Cette thèse analyse, à partir d’une démarche mésoéconomique régulationniste et évolutionniste, l’émergence d’un espace économique. Les acteurs l’ont baptisé « bioéconomie », à partir d’interprétations divergentes du terme. Cet espace se différencie des façons traditionnelles de se représenter la division du travail en secteurs (la chimie, l’agriculture, l’énergie). Les acteurs qui cherchent à constituer cet espace les recomposent dans un champ original et spécifique. Ce champ est fondé sur l’usage de ressources renouvelables végétales, animales et algales. Les acteurs constituant le champ se proposent d’être une « industrie des industries ». Ils fourniraient, non pas des produits finaux, mais des produits intermédiaires, agro-alimentaires ou destinés à la chimie, aux matériaux et à l’énergie. Ce champ ne comprend pas par exemple le photovoltaïque. La bioéconomie recompose les relations entre agriculture et chimie, en (re)faisant de la première un fournisseur de la seconde. Nous mobilisons la notion de régimes de production de connaissances et d’activités économiques pour décrire la diversité des promesses technologiques faites par les acteurs. Nous montrons alors que la bioéconomie ne peut se réduire à la « révolution biotechnologique ». Trois grandes visions de la bioéconomie se confrontent. A un niveau plus fin, on présente trois cas de cette diversité. Les acteurs portent une « économie des promesses » à partir de leurs patrimoines productifs collectifs respectifs qu’ils cherchent à reproduire et projeter dans le futur. Cela donne lieu, de leur part, à un travail de problématisation de l’espace de la bioéconomie, qui détermine leur allocation de ressources. / This thesis analyses the emergence of a new economic space from a mesoeconomic regulationist and evolutionist approach. This space has been called "bioeconomy" by the actors after divergent and conflictual interpretations of this concept. This economic space differs from the traditional ways of representing the division of labour into sectors (chemistry, agriculture, energy). The actors involved in seeking to define this space are reconstructing these sectors into an original and specific field, which is built on the use of biobased plant, animal and algal renewable resources. These actors consider themselves to be becoming the "industry of industries". Thus, instead of providing end products, they produce intermediates for agro- or chemical industries, materials or energy. The field does not cover photovoltaic electricity. Therefore, bioeconomy is a recomposition of the relationships between agriculture and chemistry in which the former becomes the supplier for the latter. We use the concept of the regimes of production of knowledge and of economic activity to describe the diversity of the technological promises made by the actors involved. We show, therefore, that bioeconomy cannot be reduced to the biotechnological revolution. Three broad views of bioeconomy emerge. At a deeper level, we present here three case studies to illustrate this diversity. The actors are weighed down by an "economy of promises" based on their own productive heritages that they are trying to reproduce and project into the future. This leads them to problematize the bioeconomy space in order to determine their resource allocations.

The object of this study is to draw art into the common net of organization, along with those other enterprizes more commonly associated with the exercise of intelligence. The method chosen for this is based upon the idea of effective procedures, namely by setting out to construct a (notional) 'art machine'. The argument falls into two parts, the first dealing with the general concept of authorship and the second with its products. Part I offers a definition of an abstract, rudimentary productive process and describes its observers. There is an examination of the relation between structure and purpose, which moves towards a general definition of authorship made in terms of extracting order from a surrounding. Principles of order extraction are examined, with particular reference to the Law of Requisite Variety. Examination of extracted order, as structure, heuristics and the like, leads to discussion of the transmission of purposes between purposeful systems, as well as general problems of constraint, and of regulation and control. Part I ends with a proposal for a paradigm for a rudimentary mechanical author. Part II concentrates on the products of authorship, seeking characterizing features of those that may be classified as art. There is discussion of objective knowledge and its value and of the characteristics of experience as a form of objective knowledge. It is suggested that art is concerned with experience and that this dictates its method, which is to produce simulation procedures based on a language constituted by the synthetic structures discussed in Part I. Lines are suggested for realizing an 'art machine' and there is a review of prospects. A section of notes consisting of speculative ideas and empirical applications connected with the conclusions of the text follows Part II.

Today's successful manufacturing organisations require a significant competitive advantage, hence the need to implement and develop a Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) strategy. This research paper addresses the impact of TPM on manufacturing performance at the Colt production facility (DCSA). A literature survey was undertaken into the elements and benefits of TPM. Questionaires were also sent to all levels of people at the Colt production facility for their views on TPM and the impact, they believe, it has had on manufacturing performance. In conclusion, this research paper has also led to the development of recommendations to improve TPM activities at the Colt production facility. From the research, it was shown that top management support for TPM activities is needed and that training is an essential factor for TPM's success in improving manufacturing performance.

Le territoire industriel dont Martres-Tolosane est devenu le centre éponyme a une histoire ancienne. L’origine de la production céramique moderne est italienne et remonte au XVIe siècle. Peut-être attirés par les seigneurs locaux, les premiers potiers qui s’installent à Plagne, village proche de Martres, profitent de la présence de marnes calcaires et de forêts abondantes. Dès 1737, des faïenciers, principalement issus de Nevers, arrivent dans les nouvelles manufactures de faïence de Marignac-Laspeyres, Martres-Tolosane et Terrebasse. Après la Révolution, un « Système Productif et Commercial Localisé » se met en place. La pluri-activité des paysans-ouvriers est au cœur de ce système soutenu par une population en forte croissance et par la modicité des capitaux initiaux nécessaires. Des fermes-ateliers et des petites fabriques se créées sur une vingtaine de communes autour de Martres et commercent jusqu’à l’international. Cette réussite repose aussi sur la politique sociale des élites de Martres qui, en assurant une redistribution des revenus communaux, atténuent les effets de la prolétarisation, maintient des salaires bas et perpétuent la société rurale ancienne. La dépopulation de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle touche l’activité qui se rétracte et ne résiste qu’en s’adaptant à la demande en faïence traditionnelle. Les faïenciers copient les motifs des centres français réputés, stratégie de niche qui leur permet de fournir en faïence-cadeaux durant le XXe siècle, les principales régions touristiques. En parallèle, la faïence s’ancre dans le territoire et devient un « produit de terroir » que la crise des années 1970 et les changements de mode semblent condamner. / The industrial area of which Martres-Tolosane has become the eponymous center has a long history. The origin of modern ceramic production is Italian and goes back to the XVIth century. Maybe attracted by the local Lords, the first potters who settle in Plagne, a village near Martres, take advantage of the presence of calcareous clay and plentiful forests. As early as 1737, earthenware makers, mainly from Nevers, arrive in the new earthenware factories created locally. After the French Revolution, a "Productive and Commercial Localised System” is set up. The various activities of the peasant workers are at the heart of this system, supported by a fast growing population and by the small amount of initial capital necessary. Farm-workshops and small factories are established in about twenty communities around Martres and they trade even on the international level. This success is also supported by the social action of the elites of Martres who, by assuring a redistribution of the municipal income, alleviate the effects of the proletarisation, maintain low salaries and perpetuate the old rural society. The depopulation of the second half of the XIXth century affects the activity which retracts and survives only by adapting to the demand for traditional earthenware. Earthenware makers copy the motives of renowned French centers, a niche strategy which allows them to supply the main tourist regions with earthenware gifts during the XXth century. At the same time), earthenware takes root in the area and becomes a “product of the land” that the crisis of the 1970s and the changes of fashion seem to condemn.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The political affirmation of the familiar farming in Brazil occurred at 1995-96, when the National Program for the Strengthening of the Familiar Farming (PRONAF) was created. However, many family farmers still living under poverty and vulnerability conditions. Therefore, it is essential that public policies ensure the stimulation of the multidimensional development of these families. Some authors describe that productive diversification is a way to reduce the risks at the field. In this context, the criticism on the PRONAF is that its resources are concentrated in some farming cultures. Possibly, the incentive to access the credit for certain crop can lead the farmer to assign a larger area and most of its productive efforts for this crop, becoming more specialized. This can also generate increased income to the families. However, the utilitarianism view on welfare, which centers the human welfare into the income and the concept of utility maximization, has been overshadowed by concepts that take into account a broad notion of human development, such as the Capability Approach from Amartya Sen. PRONAF is partially aligned to the Capability Approach because it facilitates and ensures the access to credit for small farmers, who have difficulty to access financing for their productive activities when are competing with large producers at the regular banking system. However, this indirect incentive to specialization and intensification of the productive activities can lead to utility maximization, but it does not support the multidimensional development proposed by Amartya Sen. This is because the exclusive focus on access to credit leads producers to guiding its activities almost exclusively in higher profitability function. Thus, this study aimed to answer the following problem: Considering the degree of the production diversification, identified at Agricultural Census of 2006, it is possible to establish a relationship between the evolution of the PRONAF releases and the type of the family farming establishments in the Rio Grande do Sul micro-regions in the period 2006-2012? The methodology consisted of a spatial analysis to verify the existence of spatial autocorrelation and the formation of clusters in the release of PRONAF. Through the maps generated, the productive structure of Rio Grande do Sul was evaluated. Family farming is fairly representative in the number of agricultural establishments, but non-family farming is more representative on regards to area. The microregions with highest density of family farmers do not receive the highest percentage of agricultural credit by the PRONAF. Considering the number of family farms, the microregions that receive more agricultural defrayal credit are microregions that have low production diversification. Therefore, PRONAF as public policy must to be at constant improvement. Thus, it should be improved to ensure the diversification of family farming, and not generate excessive specialization. / A afirmação política da agricultura familiar no Brasil aconteceu em 1995/96, com a criação do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF). Porém, muitos produtores familiares ainda vivem em situação de pobreza e vulnerabilidade. Por isso, é importante que as políticas públicas assegurem o estímulo ao desenvolvimento multidimensional dessas famílias. Alguns autores descrevem que uma maneira de diminuir os riscos no campo é através da diversificação produtiva. Nesse contexto, a crítica ao PRONAF é a de que a destinação dos recursos concentra-se em algumas culturas. Ao receber incentivo de acesso ao crédito para determinada cultura, é possível que o produtor passe a destinar maior área e maiores esforços produtivos para esta cultura, tornando-se mais especializado. Isso pode, inclusive, gerar incremento de renda às famílias. Contudo, a visão de bem-estar do utilitarismo, que centraliza o bem-estar humano na renda conforme o conceito de maximização da utilidade tem sido sobrepujado por conceitos que levam em conta uma noção ampla de desenvolvimento humano, como a Abordagem das Capacitações de Amartya Sen. O PRONAF se alinha parcialmente à Abordagem das Capacitações ao facilitar e garantir o acesso ao crédito para pequenos produtores, que teriam dificuldade em acessar o financiamento de suas atividades produtivas ao concorrerem com grandes produtores junto ao sistema bancário. Entretanto, o incentivo, ainda que indireto, à especialização e intensificação das atividades produtivas pode levar à maximização da utilidade, mas não corrobora com o desenvolvimento multidimensional proposto por Amartya Sen. Isso porque, o foco exclusivo no acesso ao crédito leva os produtores a guiarem suas atividades quase que exclusivamente em função de maior rentabilidade. Sendo assim, este estudo teve o objetivo de responder o seguinte problema: Considerando o grau da diversificação produtiva, identificada no Censo Agropecuário 2006, é possível estabelecer uma relação entre a evolução de liberações do PRONAF e o tipo dos estabelecimentos de agricultura familiar nas microrregiões gaúchas, no período 2006-2012? A metodologia consistiu em uma análise espacial para verificar a existência de autocorrelação espacial e a formação de clusters na liberação do PRONAF. Por meio dos mapas gerados, avaliou-se a estrutura produtiva do Rio Grande do Sul. A agricultura familiar é bastante representativa no número de estabelecimentos agropecuários, porém, em área a agricultura não-familiar é mais representativa. As microrregiões com maior densidade de agricultores familiares não recebem os maiores percentuais de crédito agrícola pelo PRONAF. Ao considerar o número de estabelecimentos familiares, as microrregiões que mais recebem custeio agrícola são microrregiões que apresentam baixa diversificação produtiva. Portanto, o PRONAF como política pública deve estar em constante aprimoramento. Sendo assim, deve ser aprimorado no sentido de garantir a diversificação da agricultura familiar, e não gerar excesso de especialização.

[pt] Ao longo de anos recentes, a globalização dos mercados vem impondo às grandes empresas uma urgente necessidade de reestruturação organizacional, fazendo com que passem a adotar estratégias voltadas a uma maior descentralização produtiva e a focalizar esforços nas atividades que realmente possam se traduzir em vantagens competitivas. Delegam assim, a uma rede de outras empresas, as competências que não são consideradas centrais.É nesse âmbito que aparecem estruturas organizacionais como o Condomínio Industrial, onde se encontram características como a parceria com os fornecedores, a subcontratação, o fornecimento just in time, entre outras, tornando a estrutura produtiva bem mais flexível e capaz de atender às necessidades flutuantes do mercado,principalmente no setor automobilístico.Esta dissertação pretende analisar a possibilidade de aplicação dos conceitos de condomínio industrial em outros setores produtivos, além do automobilístico, por meio do exemplo de três empresas de setores econômicos distintos, Walita, Cemec e Embraer, e em níveis diferentes de aplicação desses conceitos. Procura-se verificar a importância desses arranjos para a indústria brasileira como um todo e conhecer o que está sendo feito por essas empresas para uma melhor adaptação dos conceitos advindos da indústria automobilística. / [en] In recent years, the globalization of markets has imposed on large firms an urgent necessity for organizational restructuring, forcing them to adopt strategies aimed at a greater productive decentralization, and thus focusing their efforts on activities, which are really translatable into competitive advantages. For that reason, market competences, which aren`t considered central, are delegated to a network of other organizations.It is in this context that organizational structures such as Industrial Condominium appear, showing characteristics such as partnership with suppliers, sub-contracting, and just

This dissertation investigates the idea of creating an engaging public place by introducing productive activity in a dormant area of Mamelodi where the effects of Pendulum migration and waste accumulation have caused public spaces to become inaccessible and functional only as spaces of departure. The site selection will involve looking for a space with a highly layered construct that captures the essence of what Mamelodi has become overtime. This proposed programme will aid in the investigation of testing whether a dormant space has the potential to inspire transformation and change in the social and public realm of this informal settlement. Through the theoretical premise of Place Making, the investigation will focus on whether social spaces, activity generators, existing contexts and past events could be layered to create a functional public place. The hierarchy and transition of spaces from one to another could allow one to understand the process of change on site, as well as the process of change in terms of waste material that is reused and transformed into something useful. This thesis document explores the idea of a building as a threshold and solvent of different spaces that would normally be split from each other. / Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

M.Phil. (Mechanical Engineering) / The coal mining industry plays a major role in the global economy. Coal is required for the provision of primary energy needs, generation of electricity and production of steel. Hence, there is a high demand of coal worldwide. For the continuous supply of coal, mining equipment should be in good working conditions and the maintenance teams should be highly equipped and motivated to perform their maintenance activities ...

Le devenir de la filière vitivinicole a suscité de nombreux questionnements durant les années 2000 quant à l’adéquation des institutions qui la gouvernent vis-à-vis de l’évolution profonde de la demande et du changement du champ concurrentiel mondial. Cette thèse propose un cadre théorique de « méso-économie politique territorialisée » qui adhère à la méthode de l’institutionnalisme historique et est adapté à l’analyse des systèmes productifs dont le lien au territoire est particulièrement important. Fondée sur cette méthode, la thèse s’intéresse à l’articulation des niveaux macro-méso-microéconomiques, au travail politique au sein du système productif vitivinicole et aux ressources patrimoniales qui assurent sa pérennité. La mise en oeuvre de cette approche théorique a permis de reconstituer la genèse des institutions qui ont assuré la perpétuation du système productif vitivinicole français jusqu’aux années 1970, les facteurs de sa déstabilisation à la fin du XXème siècle et l’adaptation du système dans les années 2000. Ce travail porte une attention particulière à la diversité du système productif vitivinicole français composé des sous-systèmes que représentent les vignobles régionaux. Il montre la différence des trajectoires historiques de trois des principaux vignobles régionaux – Languedoc, Champagne et Bordeaux – et par conséquence la différence dans leur capacité d’adaptation aux changements de la demande et de la concurrence mondiales. Enfin, ce travail met en évidence la diversité des acteurs au sein de la filière abordée en analysant les modèles productifs des négociants de la mythique Place de Bordeaux. / The early 2000s were marked by an increasingly loud debate on the ability of French wine industry institutions to keep up with changing market demand and global competition. This thesis proposes a meso-level framework that follows the tradition of historical institutionalism. Our approach has been tailored to the analysis of production systems where the interplay between territory and sector is very important. Based on this framework, we focus on the articulation of the macro-meso- and microeconomic levels, on the political work of stakeholders in the wine industry and on the resources of patrimonial nature that ensure its persistence. The application of this methodology has made possible an analysis of the continuance of the French wine production system until the 1970s, the factors of its destabilisation at the end of the 20th century and the adaptation of the system in the 2000s. This thesis also emphasises the variety of the French wine production system, which is composed of diverse wine regions. Our analysis highlights the different historical trajectories of the three main French wine producing regions – Languedoc, Champagne and Bordeaux – and hence the difference in their capacity to adapt to the changes of demand and global competition. Finally, we highlight the diversity of actors in the industry in question by analysing the productive models of Bordeaux wine merchants.

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