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Following a period of resurgence in academic interest in the subject over the last 30-40 years, white-collar crime has found greater prominence within criminology. Efforts over this period have however failed to produce a single satisfactory and agreed-upon definition, a consistent and coherent body of research, and a single theory which can account for all forms of white-collar crime. This thesis aims to address certain shortcomings in the current state of white-collar crime theory and understanding. Part 1) addresses the issues of both conceptual definition of white-collar crime and specific behaviours as proscribed within the Legislation. Part 2) examines current criminological theory and research on individual differences (arguably the biggest gap in current knowledge in the area of white-collar crime); it examines the origins and current state of offender profiling in crime prevention, before Part 3) presents original research on establishing offence-specific white-collar criminal profiles based on demographic, sociological, psychological, organisational and motivational factors. Part 4) examines why certain individuals may perpetrate certain crimes in certain situations, beginning with a review of those few white-collar crime specific theories that do exist, before reviewing traditional sociological theories and attempting to apply them to white-collar crime; finally in Part 5) a new conceptual framework for white-collar crime is presented, which is referred to as the theory of ‘Differential Assimilation’. I bring together each of these chapters and situate the thesis within current research and literature, summarising how it engages and contributes to the field of white-collar crime. I include suggestions for the practical application of certain white-collar crime prevention techniques within organisations.

What are the effects of profiling a minority group? I propose that being profiled lowers an individual's opinions of police as well as harms the police-community relationship. I analyze the results of a snowball sample consisting of qualitative interviews of six young African American males who think they have been racially profiled. The interviews were conducted in 2003 and 2004. A look at the process of racial profiling is included, and several explanations for law enforcement behavior emerged out of the interviews, including ideas of black criminality, acceptance, disrespect, and the presence of window tint. Furthermore, several significant effects emerged including a lowering of opinion on law enforcement, the detailing of a tension between citizens and police, and an analysis of respondent views on the quality of policing. The respondent beliefs about the importance of race and image symbols as well as neighborhood context as determinants of police attention also emerged. The results illustrate that there are several significant drawbacks to the practice of racially profiling young African American men.

A positive correlation between the flux of TCA cycle and productivity of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells has been reported. Earlier work in this laboratory revealed that supplementation with nutrients that enter the TCA cycle (combination of glucose (Glc), pyruvate (Py), aspartate (Asp), asparagine (Asn) and glutamate (Glu)) significantly increased maximum viable cell density and antibody production of recombinant CHO cells. Increased amounts of extracellular citrate was associated with feeding conditions. It was hypothesized that increased flux through the TCA cycle and related metabolism was linked to enhanced growth and/or productivity of CHO cells. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to clarify these relationships to provide routes to improve the efficiency of CHO cells by nutrient supplementation and metabolic engineering. The relationship between growth, antibody production and metabolite profiles of CHO-LB01 cells was examined in response to individual supplementation with Asn, Asp, Glu, Py and β-hydroxybutyrate (HB). Feeding HB significantly increased antibody titre while Asn feeding increased maximum cell density but led to earlier cell death. Both nutrients increased the amounts of TCA cycle intermediates and decreased the amounts of lactate, glycerol, sorbitol and amino acids. Moreover, oxygen consumption rate was increased in the presence of Asn or HB. This finding inferred that increased production of the TCA cycle intermediates in cells fed Asn or HB correlated with enhanced flux of the TCA cycle leading to enhanced oxidative metabolism. Combination of Asn or HB with Glc further improved cell growth, increased antibody titre and enhanced metabolic responses to feeds (TCA cycle intermediates). Based on these results, inhibition of sorbitol production using chemical reagent (EPBC) and siRNA designed against Akr1b1 and overexpression of malate dehydrogenase II (MDH II) were undertaken in order to increased flow of carbon atoms to TCA cycle and/or increased flux in the TCA cycle, respectively. Inhibition of sorbitol production was achieved in the presence of EBPC but there was no improvement of cell culture performance and accumulation of TCA cycle intermediates remained the same. CHO cells transfected with exogenous Mdh2 did not show improved cell culture performance. Whilst stable clones exhibited variable MDH II expression at protein level (and antibody titre), overexpression of exogenous MDH II could not be confirmed by Western blot. One CHO-MDH II clone showed greater antibody titre and exhibited similar metabolite profiling with cells fed Asn or HB. This contrasted to the majority of clones that were low producers. Comparison by RNA-Seq transcriptomic profiling of high- and low-producing CHO-MDH II clones showed that the majority of differentially expressed genes were genes related to cytoskeleton-related element and cell signaling pathways. Overall, these results confirmed the relationship between increased the amount of TCA cycle intermediates and increased antibody production. Increased amount of TCA cycle intermediates could result in increased the flow of TCA cycle lead to enhance energy and antibody production. In addition, this work represents the first study on addition of HB offers a simple effective strategy to increase antibody production.

This study used a quasi-experiment in order to evaluate the effect the SPOT-burglary profile on burglary arrest rates. A single police agency split into three different districts was used for the quasi-experiment. The SPOT-burglary profile was implemented in one district, while leaving the other two as control groups. The differences between the districts were controlled for using a statistical analysis. Burglary arrest rates were collected each month for all three districts for a period of one year before the implementation, and for six months after the implementation. Results show that the district who received the SPOT-burglary profile raised their burglary arrest rates by almost 75% in only 6 months, even after controlling for all relevant variables. This shows that the experimental intervention, the burglary profile, had a significant effect on the intended outcome- burglary arrest rates. The results of this study suggest that the SPOT-burglary profile may be able to provide law enforcement agencies with another tool to help increase burglary arrest rates in the future.

Ultracentrifugation and imaging techniques of human blood serum are precise and information-rich methods for obtaining information about an individual’s lipoprotein particle content. The information derived from lipoprotein separations via an ultracentrifuge plays a key role in the area of preventative medicine in regards to atherosclerosis. Two of the most critical lipoprotein characteristics, diameter and density, are well preserved with the proper isopycnic gradient. Currently, lipoprotein particles are stained, ultracentrifuged, and profiled through image analysis. This particular technique is helpful in determining particle density and can be correlated loosely with particle concentration. The need to completely quantify lipoprotein concentrations is imperative in assessing risk factors accurately. Light scattering techniques, primarily Rayleigh scattering, are applied to density separated serum samples in resulting in improved qualitative data with progress in quantitative measurements through imaging alone. The Rayleigh theory dictates that a particle’s scattered intensity is based upon the incident intensity, the particle’s diameter, and the particle’s concentration when strict criteria are met within the sample and imaging apparatus. Applying this innovative imaging technique of Rayleigh scattering to ultracentrifuge tubes containing separated lipoproteins, particle concentrations at differing diameters can be calculated. This thesis primarily goes through the time consuming task of optimizing the innovative Rayleigh scattering system so that correct quantitative estimations can be performed. Constrained by Rayleigh theory and system limitations, lipoproteins of 15 nm to 35 nm are focused upon. By doing so, previously disguised data in regards to lipoprotein subclasses is exposed. Lipoprotein diameters are estimated from Rayleigh imaged serum profiles and the estimations are confirmed through secondary size analysis achieved by dynamic light scattering instrumentation. In addition to Rayleigh optimization, a strategy for quantifying the ultracentrifuged lipoprotein particles using the recently applied scattering technique is explained in detail providing a foundation for further research. In regards to all feasibility studies presented within this thesis, much success was achieved in furthering quantitation efforts in lipoprotein density profiling.