Hybrid-electric technologies have recently been introduced into the market for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). However, challenging an established technology with a new and untried technology is difficult, also under the best conditions. Forecasting is a vital tool in product portfolio management, since it provides guidance on how much resources a firm should allocate on new innovative projects and products and when and where to enter the market. Therefore, this thesis forecasts the market penetration of hybrid HDVs in Europe by usage of innovation diffusion models – based on three different market scenarios assuming no, some and considerable incentives or legislative CO2 for HDVs. Hybrid-electric, hydraulic hybrid and flywheel hybrid vehicles are considered and an analogical approach is used based on sales data for radial tyres, disc brakes and anti-lock braking systems. The result from a non-linear regression analysis indicated that innovation diffusion models of mixed influence are capable of predicting future market demand, not only of hybrid HDVs, but also of other HDVs with new innovative technologies or solutions. Therefore, it was suggested that innovation diffusion modeling should be a standard tool in the strategic planning of a HDV firm’s all new innovative products. All market scenarios resulted in a rather low diffusion speed of hybrid HDVs during the first ten years, but the speed increased then rapidly during the next ten years such that 40-50 percent of the HDV market was penetrated in 2030. In the most hybrid-friendly scenario, the market was nearly fully penetrated after 50 years since the first introduction in 2010, while in the least hybrid-friendly scenario additional ten years was needed to fully penetrate the HDV market. The forecasts may be affected by possible pre-diffusion, the emergence of a dominant design or the diffusion acceleration effect. One of the major challenges of using innovation diffusion models for sales forecasting of hybrid HDVs, was to find appropriate and sufficient analogous sales data. Therefore, Thomas (1985) analogous approach was further developed to be more focused on finding analogous sales data from internal, external or public sources.

Date: 2023-06-04 Title: Identifying the product deletion decision-making process at a large multinational company Level: Master thesis in Industrial Engineering and Management, Product and Process development - 30 ECTS Institution: School of Innovation Design and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors: Alan Abdulrahman & Johan Glenne Tutor: Angelina Sundström Keywords: Product deletion process; Product deletion decision-making; Product portfolio management - product deletion Aim: The purpose of this study is to identify how a large multinational company is managing its product portfolios, specifically how they conduct product deletion, and examine to what extent those decisions are influenced by external actors Research question: How does a large multinational company manage its product deletion decision-making and what role do external actors’ influences play? Methodology: This study is qualitative and utilizes an abductive approach where a theoretical framework has been created based on gatherings from a literature study combined with the empirical results based on five semi-structured interviews conducted with both local and global product managers at a large multinational company. Conclusion: This study has successfully identified how a large multinational company works with product deletion decision-making. The conclusion of this study is that the studied company has no formal ways of working with product deletion and that there is currently no way of evaluating a product deletion decision. This study has also identified that the influence that external actors have varies greatly depending on the actor, and the precise amount of influence is impossible to measure.

Today, there is a great need for companies to be dynamic and cope with the fast-changing environment to stay competitive, stressing the need for well-defined processes for innovation and product portfolio management. For larger companies, it has been proven to be difficult to change traditional ways of working and adjust to new changes. Stora Enso is a large company, consisting of six different divisions with individual products, markets and processes for innovation and managing product life cycles. The lack of a common process causes problems in communicating, comparing results, and sharing resources between the divisions. In order to work in a more unified way, the company decided to introduce a cross-divisional process called Product Life Cycle Process (PLCP). The purpose of this study is therefore to analyze how a large company works with and manages the implementation of a new process and identify what challenges the company might face when dealing with this type of change. A literature study was performed in order to collect information regarding change management, innovation and product portfolio management processes as well as the implementation of these. Since the PLCP should be used in all divisions, information was collected by qualitative interviews from all six divisions to understand their plans, challenges and success factors. The results showed that all divisions were positive about the implementation of the new PLCP on a divisional level and saw benefits with the PLCP having similarities to their old ways of working, making the adaptation somewhat easier. The greatest challenges mentioned were lack of defined ownership and roles, employee resistance, lack of resources, flexibility, and support from management. All the divisions were also positive towards the company having one joint process and could see potential benefits like an overall common understanding and improved transparency between divisional products and projects. However, the greatest challenge mentioned was the fundamental differences between the divisions due to different products, projects, and strategies. To be able to meet changes in trends, needs, and requirements from customers, the study proved that Stora Enso is going in the right direction with the implementation of a joint process. Introducing the PLCP enables the company to speed up innovation and to commercialize products faster. Following are future recommendations provided for the company to further manage the implementation and work with the PLCP. Stora Enso needs to communicate a clear vision for how the company should handle the implementation and implement one IT-tool that includes managing products, support infrastructure, and performance measuring. They should also provide all managers and employees training and collect feedback from all divisions throughout the implementation. Stora Enso should also create and define clear product definitions and ownership roles for each division and take into consideration the different prerequisites of the division when planning the implementation of the PLCP. The company must therefore provide different time plans and financial support to the divisions based on their preconditions. / Det är viktigt för företag att vara dynamiska och konkurrenskraftiga för att klara av de snabba förändringar som sker på dagens marknader. Detta gör att det blir allt viktigare för ett företag att ha väldefinierade processer för både innovation och produktportföljhantering. Dock har det visat sig att större företag har svårt att ändra sina traditionella processer för att möta nya förändringar. Stora Enso är ett stort företag som består av sex divisioner med olika produkter, marknader och processer för innovation och produktlivscykler. Divisionerna har upplevt problem med att jobba på olika sätt eftersom de saknar en gemensam kommunikation, har svårt att jämföra resultat och dela resurser mellan divisionerna. Därför har nu företaget valt att introducera en gemensam produktprocess, kallad Product Life Cycle Process (PLCP), som alla divisioner ska jobba efter. Syftet av denna studie därför att analysera hur ett stort företag genomför och hanterar en implementation av en ny process och identifiera vilka utmaningar som företag kan uppleva under en sådan typ av förändring. En litteraturstudie utfördes för att hitta relevant litteratur om förändringshantering, innovation- och produktportföljhanteringprocesser samt hur dessa implementeras i ett företag. Eftersom PLCP skulle användas på alla sex divisioner så utfördes kvalitativa intervjuer med medarbetare på alla divisioner för att förstå divisionernas planer, utmaningar och de möjligheter de såg. Resultatet från intervjuerna visade att alla divisioner var positivt inställda till implementeringen av PLCP på en divisionsnivå och såg fördelar med att PLCP var lik många av divisionernas tidigare arbetssätt, vilket kunde göra det enklare att anpassa sig till den nya processen. Den största utmaningen som nämndes var bristen på definierade ägarroller, motstånd från anställda, brist på resurser, processens inflexibilitet och brist på stöd från ledningen. Alla divisioner var också positivt inställda till att alla inom företaget arbetar med en gemensam process och kunde se potentiella fördelar såsom en övergripande, gemensam förståelse samt förbättrad transparens mellan divisionernas produkter och projekt. Den största utmaningen var dock de grundläggande skillnaderna mellan divisionerna till följd av deras olika produkter, projekt och strategier. För att kunna möta föränderliga trender, krav och behov från kunder visar denna studie att Stora Enso går i rätt riktning genom att implementera en gemensam process. Implementering av processen möjliggör snabbare arbete med innovation och kommersialisering av produkter. Följande rekommendationer för att hantera implementeringen och fortsatt arbetet med PLCP presenterades till företaget. Stora Enso måste kommunicera en tydlig vision för hur företaget ska hantera implementeringen, samt implementera ett IT-verktyg som inkluderar hantering av produkter, en supportinfrastruktur och resultatmätning. De bör också ge alla chefer och anställda utbildning samt samla in feedback från alla divisioner genom hela implementeringen. Stora Enso bör också skapa och definiera tydliga produktdefinitioner samt ägarroller för varje division och ta hänsyn till divisionernas olika förutsättningar vid planering av implementeringen. Företaget bör därför tillhandahålla olika tidsplaner och ekonomiskt stöd till de olika divisionerna utifrån deras förutsättningar.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-04-26T16:40:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jayme Diego Silva Peixoto_.pdf: 3682873 bytes, checksum: e3f3b08ba12067f318cd31d90d3ae999 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-26T16:40:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jayme Diego Silva Peixoto_.pdf: 3682873 bytes, checksum: e3f3b08ba12067f318cd31d90d3ae999 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Gestão de Portfólio de Produtos tem atraído de maneira crescente o interesse de empresas e pesquisadores. Os esforços de pesquisa, por meio de evidências empíricas, indicam a necessidade de ampliação da aplicação de métodos formais para a Gestão de Portfólio de Produtos nas empresas. No entanto, são escassos os estudos na literatura que tratam de métodos direcionados à Revisão do Portfólio de Produtos. Pode-se observar nas publicações atuais, que questões conceituais e terminológicas acerca da Gestão de Portfólio de Produtos requerem atenção de pesquisadores. Portanto, é necessário identificar nos métodos para a Gestão de Portfólio de Produtos oportunidades para melhorar os resultados nas empresas. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa utilizou-se a Design Science Research como abordagem metodológica. Este trabalho propõe um método financeiro de Revisão do Portfólio de Produtos, denominado Financial Method for the Product Portfolio Review, FMPPR, como parte integrante da Gestão de Portfólio de Produtos. Na elaboração do método proposto, foram avaliadas as relações da revisão do Portfólio de Produtos com a operação da empresa, com mercado consumidor e com o Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos. Finalmente, o método proposto foi aplicado em um ambiente empresarial para verificação de sua funcionalidade. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de um grupo focal, que validou os avanços realizados propondo ajustes para a geração do artefato final desta dissertação. / Product Portfolio Management has increasingly attracted the interest of companies and researchers. The research efforts, through empirical evidence, indicate the need to extend the application of formal methods for the Product Portfolio Management in companies. However, there are scarce studies in the literature about methods directed to Product Portfolio Review. It can be observed in current publications that conceptual and terminological questions about Product Portfolio Management require the attention of researchers. Therefore, it is necessary to identify in the methods for the Product Portfolio Management opportunities to improve the results of the companies. For the development of this research, Design Science Research was used as a methodological approach. This project proposes a Financial Method for the Product Portfolio Review, called FMPPR as an integral part of Product Portfolio Management. In the elaboration of the proposed method, the relations between the Product Portfolio Review, the operation of the company, the consumer market and the Product Development Process were evaluated. Finally, the proposed method was applied in an enterprise environment to verify its functionality. The results were submitted to the analysis of a focal group, which validated the advances made proposing adjustments for the generation of the final artifact of this dissertation.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-28T19:38:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 analise_processo.pdf: 4833608 bytes, checksum: 44324b393958b01c87ee362f1bf51872 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-28T19:38:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 analise_processo.pdf: 4833608 bytes, checksum: 44324b393958b01c87ee362f1bf51872 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho aborda um estudo de caso efetuado em uma empresa multinacional, do ramo metal mecânico, fabricante de equipamentos de bens de capital destinados à construção e à pavimentação de rodovias. A pesquisa consiste em analisar a condução do processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos - DNP -, identificar as lacunas e propor melhorias para aumentar a sua eficiência e eficácia. O incremento de eficiência e eficácia permite às empresas a busca pela vantagem competitiva no mercado em que atuam por: i) redução de desperdícios, de custos no produto e processo, e de tempo de lançamento do produto, sendo mais rápido do que o da concorrência; e ii) incremento de tecnologia e maturidade no desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Para que fosse possível avaliar o processo de DNP, estabeleceu-se uma estrutura hierárquica que norteia o referencial teórico apresentado, subdividida em projeto e produto. Com relação a projetos, aborda-se a importância do gerenciamento de projetos organizacional, estabelecendo-se a inter-relação entre gerenciamento de projetos, gestão da mudança e aprendizado organizacional. Com relação a produtos, aborda-se o referencial teórico sobre processos de desenvolvimento de produtos, cujas principais características são apresentadas, bem como sua evolução, desde o processo sequencial até os processos contemporâneos. Esse referencial teórico é de suma importância no estudo deste caso para que seja efetuado o diagnóstico do estado atual do processo de DNP, identificar as lacunas e a fragilidade desse processo, além de propor melhorias para o estado futuro. O método de pesquisa utilizado consiste de pesquisa qualitativa, representada pela aplicação de questionários com perguntas objetivas e descritivas, e execução de reuniões de grupo de foco e observação direta. O período de análise do processo ocorreu entre julho de 2007 e dezembro de 2010. A coleta de dados da pesquisa foi realizada entre julho e dezembro de 2010. Como conclusão, foram evidenciadas 18 oportunidades de melhorias de dimensão estratégica, tácita e operacional, e identificadas 8 perdas no fluxo do processo de DNP. Foram apresentadas sugestões de melhorias para aumento de eficiência e eficicácia no processo. / This paper discusses a case study carried out in a multinational company, industry, metal mechanic, a maker of equipment for capital goods for construction and road paving. It is to examine how it is being conducted the process of new product development, NPD, identify gaps and propose improvements to increase efficiency and effectiveness of that. Increased efficiency and effectiveness of this process allows companies to seek competitive advantage in working for 1) reduction, waste, product and process costs, reduced time for product launch, this faster than the competition, and 2) an increase of technology and maturity in developing new products. To enable it to evaluate a NPD process established a hierarchical structure that guides the theoretical framework presented. This is divided into project and product. With regard to projects is discussed the importance of project management organization which establishes the interrelation between project management, change management and organizational learning. With regard to products is discussed on the theoretical development processes of products, which are arepsentadas their main characteristics and evolution from the sequential processes to contemporary. This important theoretical contribution in the case study to make the diagnosis of the current state of the NPD process, this being identified gaps and weaknesses and propose improvements to the future state. The research methodology consists of qualitative research through the application of questionnaires with objective and descriptive exedcução of focus group meetings and direct observation. The period of analysis of the process is considered from July 2007 to December 2010. The implementation of the research was conducted between July 2010 to December 2010 to collect data. As a conclusion were found 18 opportunities for improvement with a strategic dimension, tacit and operational, identified the eight losses in the flow of the companys NPD process and made suggestions for improvements aimed at increasing their efficiency and effectiveness.

Abstract Products and services are critical for companies as they create the foundation for companies’ financial success. Twenty per cent of company products typically account for some eighty per cent of sales volume. Nevertheless, the product portfolio decisions — how to strategically renew company product offering — tend to involve emotions, pet products and who-shout-the-loudest mentality while facts, numbers, and quantitative analyses are missing. Profitability is currently measured and reported at a company level, and firms seem unable to measure product-level profitability in a constant way. Consequently, companies are unable to maintain and renew their product portfolio in a strategically or commercially balanced way. The main objective of this study is to provide a data-driven product portfolio management (PPM) concept, which recognises and visualises in real-time and based on facts which company products are concurrently strategic and profitable, and what is the share of them in the product portfolio. This dissertation is a qualitative study to understand the topical area by the means combining literature review, company interviews, observations, and company internal material, to take steps towards data-driven decision-making in PPM. This study indicates that company data assets need to be combined and governed company-widely to realise the full potential of company strategic assets — the DATA. Data must be governed separately from business IT technology and beyond it. Beyond data and technology, the data-driven company culture must be adopted first. The data-driven PPM concept connects key business processes, business IT systems and several concepts, such as productization, product lifecycle management and PPM. The managerial implications include, that the shared understanding of the company products is needed, and the commercial and technical product structures are created accordingly, as they form the backbone of the company business as the skeleton to gather all product-related business-critical information for product-level profitability analysis. Also, product classification for strategic, supportive and non-strategic is needed, since the strategic nature of the product can change during the entire product lifecycle, e.g. due to the technology obsolescence, disruptive innovations by competitors, or for any other reason. / Tiivistelmä Tuotteet ja palvelut ovat yrityksille kriittisiä, sillä ne luovat perustan yritysten taloudelliselle menestykselle. Kaksikymmentä prosenttia yrityksen tuotteista edustaa tyypillisesti noin kahdeksaakymmentä prosenttia myyntimääristä. Siitä huolimatta tuoteporfoliopäätöksiin — kuinka strategisesti uudistetaan yrityksen tuotetarjoomaa — liittyy tunteita, lemmikkituotteita ja kuka-huutaa-kovimmin -mentaliteettia faktojen, numeroiden ja kvantitatiivisten analyysien puuttuessa. Kannattavuutta mitataan ja raportoidaan tällä hetkellä yritystasolla, ja yritykset eivät näyttäisi pystyvän mittaamaan tuotetason kannattavuutta johdonmukaisesti. Tämä estää yrityksiä ylläpitämästä ja uudistamasta tuotevalikoimaansa strategisesti tai kaupallisesti tasapainoisella tavalla. Tämän tutkimuksen päätavoite on tarjota dataohjattu (data-driven) tuoteportfoliohallinnan konsepti, joka tunnistaa ja visualisoi reaaliajassa ja faktapohjaisesti, mitkä yrityksen tuotteet ovat samanaikaisesti strategisia ja kannattavia ja mikä on niiden osuus tuoteportfoliossa. Tämä väitöskirja on laadullinen tutkimus, jossa yhdistyy kirjallisuuskatsaus, yrityshaastattelut, havainnot ja yritysten sisäinen dokumentaatio, joiden pohjalta pyritään kohti dataohjautuvaa päätöksentekoa tuoteportfolion hallinnassa. Tämä tutkimus osoittaa, että yrityksen data assettit on yhdistettävä ja hallittava yrityksenlaajuisesti, jotta yrityksen strategisten assettien — DATAN — potentiaali voidaan hyödyntää kokonaisuudessaan. Data on hallittava erillään yrityksen IT-teknologiasta ja sen yläpuolella. Ennen dataa ja teknologiaa on omaksuttava dataohjattu yrityskulttuuri. Dataohjatun tuoteportfolionhallinnan konsepti yhdistää keskeiset liiketoimintaprosessit, liiketoiminnan IT-järjestelmät ja useita konsepteja, kuten tuotteistaminen, tuotteen elinkaaren hallinta ja tuoteportfolion hallinta. Yhteisymmärrys yrityksen tuotteista ja sekä kaupallisen että teknisen tuoterakenteet luominen vastaavasti on ennakkoedellytys dataohjatulle tuoteportfolion hallinnalle, koska ne muodostavat yrityksen liiketoiminnan selkärangan, joka yhdistää kaikki tuotteisiin liittyvät liiketoimintakriittiset tiedot tuotetason kannattavuuden analysoimiseksi. Lisäksi tarvitaan tuotteiden kategorisointi strategisiin, tukeviin ja ei-strategisiin tuotteisiin, koska tuotteen strateginen luonne voi muuttua tuotteen elinkaaren aikana, johtuen esimerkiksi teknologian vanhenemisesta, kilpailijoiden häiritsevistä innovaatioista tai mistä tahansa muusta syystä.

Abstract Bringing new products faster to the market is increasingly critical. To reach this goal, companies have been improving their product development practices and processes. Rapid product development (RaDe) is a type of incremental product development model, in which new sales items are created by redesigning existing products quickly and inexpensively. This study examines the RaDe challenges and enablers, particularly the ones from the perspective of supply management (SM) and product portfolio management (PPM). The main objective of this study is to recognise and describe the significance of mature SM for RaDe, resulting in successful and efficient product ramp-ups and portfolio renewal. The present study follows a qualitative research approach, which consists of reviewing the literature and analysing the relevant practices and current process settings of several companies representing diverse business areas and industry types. The principal results of this study involve acknowledging and describing the role of mature SM and organised PPM for effective RaDe implementation and product portfolio renewal. The study examines the mature SM from the perspective of 1) the definition of the SM objectives; 2) the alignment of the list of recommended products, buy-items and suppliers; 3) the creation of the product design guidelines, targets and metrics from the SM perspective; and 4) the establishment of the supply capability creation process. The main implications of the present study highlight the importance of the SM maturity that can support managers in RaDe related planning and implementation activities. The originality of the study resides in the emphasis of the SM significance in terms of different aspects that are beneficial to RaDe implementation and product portfolio renewal. / Tiivistelmä Uusien tuotteiden tuominen markkinoille nopeasti on enenevissä määrin tärkeää yrityksille. Tämän saavuttamiseksi yritykset ovat pyrkineet parantamaan tuotekehitystoimintojaan ja -prosessejaan. Nopea tuotekehitys (RaDe) on malli inkrementaaliseen tuotekehitykseen, missä myyntinimikkeitä luodaan uudelleen suunnittelemalla jo olemassa olevia tuotteita nopeasti ja halvalla. Tämä tutkimus tarkastelee RaDe -haasteita ja mahdollistajia, erityisesti hankintatoimen johtamisen (SM) ja tuoteportfoliohallinnan (PPM) näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen ensisijaisena tavoitteena on tunnistaa ja kuvata kypsän hankintatoimen johtamisen ja nopean tuotekehityksen merkittävyys niin onnistuneen kuin tehokkaan markkinoille tuonnin sekä tuoteportfolion uudistamisen mahdollistajana. Laadullinen tutkimus tarkastelee monipuolisia liiketoiminta-alueita ja teollisuusaloja, koostuen sekä kirjallisuuskatsauksesta että useiden eri yritysten niille relevanttien toimintojen ja prosessien analysoinnista. Keskeiset tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat ja selittävät kypsän hankintatoimen johtamisen ja organisoidun tuoteportfoliohallinnan roolia nopean tuotekehityksen tehokkaassa toteutuksessa sekä tuoteportfolion uudistamisessa. Kypsää hankintatoimen johtamista tutkimus tarkastelee seuraavista perspektiiveistä: 1) hankintatoimen johtamisen tavoitteiden määritys, 2) suositeltujen tuote-, ostoartikkeli- ja toimittajalistojen linjaus, 3) tuotesuunnittelun ohjeistusten, tavoitteiden ja mittareiden luominen hankintatoimen johtamisen näkökulmasta, ja 4) hankintatoimen kyvykkyyden perustamisen luomisprosessi. Tutkimuksen merkittävimmät kontribuutiot organisaatioille korostavat sellaisen kypsän hankintatoimen johtamisen tärkeyttä, mikä tukee johtoa nopean tuotekehityksen suunnittelussa ja toteutuksessa. Uudenlaista näköalaa tutkimukseen tuottaa hankintatoimen johtamisen merkityksen tähdentyminen positioista, jotka ovat suotuisia nopean tuotekehityksen toteutukselle sekä tuoteportfolion uudistumiselle.