average in the years studied. The economic efficiency index obtained through the participation of SMEs was 38.99%, 15.21% higher than the economic efficiency achieved with companies from other participants sizes of 26 trading sessions analyzed. It was established that the Supplementary Law brought benefits to micro and small businesses as incentives to the participation of micro and small enterprises in the trading sessions; innovation, modernization and ease of access to trading floors by microenterprises and small businesses; competitive advantage, and the possibility of competition with medium and large companies. It is concluded that the LC 123/2006 is an important tool for public policies to foster economic growth of micro and small businesses.