Produced water is one of the major by products of oil and gas exploitation which is produced in large amounts up to 80% of the waste stream. Oil and grease concentration in produced water is the key parameter that is used for compliance monitoring, because it is easy to measure. For Canadian offshore operations, the current standard is a 30-day volume weighted average oil-in-water concentration in discharged produced water not exceeding 30 mg/L. Treatment of produced water may therefore be required in order to meet pre-disposal regulatory limits. The measurement of oil in produced water is important for both process control and reporting to regulatory authorities. Without the specification of a method, reported concentrations of oil in produced water can mean little, as there are many techniques and methods available for making this measurement, but not all are suitable in a specific application. The first part of this study focused on selecting a suitable analytical method for oil and grease measurement in oil field produced water. Petroleum ether was found to offer a comparative dissolution of crude oil as dichloromethane and hexane; it was therefore used as the solvent of choice for the UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis of oil and grease in synthetic produced water. Results from the UV-Vis spectrophotometric and FTIR spectrometric analytical methods were found to be comparable; it confirmed that UV-Vis spectrometry could potentially serve as an alternative method for measuring oil and grease in oil field produced water. However, while the UV-Vis method may have limitations in measuring oil and grease concentrations below 30 mg/L, the FT-IR method was found to be equally efficient at measuring both high and low oil and grease concentrations. Dissolved air flotation (DAF) was the primary treatment technology investigated in this study for removing oil and grease from synthetic produced water. By itself, DAF achieved less than 70% oil and grease (OG) removal, and was not able to achieve a clarified effluent OG concentration of 30 mg/L required for regulatory discharge limits. At an optimum condition of 20 mg/L ferric chloride (FeCl3) at pH 8 (70.6% OG removal), coagulation was found to significantly improve the performance of the DAF unit (p < 0.05). At the optimum conditions of 100 mg/L PAC dose, pH 8 and a mixing time of 10 minutes (77.5% OG removal) and 300 mg/L OC dose, pH 8 and a mixing time of 10 minutes (78.1% OG removal), adsorption was also found to significantly improve the performance of the DAF unit (p < 0.05 in both cases). Adsorption with organoclay was recommended as the best pre-treatment for optimizing the performance of DAF in removing oil and grease from offshore oil field produced water. The bench-scale experiments showed that turbidity removal results were consistent with the OG removal results. Without pre-treatment, DAF achieved significant removal of benzene from produced water due to the volatile nature of benzene. Therefore comparable levels of benzene removal was observed by the DAF, FeCl3/DAF, PAC/DAF and OC/DAF treatment schemes; 79.3 %, 86.6 %, 86.5 %, 83.5% respectively. Finally, as benzene is known to be carcinogenic to humans, this study recommends the incorporation auxiliary equipment in its design, for the treatment of the off-gas (VOCs, particularly BTEX) released during the removal of dissolved oil from the oil field produced water.

The incidence of unintentional childlessness in women who have, as popular comment puts it, 'left it too late', is rising markedly in many western nations, yet the experience is not well understood. This thesis focuses on issues of fantasy, loss, and grieving in the experience of 26 New Zealand women in their 30s and 40s who are what Cannold (2005) has termed 'circumstantially childless'; that is women who expected to have children but find themselves at the end of their natural fertility without having done so for - at least initially - social rather than biological reasons. I explore the conscious and unconscious dimensions of the fantasies that many of the women interviewed have about themselves as mothers in relation to a child or children. I argue that these fantasies have their origins in these women's trans-subjective relationship with their mothers before birth, the intersubjective relationship after birth, and the mutual overlapping of their unique psychobiography and the social worlds in which they have become adults. Circumstantial childlessness entails a loss of the potential to embody their fantasies about themselves as mothers. The thesis uses psychoanalytic and contemporary grief theories to explore their experience of loss and grieving, and their adaptation of their fantasies when the potential to embody them has passed. It calls for a reconceptualization of maternal subjectivity to encompass the creative and satisfying alternative ways that women who do not have children embody 'mother' in their lives. The study's psychoanalytically-informed psychosocial methodology entailed the innovative use of participant-produced drawings, and the development of a method of recording protocols - based on Bollas'(2007) notion of a symphonic score - to systematically record non-linguistic elements of the texts (such as sighs, hesitations, laughter, repetitions, and tears) across the range of the semi-structured individual and group interview transcripts. In this respect, the thesis contributes to investigations of social life that move beyond the limits of conventional text-based methods of inquiry and interpretation.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoCS.pdf: 3685250 bytes, checksum: 36c02ba21672c99c459225abadc4fe02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-21 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / Produced water is the main effluent linked to the activity of extraction of oil and their caring management is necessary due to the large volume involved, to ensure to minimize the negative impacts of discharges of these waters in the environment. This study aimed to analyze the use of retorted shale, which is a reject from the pyrolysis of pirobituminous shale, as adsorbent for the removal of phenols in produced water. The material was characterized by different techniques (grain sized analysis, thermal analysis, BET, FRX, FT-IR, XRD and SEM), showing the heterogeneity in their composition, showing its potential for the removal of varied compounds, as well as the phenols and their derivatives. For the analysis of the efficiency of the oil shale for the adsorption process, assays of adsorption balance were carried through, and also kinetic studies and dynamics adsorption, in the ETE of the UTPF of Petrobras, in Guamar?-RN. The balance assays shown a bigger conformity with the model of Langmuir and the kinetic model more adjusted to describe the adsorption of phenols in retorted shale was of pseudo-second order. The retorted shale presented a low capacity of adsorption of phenols (1,3mg/g), when related to others conventional adsorbents, however it is enough to the removal of these composites in concentrations presented in the produced water of the UTPF of Guamar?. The assays of dynamics adsorption in field had shown that the concentration of phenol in the effluent was null until reaching its rupture (58 hours). The results showed the possibility of use of the reject for removal of phenols in the final operations of the treatment process, removing as well, satisfactorily, the color and turbidity of the produced water, with more than 90% of removal / A ?gua Produzida ? o principal efluente ligado ? atividade de extra??o de Petr?leo e seu gerenciamento cuidadoso ? necess?rio devido ao grande volume envolvido de forma a garantir a minimiza??o dos impactos negativos dos descartes destas ?guas no meio ambiente. Este estudo teve o objetivo de analisar a utiliza??o de xisto retortado, rejeito proveniente da pir?lise do xisto pirobetuminoso, como adsorvente para remo??o de fen?is em ?guas Produzidas. O material foi caracterizado por diferentes t?cnicas (an?lise granulom?trica, an?lise t?rmica, BET, FRX, FT-IR, DRX e MEV), mostrando a heterogeneidade em sua composi??o, comprovando seu potencial para remo??o de compostos variados, assim como para os fen?is e seus derivados. Para a an?lise da efici?ncia do xisto retortado para o processo de adsor??o, foram realizados ensaios de equil?brio de adsor??o, estudos cin?ticos e din?mica de adsor??o, na ETE da UTPF da Petrobras, em Guamar?-RN. Os ensaios de equil?brio mostraram uma maior conformidade com o modelo de Langmuir e o modelo cin?tico mais adequado para descrever a adsor??o dos fen?is em xisto retortado foi o de pseudo-segunda ordem. O xisto retortado apresentou uma capacidade de adsor??o de fen?is baixa (1,3mg/g), quando relacionada a de outros adsorventes convencionais, por?m suficiente para a remo??o desses compostos em concentra??es apresentadas na ?gua Produzida da UTPF de Guamar?. Os ensaios de din?mica de adsor??o em campo mostraram que a concentra??o de fen?is no efluente foi nula at? atingir sua ruptura (58 horas). Os resultados mostraram a possibilidade do uso do rejeito para remo??o de fen?is em opera??es finais do processo de tratamento, removendo tamb?m, de forma satisfat?ria, a cor e turbidez da ?gua produzida, com remo??o superior a 90%.

Based on prior research on concepts such as kinesonic feedback, and the here presented concept of kinesonic perspective, this study investigates whether or not players prefer binaurally recorded Foley over monophonically recorded Foley in a first-person video game environment, and whether or not binaural Foley has an impact on their relationship to, or perception of, the avatar. A game environment was created, in which players could switch at will between two audio modes; one containing binaurally recorded Foley, and the other containing monophonically recorded Foley. In the study, subjects were asked to state their preference between the two modes, motivate said preference, rate the two modes on three attributes, and answer questions regarding their perceived relationship to the avatar. Results showed no statistical significance regarding the preference of the sample, but a potential link was found between subjects’ preference and their perceived believability of the Foley sounds. The qualitative results showed that the binaural Foley had a complex impact on the subjects’ perception of and relationship to the avatar. The qualitative data also showed that subjects generally felt that the binaural Foley originated from their own body. Due to the small sample size and diversity of subject opinions it is however difficult to make any generalizations regarding the average player. Further research could investigate what role sound plays in the player’s ability to embody the avatar, as well as more thoroughly investigate the complex relationship between the kinesonic perspective of the avatar and that of the player.

Ce projet vise à fabriquer une nouvelle génération de membranes polymères hydrophiles à base d’un polymère biosourcé, l’Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (HPC), pour une application dans le traitement des eaux de production. Ces membranes polymères viendront se substituer sur les plateformes offshores aux procédés classiques de traitement en raison de leur compacité, de leur légèreté et de leur aptitude à éliminer efficacement à la fois l’huile et les particules en suspension. Les membranes ont été élaborées via une méthode d’inversion de phase originale par augmentation de la température au-dessus de la température critique (LCST-TIPS process). Deux voies d’élaboration ont été étudiées au cours de la thèse selon le mode de réticulation chimique envisagé, l’une en voie acide et l’autre en voie basique. En voie acide, la réticulation a été effectuée à l’aide du Glutaraldéhyde alors qu’en voie basique, elle a été réalisée via un PEGDE. Le processus d’élaboration a été contrôlé pour maîtriser les cinétiques des phénomènes élémentaires (séparation de phase, évaporation, réticulation chimique). Les membranes ont été caractérisées via un suivi rhéologique, l’analyse de la morphologie membranaire (MEB) et les performances en filtration ont été étudiées in fine. La fabrication des membranes sous forme de fibres creuses a également été initiée aux cours de la thèse. / This project aims to develop a new generation of hydrophilic polymer membranes based on a biosourced polymer, Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (HPC), for application in the treatment of produced water. These polymeric membranes should replace on offshore platforms the conventional treatment processes because of their compactness, their lightness and their ability to effectively remove both oil and suspended particles. The membranes were developed using an original phase inversion method by increasing the temperature above the critical temperature (LCST-TIPS process). Two ways of membrane formation were investigated in this work according to the mode of chemical crosslinking considered, one in acid medium and the other in basic medium. Considering the acid route, the crosslinking was carried out using glutaraldehyde, while for the basic route it was carried out via PEGDE molecule. A fine control of the membrane formation process was conducted in order to control the kinetics of the whole elementary phenomena involved in the membrane morphogenesis (phase separation, solvent evaporation, and chemical crosslinking). The membranes were characterized via rheological monitoring, the analysis of the membrane morphology (SEM) and the filtration performances were investigated. The issue of hollow fibers fabrication has been also addressed during the thesis.

No description available.

Submitted by Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia (mebiotec.ufba@gmail.com) on 2017-04-04T13:41:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Final - Sueli.pdf: 2426193 bytes, checksum: 5cd08338c3132f14d2db37b31d5b43f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Delba Rosa (delba@ufba.br) on 2017-07-06T13:03:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Final - Sueli.pdf: 2426193 bytes, checksum: 5cd08338c3132f14d2db37b31d5b43f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-06T13:03:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Final - Sueli.pdf: 2426193 bytes, checksum: 5cd08338c3132f14d2db37b31d5b43f8 (MD5) / FAPESB / Recentemente tem aumentado muito o interesse em exopolissacarideos (EPS) de origem microbiana. Esse composto é um constituinte comum de muitos produtos comerciais em diferentes setores industriais como alimento, petróleo e farmacêutico. O objetivo desse trabalho foi o de quantificar e otimizar a produção de EPS a partir de duas bactérias previamente identificadas como sendo Enterobacter sp., pertencente a coleção de culturas do Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Ecologia de Micro-organismos LABEM. Os isolados foram primeiramente identificados com a nomenclatura CCMICS 544 e CCMICS 549 para ambas as cepas. Testes de cultivo em glicerol identificaram a Enterobacter CCMICS 549 como sendo a mais produtiva entre as cepas testadas alcançando a produção de EPS de aproximadamente 4 g.L-1 em 36 horas. Essa cepa foi submetida a testes genéticos (16S rRNA) e bioquímicos que a identificaram como sendo Enterobacter amnigenus grupo 2. Para otimizar a produção de EPS foi realizado planejamento experimental utilizando a Metodologia “Superficie de Resposta”. Os resultados mostraram que as condições ótimas de cultivo acontecem a 35°C, pH 7.0, agitação de 240 rpm e com 3% glicerol. Nessas condições a produção de EPS foi de 0.05 g.L-1h-1 alcançando um total de (5,012) g.L-1 em 60 horas, e com produção em meio a base de água produzida com produção de 7,27g.L-1. A viscosidade do EPS em solução foi de aproximadamente 160 cP mesmo nas condições de alta salinidade (5% NaCl), temperatura (80 oC) e baixa concentração (1%). O modelo de Ostwald-de-Waele (parâmetros k e n) indicaram um comportamento pseudoplástico em todas as concentrações testadas (0.1-2.0%, w/v), temperaturas (15-80 °C) e, principalmente, salinidade (1 a 5%). A consistência de index indica que o polímero possui propriedades reológicas promissoras para aplicação como fluido de perfuração. O tratamento térmico mostrou que o EPS perde grande parte de sua massa em temperaturas acima de 300°C, mas ainda retém 50% do seu peso total a 1000°C indicando a presença de constituintes minerais em concentrações significantes. A caracterização do EPS no infravermelho identificou semelhanças químicas significativas com a goma Xantana. / The interest in microbial produced exopolysaccharides (EPS) has increased considerably in recent years. This compound is a common constituent of many commercial products in different industrial sectors; such as food, petroleum, and pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was to quantify and optimize EPS production from two bacterial previously identified as Enterobacter sp., Belonging to a culture collection of the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Ecology of Microorganisms LABEM. The isolates were primarily identified with CCMICS 544 and 549 CCMICS nomenclature for both strains. Culturing tests on glycerol identified Enterobacter CCMICS 549 as more productive among the strains reaching an EPS production value of about 4 g.L-1 within 36 hours. This strain was then submitted to biochemical and genetic characterization (16S rRNA), which identified such strain as Enterobacter amnigenus group 2. To optimize the production of EPS was performed using experimental design methodology "Response Surface". The results showed that the optimum condition was achieved at 35°C, pH 7.0, agitation of 240 rpm and 3% crude glycerol. In such conditions, EPS production was of 0.05 gL-1h-1 reaching a total of 5,012 g.L-1 within 60 hours, with production of water-based medium produced using production 7,27g.L-1. EPS viscosity was of about 160 cP even at high salinity (5% NaCl), temperature (80 oC) and low concentration (1%). The Ostwald-de-Waele model parameters (K and n) indicated a pseudoplastic behavior at all concentrations (0.1 to 2.0%, w/v) temperatures (15-80 °C) and especially saline (1 to 5%). The consistency index indicates that the polymer has rheological properties promising for use as a drilling fluid. Thermal treatment showed that most of mass loss occurs at 300°C, but the polymer retains about 50% of its total weight at 1000°C indicating the significant presence of mineral constituents. The characterization of EPS synthesized by Enterobacter amnigenus infrared identified significant chemical similarities with the xanthan gum.

The residue generated in a greater proportion in the exploration of oil is the water production, which can be associated with the oil produced. The produced water has high salinity, oil particles in suspension, chemicals added in various production processes, heavy metals and other contaminants. It makes the water produced a pollutant whose improper disposal can cause damages to the environmental. Seeking to improve the treatment of produced water, this work aims to study the adsorption of the produced water using bagasse and bagacilho from sugar cane as bioadsorbents. The adsorption is an easy scaling operation and it is an effective procedure for removal of contaminants in various processes, and has focus in the area of wastewater treatment. Characterization was carried out through the using of oil analysis: density, kinematic viscosity. The characterization of waste adsorbents (bagasse and bagacilho) was carried through the analysis of moisture, particle size, ash content and scanning electron microscopy (MEV), which was used to investigate the crystal structure and morphology of the samples. Adsorption isotherm models were evaluated for fit to the experimental data for both residues: bagasse and bagacilho. We used the models of Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich e Temkin isotherms. The reaction kinetics was evaluated using the model of Lagergren pseudo first order model of Ho and McKay pseudo second order. The results of batch experiments were satisfactory for the treatment of produced water using bagasse and sugarcane bagacilho as adsorbent agents. / O resíduo gerado em maior proporção na exploração de petróleo é a água de produção, que pode ou não estar associada ao óleo produzido. A água produzida possui alta salinidade, partículas de óleo em suspensão, produtos químicos adicionados nos diversos processos de produção, metais pesados, entre outros contaminantes. Isto a torna um poluente cujo descarte indevido pode provocar danos ao meio ambiente. Buscando a melhoria no tratamento da água produzida, este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a adsorção de óleo de água de produção de petróleo utilizando bagaço e bagacilho da cana de açúcar como agentes bioadsorventes. A adsorção se mostra uma operação unitária muito estudada, robusta, de fácil escalonamento e operação, pois é um processo eficaz para a remoção de contaminantes em diversos processos, possuindo como foco a área de tratamento de efluentes. Foi realizada a caracterização do petróleo utilizado através das análises: densidade e viscosidade cinemática. A caracterização dos resíduos adsorventes (bagaço e bagacilho) foi realizada por meio da análise de umidade, granulometria, teor de cinzas e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foi empregada para investigar a estrutura cristalina e morfologia das amostras. Modelos de isotermas de adsorção foram avaliados quanto ao ajuste aos dados experimentais para ambos os resíduos: bagaço e bagacilho. Foram utilizados os modelos de isotermas de Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin – Radushkevich e Temkin. A cinética da reação foi avaliada, utilizando o modelo de Lagergren de pseudo primeira ordem e o modelo de Ho Mckay de pseudo segunda ordem. Os resultados dos experimentos em batelada foram satisfatórios para o tratamento de água produzida utilizando o bagaço e o bagacilho da cana de açúcar como agente adsorvente.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP