Este trabalho busca entender a produtividade econômico-financeira e operacional das empresas aéreas brasileiras no período pós-desregulamentação e os impactos da produtividade no desempenho econômico-financeiro do setor aéreo. O foco do trabalho está voltado para a análise dos principais fatores de produção, mão de obra, capital e energia, e dos processos diretamente gerenciáveis pelas companhias aéreas do país. Até o início da década de ‘90, o transporte aéreo regular de passageiros foi fortemente regulamentado no Brasil, tanto no mercado doméstico, quanto no internacional, encontrando-se, atualmente, num processo de liberalização. A desregulamentação do setor aéreo no Brasil e a decorrente abertura deste mercado, a exemplo do ocorrido nos Estados Unidos e Europa, gerou um aumento acentuado de produtividade. Outros fatores, têm contribuído para a busca de eficiência e do aumento da produtividade do transporte aéreo no Brasil: o aumento dos custos operacionais, afetando a rentabilidade do setor; o crescente endividamento das empresas nacionais, diminuindo sua situação de liquidez e a concorrência do mercado doméstico e internacional impulsionou as companhias brasileiras a aumentar a eficiência gerencial para garantir sua sobrevivência. O trabalho mostrou, que no período estudado, as empresas brasileiras alcançaram ganhos expressivos de produtividade, explicados principalmente pelos ganhos de produtividade de mão de obra e de energia. Para a obtenção destes ganhos de produtividade as ações gerenciais focaram: o enxugamento do quadro de funcionários, ações de reestruturação da frota, o melhor aproveitamento das aeronaves e a padronização da frota. Estes ganhos, entretanto, não se traduziram em resultados financeiros, uma vez que a redução de custos operacionais obtida pelo aumento da produtividade foi amplamente superada pelo crescimento das despesas financeiras (juros, “leasing"). No período estudado a produtividade total dos fatores aumentou 34,3 % correspondendo a um aumento de 3,4% a.a., portanto, acima da produtividade média da indústria brasileira. / This doctoral thesis focuses on the analysis of the productivity of the main production factors, labor, capital, energy and also on the processes directly managed by the airlines. The thesis assesses the operational productivity and its explaining variables in the post-deregulation period, as well as its impacts on the economic performance of Brazilian airlines. Until the beginning of the 1990s, air passenger transportation has been strongly regulated in Brazil. This was the case with domestic and the international markets, which is now going through a liberalization process. The liberalization of the Brazilian market occurred in a similar way in the United States and Europe wich generated increased productivity gains. In the case of the Brazilian air transport some factors contributed to the efficiency and gains of productivity, e.g. the increase of the main production costs and financial expenses (diminishing profits), the growing indebtedness of the Brazilian airlines (which affected their cash situation) and the enhancing competition in the domestic and in the international markets (forcing them to increase their operational and managerial efficiency, as a way to guarantee their survival). The thesis showed extraordinary increases in total factor productivity mainly due to increases in labor and energy productivity. To guarantee these productivity gains the managerial actions focused mainly on labor reduction, fleet restructuring, standardizing and improved utilization of the airplanes.These productivity gains however didn’t translate into financial results due to sharp increases in financial expenses. During the studied time period, the Brazilian total factor productivity rose by 34.3% or 3.4% p.a. and remained therefore above Brazilian industrial productivity.

Este trabalho busca entender a produtividade econômico-financeira e operacional das empresas aéreas brasileiras no período pós-desregulamentação e os impactos da produtividade no desempenho econômico-financeiro do setor aéreo. O foco do trabalho está voltado para a análise dos principais fatores de produção, mão de obra, capital e energia, e dos processos diretamente gerenciáveis pelas companhias aéreas do país. Até o início da década de ‘90, o transporte aéreo regular de passageiros foi fortemente regulamentado no Brasil, tanto no mercado doméstico, quanto no internacional, encontrando-se, atualmente, num processo de liberalização. A desregulamentação do setor aéreo no Brasil e a decorrente abertura deste mercado, a exemplo do ocorrido nos Estados Unidos e Europa, gerou um aumento acentuado de produtividade. Outros fatores, têm contribuído para a busca de eficiência e do aumento da produtividade do transporte aéreo no Brasil: o aumento dos custos operacionais, afetando a rentabilidade do setor; o crescente endividamento das empresas nacionais, diminuindo sua situação de liquidez e a concorrência do mercado doméstico e internacional impulsionou as companhias brasileiras a aumentar a eficiência gerencial para garantir sua sobrevivência. O trabalho mostrou, que no período estudado, as empresas brasileiras alcançaram ganhos expressivos de produtividade, explicados principalmente pelos ganhos de produtividade de mão de obra e de energia. Para a obtenção destes ganhos de produtividade as ações gerenciais focaram: o enxugamento do quadro de funcionários, ações de reestruturação da frota, o melhor aproveitamento das aeronaves e a padronização da frota. Estes ganhos, entretanto, não se traduziram em resultados financeiros, uma vez que a redução de custos operacionais obtida pelo aumento da produtividade foi amplamente superada pelo crescimento das despesas financeiras (juros, “leasing”). No período estudado a produtividade total dos fatores aumentou 34,3 % correspondendo a um aumento de 3,4% a.a., portanto, acima da produtividade média da indústria brasileira. / This doctoral thesis focuses on the analysis of the productivity of the main production factors, labor, capital, energy and also on the processes directly managed by the airlines. The thesis assesses the operational productivity and its explaining variables in the post-deregulation period, as well as its impacts on the economic performance of Brazilian airlines. Until the beginning of the 1990s, air passenger transportation has been strongly regulated in Brazil. This was the case with domestic and the international markets, which is now going through a liberalization process. The liberalization of the Brazilian market occurred in a similar way in the United States and Europe wich generated increased productivity gains. In the case of the Brazilian air transport some factors contributed to the efficiency and gains of productivity, e.g. the increase of the main production costs and financial expenses (diminishing profits), the growing indebtedness of the Brazilian airlines (which affected their cash situation) and the enhancing competition in the domestic and in the international markets (forcing them to increase their operational and managerial efficiency, as a way to guarantee their survival). The thesis showed extraordinary increases in total factor productivity mainly due to increases in labor and energy productivity. To guarantee these productivity gains the managerial actions focused mainly on labor reduction, fleet restructuring, standardizing and improved utilization of the airplanes.These productivity gains however didn’t translate into financial results due to sharp increases in financial expenses. During the studied time period, the Brazilian total factor productivity rose by 34.3% or 3.4% p.a. and remained therefore above Brazilian industrial productivity.

This work studied the productivity evaluation and well test analysis of horizontal wells. The major components of this work consist of a 3D coupled reservoir/wellbore model, a productivity evaluation, a deconvolution technique, and a nonlinear regression technique improving horizontal well test interpretation. A 3D coupled reservoir/wellbore model was developed using the boundary element method for realistic description of the performance behavior of horizontal wells. The model is able to flexibly handle multiple types of inner and outer boundary conditions, and can accurately simulate transient tests and long-term production of horizontal wells. Thus, it can serve as a powerful tool in productivity evaluation and analysis of well tests for horizontal wells. Uncertainty of productivity prediction was preliminarily explored. It was demonstrated that the productivity estimates can be distributed in a broad range because of the uncertainties of reservoir/well parameters. A new deconvolution method based on a fast-Fourier-transform algorithm is presented. This new technique can denoise "noisy" pressure and rate data, and can deconvolve pressure drawdown and buildup test data distorted by wellbore storage. For cases with no rate measurements, a "blind" deconvolution method was developed to restore the pressure response free of wellbore storage distortion, and to detect the afterflow/unloading rate function using Fourier analysis of the observed pressure data. This new deconvolution method can unveil the early time behavior of a reservoir system masked by variable-wellbore-storage distortion, and thus provides a powerful tool to improve pressure transient test interpretation. The applicability of the method is demonstrated with a variety of synthetic and actual field cases for both oil and gas wells. A practical nonlinear regression technique for analysis of horizontal well testing is presented. This technique can provide accurate and reliable estimation of well-reservoir parameters if the downhole flow rate data are available. In the situation without flow rate measurement, reasonably reliable parameter estimation can be achieved by using the detected flow rate from blind deconvolution. It has the advantages of eliminating the need for estimation of the wellbore storage coefficient and providing reasonable estimates of effective wellbore length. This technique provides a practical tool for enhancement of horizontal well test interpretation, and its practical significance is illustrated by synthetic and actual field cases.

This research use three phase stage- Data Envelopment Analysis to examine six power transmit organizations of Taipower Company from 2002 to 2006 regarding the statistical data of Taipower Company. In phase one, using SBM-DEA method analyses the management efficiency and the amount of input and output variable. Second, using SFA regression analysis probe into the environmental variable influencing degree to each power transmit organizations of Taipower Company. In addition, it take account of the environmental effect and the random interference effect to improve input and output variable. Finally, by way of DEA and Malmguist productivity index, it can measure the relative effects and the productivity change situation between each power transmit organization. The model result shows that SBM-DEA can weigh input difference and total output difference at the same time, by the way of using ratio adjustment, it can determine the really administration efficiency of every power transmit organization. According to phase one analysis results, Only 7 DMUs efficiency value are 1, it is 23% of all the DMUs efficiency value and shows that still have very big improvement space. By the regression analysis of phase 2, we know that the environmental parameter will exert an huge influence on input and output difference, in which the most influence is total asserts rate for working capital, asserts value, accident times, circuit lose and power supply. After adjustment every DMUs, there are 20 efficiency values getting higher, with 5 efficiency values unchanged, with 5 efficiency values decreasing. The amount of getting higher efficiency value is approximately 67% all of the DMUs. After adjustment environmental parameter, there is above 73% change in rank, with 9 DMUs advancement in rank ,13 DMUs degeneracy in rank, and only 8 DMUs unchanged. It shows that 9 DMUs work in unwell environment before adjustment, and 13 DMUs work in well environment before adjustment. It also shows that each power transmit organization still exist difference in working environment. Although the whole power transmit system efficiency represent is no bad ,but it still has large improvement space. Furthermore, according to Malmquist model efficiency index analysis from 2002 to 2006 data of power transmit system show that the total productivity element in Taipei, Hsintou, Chinan and Kaoping power transmit organization are higher than 1, it can attributes to the increasing of technology ,and Taizhong, Huitung, power transmit organization are lesser than 1, it can attributes to the decreasing of technology efficiency.

This research use three phase stage- Data Envelopment Analysis to examine 49 police stations, 10 police precincts of Kaohsiung City Government Police Bureau(KCGPB) from 2003 to 2007 regarding the statistical data of KCGPB. In phase one, using SBM-DEA method analyses the management efficiency and the amount of input and output variable. In second phase, using SFA regression analyses to probe into the environmental variable influencing degree to each police station of KCGPB. In addition, it takes account of the environmental effect and the random interference effect to improve input and output variable. Finally, by way of DEA and Malmguist productivity index, it can measure the relative effects and the productivity change situations between each police station. The model result shows that SBM-DEA can weigh input difference and total output difference at the same time, by the way of using ratio adjustment, it can determine the really administration efficiency of every police station. According to phase one analysis results, 245 DMUs efficiency values are below 1, it is almost 100% of all the DMUs efficiency values and shows that still have very big improvement space. By the regression analysis of phase 2, we know that the environmental parameter will exert an huge influence on input and output difference, in which the most influence is the environmental parameters of violence crime on duty-costs, public services, and real-time solution of criminal cases. After adjustment every DMUs, there are 245 efficiency values getting higher. The amount of getting higher efficiency value is almost 100% of all the DMUs. After adjustment environmental parameter, about 96% change in rank, with 24 DMUs advancement in rank, 23 DMUs degeneracy in rank, and only 2 DMUs unchanged. It shows that 24 DMUs work in unwell environment before adjustment, and 23 DMUs work in well environment before adjustment. It also shows that each police station still exist difference in working environment. Although the whole efficiency of thw police stations represent is not bad, but it still has large improvement space. Furthermore, according to Malmquist model efficiency index analysis from 2003 to 2007 data of all police stations shows that the total productivity element in Sanming First Precinct, Sanming Second Precinct, Cianjhen Precinct, Gushan Precinct, Yancheng Precinct, Zuoying Precinct and Siaogang Precinct are higher than 1, it can attributes to the increasing of technology; Sinsing and Lingya Precincts are lesser than 1, it can attributes to the decreasing of technology efficiency.

Using a sample of 21 OECD-countries we measure productivity in top-edge economic research by using data envelopment analysis (DEA). DEA is a tool for evaluating relative efficiency and is widely used when there are multiple inputs and outputs and one lacks a specific functional form of a production function. The publications in 10 economics journals with the highest average impact factor over the time period 1980-1998 are taken as research output. Inputs are measured by R&D expenditures, number of universities with economics departments and (as uncontrolled variable) total population. Under constant returns-to-scale the USA are in dominant position with remarkable distance to other countries. Under variable returns-to-scale the efficiency frontier is created by the USA with most productive scale size (MPSS), and by Ireland and New Zealand, which are technical efficient but scale inefficient. All countries - except the USA - display increasing returns-to-scale, which shows that they have a possibility to improve their efficiency by scaling up their research activities. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The thesis deals with the issue of productivity and its measurement. It is divided into two parts. The first, methodological part describes the theoretical apparatus of total productivity, which the second, practical part is based on. It deals with analyzing of productivity in the enterprise EUROVIA-Kameňolomy s.r.o. The introductory chapters focuse on the introduction of a company and description of the industry in which the company operates. Other chapters are devoted to the calculations of total productivity, partial productivities of different factors of production and their year-to-year comparisons calculated by indexes.

Why do we observe such dramatic differences in labour productivity across countries in the macro data? This thesis argues that the growth empirics literature oversimplifies the complexity of the production process across countries and neglects data cross-section and time-series properties, leading to bias in the empirical estimates. Chapter 1 presents two general empirical frameworks for cross-country productivity analysis and demonstrates that they encompass the growth empirics literature of the past decades. We introduce our central argument of cross-country heterogeneity in the impact of observables and unobservables on output and develop this against the background of the pertinent time-series and cross-section properties of macro panel data. Chapter 2 uses data from 48 countries to estimate manufacturing production functions. We discuss standard and novel estimators, focusing on their treatment of parameter heterogeneity and data time-series and cross-section properties. We develop the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator and show its similarity to the Pesaran (2006) Common Correlated Effects (CCE) approach. Our results confirm parameter heterogeneity across countries in the impact of observable inputs on output. We check the robustness of this finding and highlight its implications for empirical measures of TFP. Chapter 3 investigates the heterogeneity of agricultural production technology using data for 128 countries. We develop an extension to the CCE estimators which allows us to suggest that TFP is structured such that countries with similar agro-climatic environment are influenced by the same unobserved factors. This finding offers a possible explanation for the failure of technology-transfer from advanced countries of the temperate 'North' to developing countries of the arid/equatorial 'South'. Our Monte Carlo simulations in Chapter 4 investigate the performance of the AMG, CCE and standard (micro-)panel estimators. Failure to account for cross-section dependence is shown to result in serious distortion of the empirical estimates. We highlight scenarios in which the AMG is biased and offer simple remedies.

Behovet av en bostad är ett grundläggande mänskligt behov. Detta behov kan tillgodoses på en rad möjliga sätt. Vi bor med olika upplåtelseformer som hyresrätt, bostadsrätt och äganderätt i olika typer av byggnader. För samhället är det viktigt att det finns tillräckligt med rätt byggnader på rätt plats.Men vad är det egentligen som påverkar vad det är för byggnad som står på en viss fastighet, och hur ser man om det finns potential för utveckling? Svaret ges genom studie av den bakomliggande teorin; en produktivitetsanalys bör utföras. En produktivitetsanalys beskriver en fastighets kapacitet att tillgodose mänskliga behov och ger ett resultat om hur lämplig en fastighet är för en viss typ av bebyggelse. Produktivitetsanalysen är en del av en marknadsanalys och utgör grunden för detta kandidatarbete. Genom en studie av relevant teori avseende marknadsanalys, produktivitetsanalys och bostadsutveckling beskrivs de ingående variablerna i det som påverkar slutgiltig markanvändning i detalj. Vidare studeras hur arbetssätten skiljer sig för större och mindre börsnoterade bostadsutvecklare. Hypoteser ställs upp angående deras respektive förhållningssätt till marknadsanalys.Som lite av en ’plot twist’ görs upptäckten att bostadsutvecklarna inte alls använder begreppet produktivitetsanalys. De har, vad resultatet visar, inte alls något strukturerat sätt att analysera fastighetens egenskaper på. Däremot analyseras de ingående egenskaperna i en produktivitetsanalys även i praktiken, inte bara på exakt samma sätt som i teorin. De större bostadsutvecklarna använder sig av mycket mer standardiserade lösningar än de mindre och utför trots detta, en djupare marknadsanalys. Detta resultat talar emot en av de inledande hypoteserna samt vad som kommuniceras från några av de mindre utvecklarna. / The need for a residence is a basic human need. This need can be met in a number of ways. We live in different types of buildings and they serve different residential needs. For society it’s important that there’s a mix of different types of residential products, in the right place.But what affects what type of residential building that ends up on a specific type of property, and how do you know if there’s a potential to develop the property further? The answer is given by studying the underlying theory; a productivity analysis should be conducted. A productivity analysis describes a property’s capacity to fulfill human needs and tells us how fit a property is for a certain type of use. The productivity analysis is part of a market analysis and constitutes the foundation of this thesis. By studying relevant theory about market analysis, productivity analysis and residential development the input variables, to what affects the use of a property, are identified. The study continues with a comparison between smaller and larger residential developers. Hypotheses are made about their different approaches to market analysis.Like a plot twist, a discovery is made that none of the developers use the term productivity analysis. The results show that they do not work in a structured way with the input variables in a productivity analysis. However, the input variables are analyzed, just not in the same way as in theory. The bigger developers use more standardized construction solutions than the smaller developers and, despite this, they conduct deeper and more thorough market analysis. This result contradicts one of the initial hypothesis and what is communicated by some of the smaller developers.

Financial analysis of selected company will be performed in my thesis. In the first part, theoretical bases will be introduced for practical use. Further, analysis of business environment – SLEPTE will be presented together with Porter's analysis and breakdown of internal business environment – 7S. Strenghts, weaknesses along with opportunities and threats for the company will be defined on the base of preceding analysis. In other words, SWOT analysis will be done. Financial analysis will be performed between years 2007 and 2011. Possible company's drawbacks will be solved in proposal part.