Milling is a commonly used machining process where a rotating cutter removes material from the workpiece. In recent years, attention has been turned towards so called dynamic milling methods which differ from the conventional way of milling. Dynamic milling normally uses, as opposed to the conventional way, more of the axial cutting edge, smaller radial depth of cut, significantly higher cutting speed and feed per tooth. The method has demonstrated potential to save both time and money under specific circumstances, for manufacturing companies.This thesis was conducted at ISCAR Sverige AB in Uppsala, Sweden. ISCAR Metalworking is a full service supplier of carbide cutting tools. The objective is to establish if there are benefits with dynamic milling methods with regard to material removal rate and lifetime of the tool by experimentally investigating and comparing tool wear that occur with conventional- and dynamic milling methods in hardened steels. Tools used were ISCAR’s MULTI-MASTER end mills, MM A and MM B, and the hardened steels were Hardox 600 and Dievar. Analysis was performed by using a USB-microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a Wyko-profilometer. The results of this study show that dynamic milling parameters can give several benefits regarding tool life and material removal rate. When machining in Hardox 600 and Dievar, both end mills were able to achieve a higher material removal rate and lifetime with dynamic parameters compared to more conventional ones. MM A outperformed MM B in Dievar, but the results were reversed in Hardox, MM B performed better. Results from the profilometry analysis showed that in Dievar, the dynamic parameters generated a smoother surface while the surface results from Hardox were more equivocal. The main conclusion was that milling with dynamic parameters is generally more advantageous and should be utilised, if possible.

The growing interest in the industrialization of construction process; promotes opportunities for automation. Automation brings improvement in quality and productivity, while reducing worker’s exposure to hazardous work environments. The integration of robotics in interior finishing works, such as sanding and painting of drywalls is a relatively new concept. Progressing to a stage where fully autonomous robots are used for interior finishing works requires intermediate steps; namely surface profiling. This thesis describes a theoretical concept of shadow profilometery to profile the surface of an installed drywall. A shadow was cast over the area under consideration, and the shadow profile was captured as a 2D image by a camera. Digital image processing techniques were utilized for identifying regions that deviate from a flat surface. The methodology discussed in this research, was tested on a virtual system, and the results were found to be encouraging. / Construction Engineering and Management

This thesis deals with the development of the user interface for the application of the method Phase shifting profilometry. First deals with the theoretical approach of this method, and describes the process of image segmentation and data processing using morphological operations. In the practical part of the user interface is designed for acquiring and processing data received in Matlab.

A series of sol-gel based photopolymerizable silica glass for holographic storage have been synthesized via a facile chemical design in an effort to overcome the cracking problem incurred during the irradiation stage. The holographic composite material includes a low molecular weight polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with end-capped hydroxyl groups, an epoxide-containing coupling agent, a photopolymerizable acrylate monomer, and the sol-gel-derived silica matrix. Inclusion of PDMS provides improved compression stress and strain and toughness over the original unmodified samples, without deterioration on the diffraction efficiency (£b). A plateau value of £b ~ 40 % can be found under a beam power of 5.02 mW. Correlation between the molecular weight of acrylate polymer and £b of the holographic composite material is described and the discrepancies analyzed. The premature saturation of polymerization in the holographic system is attributed to the retarded free radical polymerization within the silica matrix. Minor variation of £b with photoinitiator concentration is observed, indicating that only moderate molecular weight is required for a reasonably high £b. The crack-free mechanism is based on the chemical and physical interactions within the material system. We also investigated the pore size and volume effect for optical properties, especially in studies of diffraction efficiency. With mixing rubber additives, the pore characteristics change via measurement of BET technique. The results indicated that moderate pore size made high diffraction efficiency for porous matrix and some characterizations also were presented. On the other hand, the optical application of this recording medium was described via 3D projected fringes profilometry (PFP) measurement. We recorded coded pattern on medium by employing fiber devices as light source. Using endoscope as image-derived tool, we get double-projected fringe images on tiny object. By PFP technique, a performed retrieved image can be achieved.

A novel technique using projected fringe profilometry with pulsed illuminations for finding the absolute shape of a dynamic object, which is vibrating with high frequency, is proposed. The proposed method can accurately describe the observed 3D shape at a sequence of time. Even though the tested object vibrates up to 10K-Hz, the proposed method can accurately describe the observed 3D shape at any specific time. Depth accuracy better than one part in ten thousandths of the field of view can be achieved even with excessive image noises. Furthermore, the light source is temporally incoherent and spatially coherent, providing a speckle-free and a large depth-of-focus illumination. Thus, a highly accurate, non-scanning projected fringe profilometer with large depth measuring range for dynamic measurements can be realized.

No description available.

Abrasive blasting is a common process for cleaning or roughening the surface of a material prior to the application of a coating. Although the process has been in practice for over 100 years, the lack of a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions that exist with the process can still yield an inferior surface quality. Subsequently, parts can be rejected at one of many stages of the manufacturing process and/or fail unexpectedly upon deployment. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of selected input parameters on the characteristics of the blasted surface characteristics so that a more useful control strategy can be implemented. To characterize surface roughness, mechanical profilometry was used to collect average roughness parameter, Ra. Decreasing blast distance from 6” to 4” gave ΔRa = +0.22 µm and from 8” to 6” gave ΔRa = +0.22 µm. Increasing blast pressure from 42 psi to 60 psi decreased the Ra by 0.33 µm. Media pulsation reduced Ra by 0.56 µm and the use of new media reduced Ra by 0.47 µm. Although blasting under the same conditions and operator on different days led to ΔRa due to shorter blast times, there was no statistically significant variance in Ra attributed to blasting on different days. Conversely, a ΔRa = +0.46 µm was observed upon blasting samples with different cabinets. No significant ΔRa was found when switching between straight and Venturi nozzles or when using different operators. Furthermore, the feasibility of fiber optic sensing technologies was investigated as potential tools to provide real time feedback to the blast machine operator in terms of substrate temperature. Decreasing the blast distance from 6” to 4” led to ΔT = +9.2 °C, while decreasing the blast angle to 45° gave ΔT= -11.6 °C for 304 stainless steel substrates. Furthermore, increasing the blast pressure from 40 psi to 50 psi gave ΔT= +15.3 °C and changing from 50 psi to 60 psi gave ΔT= +9.9 °C. The blast distance change from 8” to 6” resulted in ΔT = +9.8 °C in thin stainless steel substrate temperature. The effects of substrate thickness or shape were evaluated, giving ΔT= +7.4 °C at 8” distance, ΔT= +20.2 °C at 60 psi pressure, and ΔT= -15.2 °C at 45° blasting when comparing thin stainless steel against 304 stainless steel (thick) temperatures. No significant ΔT in means was found when going from 6” to 8” distance on 304 stainless steel, 40 psi and 60 psi blasting of thin SS, as well as angled and perpendicular blasting of thin SS. Comparing thick 304 and thin stainless steel substrates at a 6” blast distance gave no significant ΔT. / Master of Science

Phase measuring Profilometry (PMP) is an important technique used in 3D data acquisition. Many variations of the PMP technique exist in the research world. The technique involves projecting phase shifted versions of sinusoidal patterns with known frequency. The 3D information is obtained from the amount of phase deviation that the target object introduces in the captured patterns. Using patterns based on single frequency result in projecting a large number of patterns necessary to achieve minimal reconstruction errors. By using more than one frequency, that is multi-frequency, the error is reduced with the same number of total patterns projected as in the single frequency case. The first major goal of our research work is to minimize the error in 3D reconstruction for a given scan time using multiple frequency sine wave patterns. A mathematical model to estimate the optimal frequency values and the number of phase shift patterns based on stochastic analysis is given. Experiments are conducted by implementing the mathematical model to estimate the optimal frequencies and the number of patterns projected for each frequency level used. The reduction in 3D reconstruction errors and the quality of the 3D data obtained shows the validity of the proposed mathematical model. The second major goal of our research work is the implementation of a post-processing algorithm based on stereo correspondence matching adapted to structured light illumination. Composite pattern is created by combining multiple phase shift patterns and using principles from communication theory. Composite pattern is a novel technique for obtaining real time 3D depth information. The depth obtained by the demodulation of captured composite patterns is generally noisy compared to the multi-pattern approach. In order to obtain realistic 3D depth information, we propose a post-processing algorithm based on dynamic programming. Two different communication theory principles namely, Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) are used to create the composite patterns. As a result of this research work, we developed a series of low-cost structured light scanners based on the multi-frequency PMP technique and tested them for their accuracy in different 3D applications. Three such scanners with different camera systems have been delivered to Toyota for vehicle assembly line inspection. All the scanners use off the shelf components. Two more scanners namely, the single fingerprint and the palmprint scanner developed as part of the Department of Homeland Security grant are in prototype and testing stages.

Este estudo, composto por 2 experimentos in situ, teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do laser de Er:YAG no controle da progressão de lesões de erosão e abrasão no esmalte dental. Incisivos bovinos foram seccionados (5x3x2,5mm), planificados e polidos. Os fragmentos de esmalte (KHN=330±10%) tiveram parte da superfície coberta com resina composta (área de referência), e posteriormente foram submetidos à formação de lesões erosivas com ácido cítrico 1% (pH = 2,3), 5 minutos, 2x/dia, durante 2 dias. No primeiro experimento, 56 espécimes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o tratamento de superfície: irradiados com laser de Er:YAG (5,2J/cm2, 2Hz, 85mJ, 10s) e não irradiados, e subdivididos de acordo com o tipo de desgaste: erosivos (ácido cítrico) e não erosivos (água deionizada). A realização dos desafios foi realizada através da imersão dos dispositivos em 100mL de ácido cítrico ou água deionizada, 3x/dia, de maneira alternada e independente. O desgaste do esmalte foi determinado por um perfilômetro óptico 3D após: formação inicial da lesão erosiva, tratamento da superfície e fase intraoral. A avaliação de desgaste foi verificada por meio de três leituras de cada área em relação a área de referência. Os dados foram analizados através da análise de variância (ANOVA) e do teste Tukey. No primeiro experimento quando utilizou-se água deionizada (desafios não erosivos) na fase intraoral, os espécimes apresentaram menores valores de desgaste comparados aos grupos que foram erodidos, independentemente de terem sido irradiados ou não com laser de Er:YAG. No entanto, quando erodidos na fase intraoral, o grupo irradiado com laser de Er:YAG não diferiu do grupo não irradiado. O desgaste do esmalte foi avaliado qualitativamente por microscopia eletrônica de varredura em 3 espécimes de cada grupo. No segundo experimento, 48 espécimes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o tratamento de superfície: irradiados com laser de Er:YAG (5,2 J/cm2, 2Hz, 85mJ, 10s) e não irradiados, e subdivididos de acordo com o tipo de desgaste: erosivos (ácido cítrico) e erosivos associado a abrasão (ácido cítrico e escovação). A realização dos desafios, foi realizada através da imersão dos dispositivos em 100mL de ácido cítrico e imersão em ácido cítrico+escovação, de cada um dos lados do dispositivo, 3x/dia. A análises de perfilometria e microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram realizadas como descritas nos procedimentos do primeiro experimento. Os dados obtidos no segundo experimento foram submetidos à análise estatística de forma separada e independente do primeiro experimento, utilizando o teste Kruskal- Wallis e o teste Mann-Whitney. Os resultados deste segundo experimento mostraram que após os desafios erosivos e abrasivos, o grupo que foi irradiado com laser de Er:YAG apresentou menores valores de desgaste quando comparados com o grupo que não foi irradiado. O grupo que sofreu apenas erosão e foi irradiado com laser de Er:YAG não diferiu significativamente quanto aos valores de desgaste do grupo não irradiado. Assim, pode-se concluir que o laser de Er:YAG não controlou o desgaste do esmalte quando submetidos apenas a desafios erosivos, porém, foi capaz de controlar o desgaste do esmalte quando submetidos a processos abrasivos subsequentes. / This study, composed of two in situ experiment, evaluated the effect of Er:YAG laser irradiation to control the progression of erosive and abrasive lesions on enamel. Bovine incisors were sectioned (5x3x2.5mm), flattened and polished. The enamel slabs (KHN = 330 ± 10%) with one fourth of the surface covered with resin composite (reference area) were submitted to initial erosion-like lesion formation with 1% citric acid (pH 2,3), 5 min, 2x/day for 2 days. In the first experiment, 56 slabs were divided into two groups according to the surface treatment: irradiated with Er:YAG laser (5,2 J / cm2, 2 Hz, 85 mJ, 10 s) and non-irradiated, and subdivided according to the type of wear: erosive (citric acid) and non-erosive (deionized water). The challenges were performed by immersing the devices in 100 mL citric acid or deionized water, 3x/day, randomly and independently. Enamel loss was determined by an optical 3D profilometer after: initial erosion, surface treatment and intraoral phase. The average of structure loss was verified by three readings of each experimental area comparing with reference area. Data was analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukeys test. In the first experiment, when used deionized water (non-erosive challenges) in intraoral phase, the specimens showed lower values of wear compared with the groups that were eroded with citric acid, whether irradiated or non-irradiated with Er:YAG laser. When erosion with citric acid was performed, Er:YAG laser didnt differ from non-irradiated group. The enamel wear was assessed qualitatively by scanning electron microscopy in 3 specimens of each group. In the second experiment, 48 slabs were divided into two groups according to the surface treatment: irradiated with Er:YAG laser (5,2 J/cm2, 2 Hz, 85 mJ, 10 s) and nonirradiated and subdivided according to the type of wear: erosive (citric acid) and erosive associated with abrasive (citric acid + brushing). The challenges were performed by immersing the devices in 100 mL citric acid and citric acid+brushing on each side of the device. The profilometry and scanning electronic microscopy analysis were performed as described in the procedures of the first experiment. The data from the second study were statistically analyzed separately and independently of the first experiment, using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test.The results of the second experiment showed that after erosive and abrasive challenges, the group irradiated with Er:YAG laser showed lower structure loss than nonirradiated group. The group that suffered erosion and was irradiated, did not differ significantly from the non-irradiated group. Thus, it can be concluded the Er:YAG laser irradiation didnt control the enamel loss when submitted to erosive challenges, however, was able to control the enamel loss when submitted to abrasive challenges.

Este estudo in vitro teve como objetivo avaliar a quantidade de perda de tecido dental após ciclos de erosão e abrasão com diferentes cremes dentais contendo ingredientes ativos para o tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária. Para tanto, quarenta amostras de dentina radicular (4x4x1,5 mm) foram confeccionadas a partir de terceiros molares humanos hígidos. Estes foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (n=10): 1-controle negativo com água destilada, 2-controle positivo com Colgate Total 12, 3-Colgate Pró-Alivio e 4-Sensodyne Repair and Protect. Para o modelo de ciclagem erosiva foi utilizado o refrigerante Coca-Cola® por 5 minutos (4x/dia) a 37?C; e para a ciclagem abrasiva os espécimes foram submetidos a ciclos diários de escovação (2x/dia) com escova elétrica com pressão padronizada (15s). Os espécimes foram avaliados em Perfilometria óptica (n=10) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura Ambiental (n=3) em duas fases distintas. Os dados de ambas as fases foram submetidos à análise estatística. Para a avaliação por perfilometria, a análise de variância ANOVA dois fatores para medidas repetidas mostrou que em todos os tratamentos a superfície dentinária foi afetada com o passar do tempo, havendo progressão da perda dentinária. Porém, não houve diferença estatística para cada tratamento realizado (p<0,05). Para avaliação em MEV, análises qualitativas e quantitativas foram realizadas. Para análise quantitativa, o teste Friedman demonstrou que os examinadores estavam calibrados. A análise de variância ANOVA mostrou que o Sensodyne Repair and Protect foi o creme dental mais eficaz na obliteração dos túbulos dentinários. Conclui-se que o desafio abrasivo combinado ao efeito erosivo apresenta-se como um potencial causador de lesões não cariosas e que os cremes dentais que contém dessensibilizantes apresentam comportamentos similares em termos de perda de substrato dentinário, quando comparados aos grupos controle, entretanto, mostram-se mais favoráveis para a oclusão tubular. / This in vitro study had the main objective to evaluate the amount of dental tissue loss after erosion and abrasion cycles with different toothpastes with active ingredients for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. Forty samples of root dentin (4x4x1.5 mm) were prepared from human third molars and randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10): 1-negative control- distilled water, 2- positive control - Colgate Total 12, 3- Colgate Pro-Relief and 4- Sensodyne Repair and Protect. For the erosion model it was used Coca-Cola® for 5 minutes (4x/day). For the abrasion model, specimens were subjected to daily brushing cycles (2x/day) with electric toothbrush with standard pressure (15s). Specimens were evaluated in Optical Profilometry (n=10) and Electron Microscopy Environmental Scan (n=3) in two distinct phases. Data from both phases were analyzed statistically. For evaluation by profilometer examination, analysis of variance for repeated measures ANOVA showed that all treatments were affected in the course of time, with progression of dentin loss. However, there was no statistical difference among treatments (p <0.05). For SEM evaluation, qualitative and quantitative analyzes were performed. For quantitative analysis, Friedman test showed that the examiners were calibrated. The ANOVA showed that Sensodyne Repair and Protect was more effective in tubules obliteration. It can be concluded that the abrasive challenge combined with the erosive effect is presented as a potential cause of non-carious lesions and toothpastes containing desensitizing agents have similar behavior in terms of loss of dentin when compared to control groups. However, it showed more favorable results to tubular occlusion.