Atualmente os combustíveis fósseis derivados do petróleo, tais como, gasolina, diesel e carvão são as principais fontes de energia. No entanto, essas fontes tendem ao esgotamento nos próximos 40 a 50 anos, além de sua utilização provocar problemas que vão desde a emissão de gases responsáveis pelo efeito estufa ao aumento nos preços desses combustíveis. Uma alternativa que vem sendo bastante utilizada é o etanol de primeira geração obtido principalmente do milho e da cana-de-açúcar. Apesar do etanol ser considerado uma energia limpa, por não emitir gases poluentes e auxiliar no sequestro de carbono, apresenta um problema relacionado à diminuição da oferta de alimentos e o consequente aumento de preços dos produtos que o utilizam como matéria-prima. Devido a esses fatores, vem crescendo os estudos por fontes de energias renováveis, como a obtenção do etanol de segunda geração, no qual, utiliza resíduos lignocelulósicos como matéria-prima. Nesse contexto, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a produção de etanol de segunda geração, tendo com matérias-primas os seguintes resíduos lignocelulósicos: bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, capim-elefante, serragens de Pinus sp. e Eucalyptus sp, pré-tratados com os líquidos iônicos 1-etil-3-metilimidazólio acetato e 1-butil-3-metilimidazólio acetato, separadamente. Após o pré-tratamento efetuou-se a hidrólise das biomassas lignocelulósicas com as enzimas produzidas pelo fungo Penicillium echinulatum, prosseguindo para a fermentação dos açúcares liberados na hidrólise, empregando as leveduras Saccharomyces cerevisiae e Schizosaccharomyces pombe Y 698, e a bactéria Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius. As maiores concentrações de açúcares redutores obtidas após as hidrólises enzimáticas foram 681,89 mg.g-1 para bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, 474,30 mg.g-1 para capim-elefante, 237,84 mg.g-1 para serragem de Eucalyptus sp. e 233,62 mg.g-1 para serragem de Pinus sp., sendo todos os pré-tratamentos com o líquido iônico 1-etil- 3-metilimidazólio acetato. O microrganismo que apresentou maior eficiência no consumo de açúcares redutores foi S. cerevisiae. Porém, o maior rendimento em etanol, cerca de 96 mg.g- 1, foi obtido para o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar pré-tratado com 1-butil-3-metilimidazólio acetato na fermentação com S. pombe. G. thermoglucosidasius apresentou potencial para consumo de xilose e glicose simultaneamente, porém a produção de etanol foi reduzida (21 mg.g-1 para bagaço de cana-de-açúcar). Este dados contribuem para ampliar os conhecimentos sobre os efeitos do pré-tratamento com líquidos iônicos na produção de etanol de segunda geração. / Fossil fuels, such as gasoline, diesel and coal, are the main sources of energy nowadays. In addition to generate problems, from the emission of greenhouse gases to the increase in fuel prices, these energy sources are likely to be depleted in the next 40 to 50 years. A widely used alternative to fossil fuels is first-generation ethanol, produced mainly from corn and sugarcane. Although ethanol is considered a clean source of energy because it does not emit polluting gases and helps in carbon sequestration, it is linked to a decrease in food supply and the consequent rise in food prices. Therefore, new studies on renewable energy sources, such as second-generation ethanol from feedstock and other lignocellulosic residues, are commonly found in the literature. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the production of secondgeneration ethanol from the following lignocellulosic residues: sugarcane bagasse, elephant grass, Pinus sp. sawdust and Eucalyptus sp. sawdust, pretreated separately with the ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with enzymes from Penicillium echinulatum was carried out after the pretreatment. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe Y 698 and the bacterium Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius were used for the fermentation of sugars released during hydrolysis. The highest concentrations of reducing sugars obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis were 681.89 mg. g -1 for sugarcane bagasse, 474.30 mg.g -1 for elephant grass, 237.84 mg.g -1 for Eucalyptus sp. sawdust and 233.62 mg. g -1 for Pinus sp. sawdust, all pretreated with 1-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium acetate. S. cerevisiae was the microorganism with the highest efficiency in the consumption of reducing sugars. However, the highest ethanol yield (96 mg.g -1) was obtained for sugarcane bagasse pretreated with 1- butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and fermented by S. pombe. G. thermoglucosidasius showed potential for the simultaneous consumption of xylose and glucose, but ethanol production was low (21 mg.g -1 for sugarcane bagasse). These data contribute to expand the knowledge about the effects of ionic liquid pretreatments for the production of secondgeneration ethanol.

As embalagens metálicas para alimentos proporcionam uma barreira à ação do meio ambiente, bem como a preservação de nutrientes e qualidade organoléptica dos produtos acondicionados. Diversos estudos estão sendo realizados na procura de tratamentos alternativos ambientalmente corretos para substituir o cromo hexavalente, e sais de cério e lantânio vem apresentando resultados satisfatórios em diversos substratos, com o objetivo de melhorar a resistência à corrosão, porém poucos estudos foram realizados em folhas de flandres. O presente trabalho avaliou folhas de flandres tratadas com CeCl3+(NH4)2SO4. A superfície tratada foi avaliada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva (EDS), Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Espectroscopia de Fotoelétrons de Raios-X (XPS) e Análise de ângulo de contato superficial. O comportamento eletroquímico foi avaliado através do Potencial de Circuito Aberto (OCP), curvas de polarização e Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica (EIS), em solução de NaCl 3,5% (m/v) e solução sintética de alimentos (SSA), em meio aerado e desaerado. Também foram realizados ensaios de migração de metais e manchamento por sulfetos. O efeito da aplicação de um verniz epóxi-fenólico foi avaliado por testes mecânicos e de exposição à névoa salina. Pela caracterização morfológica constatou-se a presença de depósitos descontínuos de cério de forma esférica, sendo compostos por óxido de cério. Nos ensaios eletroquímicos os resultados indicam que a presença de oxigênio, a natureza dos íons presentes e o pH da solução têm influência marcante na proteção oferecida pelo tratamento com Ce3+, sendo que este em SSA apresentou passivação nas curvas anódicas, não sendo observado este comportamento para o meio de NaCl. Pela extrapolação de Tafel, observou-se comportamento anódico para as amostras tratadas em relação à amostra descromatizada, porém a amostra tratada com Cr6+ apresentou menores valores de corrente. Nos ensaios de monitoramento do OCP e exposição à névoa salina o tratamento com Ce3+ apresentou proteção durante curtos períodos de tempo. Quanto à aplicação do tratamento com cério voltado para a indústria alimentícia pode-se concluir que foi possível compatibilidade com verniz epóxi-fenólico, redução na migração de íons ferro para a solução e resistência a manchas causadas por sulfetos satisfatórias quando comparado com o tratamento com Cr6+. / The metal food packages provide a barrier to the action of the environment and the preservation of nutrients and organoleptic quality of the packaged product. Several studies are being conducted aiming for environmentally friendly alternative treatments to replace hexavalent chromium, and cerium and lanthanum salts are showing satisfactory to improve the corrosion resistance on various substrates, but few studies have been performed on tinplate. This study evaluated tinplate treated with CeCl3+(NH4)2SO4. The treated surface was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X- ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and surface contact angle analysis. The electrochemical behavior was evaluated using the Open Circuit Potential (OCP) measurements, polarization curves and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in NaCl 3.5 % (wt/v) and synthetic solution of foods (SSF), in aerated and deaerated media. Migration tests of metals and staining by sulfides were al o performed. The effect of an epoxy-phenolic coating was evaluated by mechanical tests and exposure to salt spray. In the morphological characterization revealed the presence of spherical-shaped cerium deposits composed of cerium oxide. The electrochemical tests results indicate that the presence of oxygen, the nature of the ions and pH have a great influence on the protection afforded by treatment with Ce3+, which presented passivation in the anodic polarization in SSF but not in NaCl solution. By Tafel measurements it was observed anodic behavior for samples treated with respect to unpassivated sample, however lower current values were obtained for the Cr6+ treated sample. By OCP measurements and exposure to salt spray the treatment with Ce3+ showed protection only during short periods of time. Concerning the application of cerium treatment in the food industry it could be concluded that this treatment has good compatibility with epoxy-phenolic coatings, reducing the migration of iron ions to the solution and providing satisfactory resistance to stains caused by sulfides compared to treatments with Cr6+.

Zymomonas mobilis, bactéria anaeróbia, metaboliza glicose, frutose ou sacarose gerando quantidades equimolares de etanol e CO2. A glicose atua como indutor de glicosefrutose oxidorredutase (GFOR) e glucono--lactonase (GL), enzimas periplasmáticas de Z. mobilis, responsáveis por promover a oxidação de aldoses em ácidos aldônicos e a redução de frutose a sorbitol . Para a obtenção de altos rendimentos em biomassa e etanol em cultivos de Z. mobilis e posterior utilização das células na etapa de bioconversão de lactose e frutose em ácido lactobiônico e sorbitol, respectivamente, têm sido empregadas técnicas de reciclo celular, com destaque para a utilização de membranas. Neste trabalho foi comparado o reciclo de células através de sistemas de membranas cerâmica tubular e polimérica (fibras ocas), ambas de microfiltração e comparadas com os ensaios realizados em bateladas por cortes e por centrifugação. Na etapa inicial, foram realizados testes para definição do tempo de ativação da cultura celular, da forma de inoculação, porcentagem de inóculo empregada e, ainda, como teste preliminar, a determinação da concentração de glicose a ser empregada nos testes. Para a ativação da cultura, foi definido por 10% (v/v) de suspensão celular, onde, em 12 h de cultivo, 4g.L- 1 de biomassa foram obtidos com a utilização do extrato de levedura purificado. Na sequência, os resultados apontaram que, entre os tamanhos de inóculo testados (5 a 20% v/v), maior produção de etanol foi obtido com 15% em volume - em relação ao volume final de meio – ou com a biomassa concentrada. Para a condução dos testes de fermentações, a concentração de substrato empregada foi 80 g.L-1, com a obtenção de 3,4 g.L-1 de células em 6 h de cultivo. O reciclo de células através da centrifugação das células apontou que, nesse sistema de reciclo, foi possível o incremento em termos de crescimento celular e produção de etanol. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos nos ensaios com reciclo de células nas bateladas por corte. No reciclo através de membranas, com re ação ao crescimento celular, aumento médio de 35% foi observado quando realizada a concentração das células com a membrana cerâmica, fato que não foi observado quando utilizada a membrana polimérica. Em função disto, as células recicladas na membrana cerâmica foram submetidas ao ensaio de bioconversão, com a obtenção de 46% de rendimento em ácido lactobiônico. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Zymomonas mobilis, anaerobic bacteria, metabolize glucose, fructose or sucrose generating equimolar amounts of CO2 and ethanol. Glucose behave as an inducer of glucose - fructose oxidoreductase (GFOR) and glucono -- lactonase (GL), periplasmic enzymes from Z. mobilis, promoting the oxidation of aldoses in aldonic acids and reduction of ketoses to polyols. To obtain high yields of biomass and ethanol in cultures of Z. mobilis cells and subsequent use in the bioconversion step, cell recycling techniques, with emphasis on the use of membranes have been employed. In this work we compared the recycling of cells through ceramic and polymeric (hollow fiber) membranes with trials in batches by cuts of fermentation and centrifuged batch systems. Earlier, tests for setting the activation time and the cell culture the nutrients needed, defining the shape of inoculation and percentage of inoculum used were performed and, as a preliminary test, the determination of glucose concentration to be employed in the tests. The activation of the cell culture of choice for testing the continuity of the percentage was 10% of cells, where 12 hours of culture, 4 g.L-1 were obtained with the use of purified yeast extract. Furthermore, the results indicated that under the conditions evaluated, among inoculum sizes tested (5-20%), increased ethanol production was obtained with 15% by volum - compared to the final volume of medium - or the concentrated biomass. To conduct the test fermentations was definitely the best condition with respect to the substrate concentration 80 g.L-1, where the tests, it was possible to obtain 3,4 g.L-1 of cells within 6 hours of cultivation. The recycle of cells by centrifugation of the cells showed that this system can recycle the increase in both cell growth and ethanol production. Similar results were obtained in tests with cell recycle in batches by cut of fermentation. In recycled through membranes with respect to cell growth, average increase of 35% was observed when the concentration of the cells performd with the ceramic membrane and no increase was observed when used polymeric membranes. Because of this, the cells in recycled ceramic membrane were subjected to the test of bioconversion and the results show performance of 46% in terms of production of lactobionic acid.

M.Com. (Informatics) / This study gives background information on technology like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Expert Systems (ES). The application realm of this technology is the manufacturing environment. The strategies that are addressed are, Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM), Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II) and Computer integrated Manufacturing (CIM). We proposel further process or step namely: Inter Organlzational Information Sharing (1015). CIM integrates all internal information sources. lOIS creates standard and secure interfaces so that the organization and other organizations especially suppliers, manufacturers and distributors can share predefined information. The sharing of this information can help make forecasting more accurate and help the organization espond faster to the consumer's ever changing needs. Due to the fact that inventory plays such an important role in the manufacturing process, a software program was developed to aid the managers in small to medium sized organizations to reduce inventory.

This licentiate thesis deals with how meanings of gender equality are constructed in development partnerships in Sweden, and how these constructions affect gender relations in working life. The study's focus is on four partnerships funded by Equal: a political programme which was conducted in the European Union between 2000-2007, in order to counteract discrimination on the labour market and in working life. In the partnerships of the study, several organizations cooperated to develop projects within education and in working life. According to the Swedish policy programme for Equal, all partnerships should work actively to give men and women equal access to education and labour and to change unequal power relations (i.e. gender mainstreaming) More specific research questions are: How do actors within the studied partnerships describe problems of differentiation and polarization on the Swedish labour market, and how do they analyse these questions from a gender perspective? Which strategies are formulated by the partnerships to increase gender equality, and what understanding of gender relations do they depart from? To what extent do the strategies question or reproduce gender structures on the labour market? The empirical base consists of documents from the studied partnerships, interviews with coordinators and project leaders, and observations made during meetings and workshops which where arranged by the partnerships. The empirical material was collected from October 2006 to February 2008 and is analysed from a critical point of view, inspired by discourse analysis and methods for deconstruction of policy proposals. The analysis shows that in the studied partnerships ‘gender equality' was reduced to quantitative aspects, i.e. to have equal numbers of men and women in projects and working groups, while qualitative aspects about power, norms and values were marginalised. Gender equality was also constructed as a question of helping women to cope and navigate more effective on the labour market, while obscuring the structures which leads to unequal working conditions. Some actors acknowledged there being unequal power relations between men and women, and ambitions to change this were expressed in documents and in interviews. But as awareness and knowledge about the gender order varied between different actors in the same partnerships, common strategies were difficult to develop. Some of the difficulties can also be explained by unequal power relations among actors within the partnerships, and resistance to challenge the gender order. As a result, this may contribute to reproduce rather than change power relations and the unequal working conditions of men and women in working life. / <p>Godkänd; 2008; 20080428 (ysko)</p>

<p>Godkänd; 1994; 20080119 (andbra)</p>

I denna licentiatuppsats redovisar erfarenheter från åtta fallstudier som alla har haft målsätt¬ningen att underlätta arbetsmarknadsintegrationen för personer med utländsk bakgrund. De åtta studierna har alla olika inriktning och innehåller olika aktiviteter som t.ex "starta eget"-program, nätverksbyggande, yrkesutbildning eller praktik. Syftet med licentiatuppsatsen är att identifiera hinder och gynnsamma faktorer i de åtta studier samt identifiera vilka faktorer som underlättar respektive motverkar integrationsprocessen. Studien bygger på ett rikt empiriskt material och metoden har valts beroende på vilket fall som studerats. Fem metoder har varit aktuella, studier av dokument, enkäter, individuella intervjuer, gruppintervjuer och deltagande observationer. En slutsats som kan dras här är att de flesta personer av utländsk bakgrund och som startar eget, blir objektivt integrerade på arbetsmarknaden. Deras företagande är inte en direkt integrationsfrämjande handling, men en bieffekt av företagandet är just att de känner sig integrerade i arbetslivet, även om yrket i sig inte råkar vara det bästa eller mest eftersträvans¬värda alternativet i deras perspektiv. Företagarna visade sig ha tillgång till ett omfattande etniska och informell nätverk bestod av släkt och familj, vänner och både inom och utom den etniska eller nationella gruppen. Däremot fanns inte ett fungerande formellt nätverk i lokalsamhället bland företagare och andra organisationer och näringsliv. Utan att förringa betydelsen av en social och kulturell integration så är i ett första steg en ekonomisk integration av största vikt för den invandrade. En annan slutsats är att är att många aktörer på det lokala planet erbjuder personer med utländsk bakgrund utbildning och praktik som ska gynna deras integrering i det svenska samhället. Valmöjligheterna mellan olika utbildningsalternativ och praktikplatser är dock tämligen begränsade. Man tvingas således till ett mer instrumentellt förhållningssätt som innebär att man väljer sådant som eventuellt kan gynna möjligheterna att få ett arbete utan att man för den skull är intresserad av yrket i sig. Detta påverkar deltagarna att uppleva sina egna val som otillfredsställande vilket också påverkar deras motivation att genomföra utbildningar och praktik och i förlängningen förutsättningarna att integreras, både i arbetsliv och i samhället som helhet. Trots att praktik lett till arbete för flera personer hamnade många deltagare efter utbildning och praktik utanför arbetsmarknaden, vilket ledder till att man går tillbaka till arbetslöshet eller nya utbildningar. Slutligen kan man konstatera att det fanns en stor potential i att engagera engagerade individer och ideella organisationer i arbetet att integrera individer med utländsk bakgrund i det lokala samhället, men det var svårt att finna former för ett konstruktivt samarbete med olika myndigheter. / <p>Godkänd; 2007; 20070528 (ysko)</p>

The main purpose of this licentiate thesis is to describe and analyse young adult's experience of unemployment; how young adults form strategies and relate to their unemployment as well as how they perceive their possibilities of establishing their selves in the labour market. The two main questions for this study are; how do adolescents cope and relate to being unemployed? And; what do they think about the possibilities of securing employment in the future?This licentiate thesis began as a labour market project where interviews with nineteen adolescents, 14 male(s) and 5 female(s), aged between 18 and 25 years were carried out. These interviews provide a description of the adolescent experience of being unemployed as well as subjects in labour market action programmes. The adolescents describe their meeting with different organizations in society from a labour market perspective. Through the project description it is understood that the background to this project was the experience of shortcomings of authorities to identifying and cooperating with young jobseekers during the early stage and not providing sufficient support to make their establishment on the labour market easier.A central impression is that these adolescents legitimise their unemployment by relating it to the unrealistic demands of employers and authorities. Another impression is that these young people also create strategies and space to deal with their situation. This may be visible in the daily life through activities that give the day structure such as physical activities or spending time with friends. These strategies reveal that these young people consider social activities as important, that participation in different labour market projects means that they are active in their unemployment and give their life structure. The most important strategy is however the struggle to secure employment as this makes them economically independent and social status. The majority are not interested in the social political system and consider it difficult to influence, one reason for this is that they perceive themselves as passive victims.In the process of establishing their selves in the labour market young people meet the representatives of society's different authorities that act as social support. However, what the authorities consider as support most young people consider as control in that they must routinely adapt to existing measures of actions instead of the actions being adapted to the individual. / Det övergripande syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva och analysera hur ungdomar skapar mening i sin vardag i sitt sökande efter arbete, hur ungdomar utarbetar strategier och förhåller sig till sin livssituation som arbetssökande samt hur de uppfattar sina möjligheter att etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden. Två övergripande frågeställningar för denna licentiatuppsats är; Hur hanterar och förhåller sig ungdomar till situationen att vara arbetssökande? Vilka uppfattningar har de om möjligheterna till ett arbete ur ett framtidsperspektiv? Licentiatuppsatsen tar sin utgångspunkt i ett arbetsmarknadsprojekt där intervjuer har genomförts med 19 ungdomar, 14 män och 5 kvinnor, i åldern 18-25 år. Genom intervjuer med ungdomarna beskrivs deras erfarenheter av att vara arbetssökande och föremål för arbetsmarknadsinsatser. Ungdomarna beskriver sitt möte med samhällets olika organisationer utifrån ett arbetsmarknadsperspektiv. Av projektbeskrivningen framgick att bakgrunden till projektet var upplevelsen av brist hos myndigheter att i ett tidigt stadium identifiera och samverka för att ge unga arbetssökande tillräckligt stöd för att underlätta etablering på arbetsmarkanden. Ett centralt intryck är att de legitimerar sin situation utan arbete genom att relatera den till att det ställs orealistiska krav från både arbetsgivare och myndigheter. Ett annat intryck är att ungdomarna även skapar strategier och handlingsutrymme för att hanterar sin situation. Det kan ta sig uttryck i det vardagliga livet genom aktiviteter som ger struktur åt dagen, som kan handla om fysiska aktiviteter och umgänge med kompisar. Strategierna visar att de anser att det är viktigt med sociala aktiviteter överlag och deltagande i olika arbetsmarknadsprojekt är en strategi som samtidigt ger en struktur i livet och innebär att de är aktiva i sin situation som arbetssökande. Den viktigaste strategin är dock att anstränga sig för att få ett arbete som gör dem ekonomiskt självständiga och de anser att arbete även har en social betydelse. De flesta är ointresserade av det samhällspolitiska systemet och anser sig ha svårt att påverka dessa, där en orsak är att de upplever sig själva som passiva offer. I processen att etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden möter ungdomarna aktörer från samhällets olika instanser som ska verka som socialt stöd. Men det myndigheterna anser vara stöd upplever flera av ungdomar som kontroll. De upplever att de till stor del får anpassa sig till existerande åtgärder istället för att åtgärderna anpassas efter individen. / <p>Godkänd; 2007; 20071119 (ysko)</p>

Humans use all their senses when they explore and interact with the environment. In human-machine interaction (HMI) vision is the dominant sense, followed by audition. Haptic information - information concerning the sense of touch - is not commonly available. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate how haptic feedback affects visual-manual HMI. In the experiment presented in paper I the spatial haptic properties shape and location were compared. Shape encoding often relies on users sequentially exploring differently shaped knobs, levers or buttons. The experiment revealed that physical shapes available through a shape-changing device can be as efficient as adjacently located push-buttons to encode functions in an interface. The experiment presented in paper II investigated the extent to which interface information can be transferred between the haptic and visual modalities. The feedback - rendered textures - was displayed haptically through a rotary device and visually through a computer monitor. There was a cross-modal transfer between the modalities, although not effortless, and the transfer from haptics to vision seemed to be easier than the transfer from vision to haptics. The asymmetry of the cross-modal transfer and the enhanced visual performance might be a result of the visual information being more useful for the task at hand. Paper III presents an experiment carried out in a car simulator. The experiment was conducted to investigate how haptic feedback in an in-car interface affects driver behaviour. Visual feedback was provided on a screen at the centre panel of the simulator. Haptic feedback was provided through the interaction device - a rotary device. The results revealed that, although driving performance degradation did not differ between the different haptic and visual feedback conditions, all conditions caused a degradation in driving performance. Visual behaviour did not differ between conditions including visual feedback. It is therefore apparent that the haptic feedback was not actively used when visual interface information was provided. Using haptic feedback only was shown to be more time-consuming. In addition it was revealed that tasks with only haptic feedback induce a cognitive load on the driver. It was apparent in studies II and III that the haptic information is not actively used if the visual information is more easily achieved. / <p>Godkänd; 2007; 20070919 (biem)</p>

This bachelor thesis is made on behalf of General Electric Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB in Umea. GE Healthcare is a company that produces health care products. One of these products is BioProcess which is used in medical research and the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. The product often have to be modified since itis soldcustomer modified. There are two different frame sizes. The frames are often tilted 90 degrees to make the modification areas easier to access. The modifications made is mostly trace grooves and holes.The project goal was to create a fixture that fits both frames and will make the modifications made to the frames easier. The fixture should reduce the bodily wear that is caused by modifying these frames. The structure of the fixture must meet requirements of functionality and safety.The result of the project is a fixture that is compatible with both frame sizes. The fixture has been dimensioned with a safety factor of 4. This safety factor was chosen because of the risks in the operations.