Despite intense research efforts, the repair of large bone defects is still not satisfactory and remains a major challenge in Orthopaedic Surgery. In this context bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising strategy. However, one of the fundamental principles underlying tissue engineering approaches is that newly formed tissue must maintain sufficient vascularization to support its growth. Thus an active blood vessel network is an essential pre-requisite for scaffold constructs to integrate within existing host tissue. Currently, great efforts are made to address this problem employing transplantation of vascular cells and loading of appropriate biological factors. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are a heterogeneous subpopulation of bone marrow mononuclear progenitor cells with potential for differentiation to the endothelial lineage and thus vasculogenic capacity. However, clinical studies reported that with the increase of age, increased susceptibility to apoptosis and accelerated senescence may contribute to the numerical and functional impairments observed in EPCs, which may lead to a reduced angiogenic capacity and an increased risk of vascular disease. Hence attention has increasingly been paid to enhance mobilization and differentiation of EPCs for therapeutic purposes. A large body of evidence indicates that in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) a plethora of herbs and herbal extracts are effective in the treatment of vascular diseases such as chronic wounds, diabetic retinopathy and rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, it seems rational to explore these medicinal plants as potential sources of novel angiomodulatory factors. In this thesis we demonstrated that treatment with TCM herbal extracts promote cell growth, cell migration, cell-matrix and capillary-like tube formation of BM-EPCs. Among these TCM extracts, Salidroside (SAL) and Icariin (ICAR) incubation increased VEGF and nitric oxide secretion, which in turn mediated the enhancement of angiogenic differentiation of BM-EPCs. A mechanic evaluation provided evidence that SAL stimulates the phosphorylation of Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K), as well as phosphorylated ERK1/2, which is associated with the cell migration and tube formation. Furthermore, a pilot in vivo study showed that SAL has the potential to enhance bone formation in a murine femoral critical-size bone defects model. Another new finding of the present study is that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cytotoxicity is counteracted by TCM extracts. We found that SAL, Salvianolic acid B (SalB) and ICAR significantly abrogated H2O2-induced cell apoptosis, reduced the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH) expression, and restored the mitochondrial membrane potential of BM-EPCs. Our data suggest that this protective effect of SalB is mediated by the activation of mTOR, p70S6K, 4EBP1, and by the suppression of MKK3/6-p38 MAPK-ATF2 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways after H2O2 stress. In addition, the investigation also demonstrates that ICAR owns the ability to inhibit apoptotic and autophagic programmed cell death via restoring the loss of mTOR and attenuation of ATF2 activity upon oxidative stress. Based on the outcomes of the present work, we propose SAL, SalB and ICAR as novel proanigiogenic and cytoprotective therapeutic agents with potential applications in the fields of systemic and site-specific tissue regeneration including ischaemic disease and extended musculoskeletal tissue defects.

There is convincing evidence in vivo that the vascular homing of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contributes to rapid endothelial regeneration, which could prevent thrombosis and restenosis of cardiovascular devices. To enhance the EPC homing on cardiovascular devices, immobilization of an EPC capture agent (e.g. an anti-CD34 antibody) on the surface of cardiovascular devices is critical. We describe a way of immobilizing anti-CD34 Ab on 316L Stainless Steel (316L SS). For this, surface modification of 316L SS was performed via self-polymerization of dopamine (DA) and covalent grafting of staphylococcal protein A (SPA). On this coating the anti-CD34 Abs were oriented immobilized through their Fc constant region with SPA. In this process, the results of quartz crystal microbalance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle studies indicate that DA, SPA and anti-CD34 Ab were successfully immobilized onto the surface step by step. In vitro blood-compatibility tests confirmed that the modified surface induced less pro-coagulant fibrinogen denaturation, less platelet adhesion and lower activation of the adherent platelets. The affinity of EPCs for the modified surface has been demonstrated under flow conditions. This study provides potential applications for cardiovascular implant materials.

No description available.

Efficient immobilization of the antibody to the substrate is of crucial importance in the development of anti-CD34-based endothelial progenitor cells capturing cardiovascular devices. This should go along with precise control of the antibody orientation by appropriate immobilization technology for retaining antibody activity, like in immunosensors. Recently, great attention was paid to immobilization of anti-CD34 antibody onto substrates by covalent binding, but at random orientation. Here, to investigate the biological effect of antibody orientation, we have prepared two kinds of anti-CD34 antibody coated surfaces, with random immobilization and oriented immobilization. The immunological binding activity (IBA) of the antibody at oriented immobilization was 3.48 times higher than at random immobilization, indicating that the two different surfaces were successfully prepared. The endothelial progenitor cell-capturing capability of oriented antibody-immobilized surface was 1.35 and 1.64 times higher than for the random immobilized surface after seeding for 2 and 12 h under flow condition, respectively. The endothelial progenitor cell-capturing efficiency per antibody by oriented immobilization was 5.16 and 6.26 times higher than for the random after seeding for 2 and 12 h under flow condition, respectively. In addition, the oriented antibody-immobilized surface possessed better blood-compatibility. These results clearly revealed the significance of antibody orientation which could retain its biological effect and may revolutionize the antibody-immobilization protocols used in cardiovascular and other bloodcontacting biomedical devices.

Disruptions in cardiac development cause congenital heart disease, the most prevalent and deadly congenital malformation. Genetic and environmental factors are thought to contribute to these defects, however molecular mechanisms remain largely undefined. Recent work highlighted potential roles of chromatin- modifying enzymes in congenital heart disease pathogenesis. Histone deacetylases, a class of chromatin-modifying enzymes, have developmental importance and recognized roles in the mature heart. This thesis aimed to characterize functions of Hdac3 in cardiac development. We found loss of Hdac3 in the primary heart field causes precocious progenitor cell differentiation, resulting in hypoplastic ventricular walls, ventricular septal defect, and mid- gestational lethality. In primary heart field progenitors, Hdac3 interacts with, deacetylates, and functionally suppresses transcription factor Tbx5. Furthermore, a disease-associated Tbx5 mutation disrupts this interaction, rendering Tbx5 hyperacetylated and hyperactive. By contrast, deletion of Hdac3 in second heart field progenitors bypasses these defects, instead causing malformations in the outflow tract and semilunar valves, with lethality prior to birth. Affected semilunar valves and outflow tract vessels exhibit extracellular matrix and EndMT defects and activation of the Tgfβ1 signaling pathway. In normal second heart field development, Hdac3 represses Tgfβ1 transcription, independent of its deacetylase activity, by recruiting the PRC2 methyltransferase complex to methylate the Tgfβ1 promoter. Importantly, knockouts of Hdac3 in differentiated cardiac cells do not fully recapitulate the progenitor-specific knockout phenotypes. These results illustrate spatiotemporal roles of Hdac3, both deacetylase-dependent and deacetylase-independent, in cardiac development, suggesting that dysregulation of Hdac3 in cardiac progenitor cells could be a contributing factor in congenital heart disease pathogenesis.

Lors du diagnostic de cancer colorectal, près d’un quart des patients ont des métastases hépatiques dites synchrones. Lorsque la tumeur primitive est asymptomatique, la stratégie chirurgicale (chirurgie première de la tumeur primitive versus chirurgie première des métastases hépatiques) reste débattue. Les recommandations actuelles ne reposent que sur des accords d’experts qui elles-mêmes sont basées sur des études cliniques rétrospectives. L’étude du microenvironnement tumoral a pris ces dernières années une place majeure dans la recherche sur le cancer. Elle a permis de changer de paradigme avec une nouvelle conception du processus métastatique : une tumeur primitive peut agir sur le microenvironnement du futur site métastatique pour créer une "niche pré-métastatique". Cette niche pré-métastatique permettrait secondairement la croissance des cellules tumorales via une angiogénèse tumorale et la formation de métastases. Par une triple approche à la fois fondamentale, translationnelle et clinique, nous avons obtenu des données qui suggèrent qu’une chirurgie première de la tumeur colique ou rectale permet de moduler l’angiogénèse au sein du microenvironnement hépatique. Cette stratégie chirurgicale permettrait également d’améliorer le pronostic oncologique des malades et l’efficacité des anti-angiogéniques. / At the time of the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, nearly 25% of patients have synchronous liver metastases. When this tumor is asymptomatic, the question of surgical strategy (primary tumor first versus liver-first strategy) remains debated. Current recommendations are based on agreements of experts which are by themselves based on retrospective clinical studies. The study of the tumor microenvironment has taken in recent years a major place in the field of cancer research. It leads to new paradigm with a new conception of the metastatic process. It may be possible that the microenvironment of the metastatic sites can be modulated by the primary tumor to promote the formation of the pre-“metastatic niche”. This leads to promote the growth of cancer cells and increase the metastatic potential of primary tumor. By a multidisciplinary research including fundamental, translational and clinical approaches, we have shown that primary tumor first strategy could modulate tumor angiogenesis and liver metastatic process. It is associated with improved survival of patients and efficacy of the anti-angiogenic therapy.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / A hierarchy of endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) with different levels of proliferative potential has been identified in human circulating blood and blood vessels. High proliferative potential ECFCs (HPP-ECFCs) display properties (robust proliferative potential in vitro and vessel-forming ability in vivo) consistent with stem/progenitor cells for the endothelial lineage. Corneal endothelial cells (CECs) are different from circulating and resident vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Whereas systemic vascular endothelium slowly proliferates throughout life, CECs fail to proliferate in situ and merely expand in size to accommodate areas of CEC loss due to injury or senescence. However, we have identified an entire hierarchy of ECFC resident in bovine CECs. Thus, this study provides a new conceptual framework for defining corneal endothelial progenitor cell potential. The identification of persistent corneal HPP-ECFCs in adult subjects might contribute to regenerative medicine in corneal transplantation. While human cord blood derived ECFCs are able to form vessels in vivo, it is unknown whether they are committed to an arterial or venous fate. We have demonstrated that human cord blood derived ECFCs heterogeneously express gene transcripts normally restricted to arterial or venous endothelium. They can be induced to display an arterial gene expression pattern after vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) or Notch ligand Dll1 (Delta1ext-IgG) stimulation in vitro. However, the in vitro Dll1 primed ECFCs fail to display significant skewing toward arterial EC phenotype and function in vivo upon implantation, suggesting that in vitro priming is not sufficient for in vivo specification. Future studies will determine whether ECFCs are amenable to specification in vivo by altering the properties of the implantation microenvironment. There is emerging evidence suggesting that the concentration of circulating ECFCs is closely related to the adverse progression of cardiovascular disorders. In a pig model of acute myocardial ischemia (AMI), we have demonstrated that AMI rapidly mobilizes ECFCs into the circulation, with a significant shift toward HPP-ECFCs. The exact role of the mobilized HPP-ECFCs in homing and participation in repair of the ischemic tissue remains unknown. In summary, these studies contribute to an improved understanding of ECFCs and suggest several possible therapeutic applications of ECFCs.

The principle of trained immunity represents innate immune memory due to sustained, mainly epigenetic, changes triggered by endogenous or exogenous stimuli in bone marrow (BM) progenitors (central trained immunity) and their innate immune cell progeny, thereby triggering elevated responsiveness against secondary stimuli. BM progenitors can respond to microbial and sterile signals, thereby possibly acquiring trained immunity-mediated long-lasting alterations that may shape the fate and function of their progeny, for example, neutrophils. Neutrophils, the most abundant innate immune cell population, are produced in the BM from committed progenitor cells in a process designated granulopoiesis. Neutrophils are the first responders against infectious or inflammatory challenges and have versatile functions in immunity. Together with other innate immune cells, neutrophils are effectors of peripheral trained immunity. However, given the short lifetime of neutrophils, their ability to acquire immunological memory may lie in the central training of their BM progenitors resulting in generation of reprogrammed, that is, “trained”, neutrophils. Although trained immunity may have beneficial effects in infection or cancer, it may also mediate detrimental outcomes in chronic inflammation. Here, we review the emerging research area of trained immunity with a particular emphasis on the role of neutrophils and granulopoiesis.

[ES] La resistencia a la insulina se define como un aumento en la cantidad de insulina necesaria para conseguir la homeostasis de glucosa. Una de las complicaciones más comunes de la resistencia a la insulina es el defecto en la reparación de herida. El sustrato 2 del receptor de la insulina (IRS2) es un mediador clave para la señalización de insulina en hígado que actúa de puente entre los receptores de la insulina y del factor de crecimiento insulínico (IGF-1) y sus cascadas de señalización. Tanto la resistencia a la insulina como cambios en los niveles de expresión de IRS2 han sido asociados con el desarrollo y la progresión de enfermedades hepáticas graves. El daño hepático crónico generado por algunos factores derivados de la resistencia a la insulina ha sido establecido como determinante en la patofisiología de las enfermedades hepáticas. Sin embargo, sigue siendo una incógnita cómo el daño hepático generado por la resistencia a la insulina escapa de la extraordinaria capacidad de regeneración del hígado. Durante el daño hepático crónico, la reparación epitelial está mediada por las células progenitoras hepáticas (CPH) que se expanden y diferencian hasta hepatocitos o células biliares rodeadas de un nicho estromal formado por un conjunto de células estrelladas hepáticas (CEH), células inflamatorias, componentes de la matriz extracelular (ECM) y factores de crecimiento. El factor de crecimiento de fibroblastos 7 (FGF7), expresado por las CEH, resulta crítico para la respuesta de las CPH y para la regeneración hepática. Durante el daño hepático crónico las CEH se activan transdiferenciandose desde células quiescentes a células fibrogénicas (CEHa) denominadas miofibroblastos que depositan ECM para reemplazar el tejido dañado. Para alcanzar una correcta regeneración hepática se requiere la resolución de la activación ("reversión fibrogénica") de las CEH. Empleando el modelo de ratón Irs2-/- durante el daño hepático crónico con la dieta DDC 0.1% y los modelos in vitro humanos de CPH (HepaRG) y de CEH (CEH primarias y la línea celular LX-2), los resultados de este trabajo demuestran que la señalización de insulina-IRS2 es necesaria para la epitelización dirigida por la comunicación paracrina a través de FGF7 en el nicho de CPH. Por un lado, IRS2 es necesario en la población de CEH para permitir su supervivencia durante la reversión fibrogénica, un proceso que según nuestros resultados induce un aumento en la expresión de FGF7. Nuestros datos descubren un potencial mecanismo de regulación mediante el que IRS2 induce la expresión de FGF7 en CEH a través de la remodelación en la ECM mediada por NRF2 y el integrante de la ECM SERPINE1 durante las etapas tempranas de la reversión fibrogénica. El eje NRF2-SERPINE1 ha sido descrito anteriormente en fibroblastos de piel como esencial para la reepitelización de herida. NRF2 es el principal factor de transcripción de respuesta frente al estrés oxidativo (ruta canónica). En hepatocitos, la activación de NRF2 también puede inducirse a través de una ruta no canónica mediada por la proteína cargo de la autofagia P62. A pesar de que nuestros datos descubren a P62 como capaz de inducir la actividad de NRF2 en CPH, también demuestran que IRS2 activa a NRF2 en CPH y en CEH de manera independiente a la ruta no canónica mediada por P62. Por otro lado, demostramos que la señalización de insulina-IRS2, por promover la producción de FGF7, permite un novedoso bucle de inducción positiva mediante el que la respuesta a FGF7 en CPH promueve la expresión de su receptor, FGFR2b, favoreciendo su propia sensibilidad y sosteniendo la reparación epitelial. Futuras estrategias para potenciar en hígado la actividad de NRF2 y la señalización de FGF7 podrían servir para mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes con resistencia a la insulina, diabetes o enfermedad metabólica por promover la reparación epitelial en hígado y reducir su riesgo de desarrollar patologías hepáticas graves con elevada tasa de mortalidad. / [CAT] La resistència a la insulina es defineix com un augment en la quantitat d'insulina necessària per a aconseguir l'homeòstasi de glucosa. Una de les complicacions més freqüents de la resistència a la insulina és el defecte en la reparació de ferida. El substrat 2 del receptor de la insulina (IRS2) és un mediador clau per a la senyalització d'insulina en fetge que actua de pont entre els receptors de la insulina i del factor de creixement insulínic (IGF-1) i les seues cascades de senyalització. Tant la resistència a la insulina com els canvis en els nivells d'expressió d'IRS2 han sigut associats amb el desenvolupament i la progressió de malalties hepàtiques greus. El mal hepàtic crònic generat per alguns factors derivats de la resistència a la insulina s'ha establert com a determinant en la patofisiologia de les malalties hepàtiques. No obstant això, els motius pels quals el mal hepàtic generat per la resistència a la insulina escapa a l'extraordinària capacitat de regeneració del fetge són encara una incògnita. Durant el mal crònic, la reparació epitelial està mediada per les cèl·lules progenitores hepàtiques (CPH) que s'expandeixen i diferencien fins a hepatòcits o cèl·lules biliars envoltades d'un nínxol estromal format per un conjunt de cèl·lules estavellades hepàtiques (CEH), cèl·lules inflamatòries, components de la matriu extracelul·lar (ECM) i factors de creixement. El factor de creixement de fibroblasts 7 (FGF7), expressat en fetge per les CEH, resulta crític per a la resposta de les CPH i per a la regeneració hepàtica. Durant el mal hepàtic crònic les CEH s'activen transdiferenciant-se des de cèl·lules quiescents a cèl·lules fibrogèniques denominades miofibroblasts (CEH activades) que depositen ECM per a reemplaçar el teixit danyat. Per a aconseguir una correcta regeneració hepàtica es requereix la resolució de l'activació ("reversió fibrogènica") de les CEH. A partir de l'ús del model de ratolí Irs2-/- durant el mal hepàtic crònic amb la dieta DDC 0.1% i dels models in vitro humans de CPH (HepaRG) i de CEH (CEH primàries i la línia cel·lular LX-2), els resultats d'aquest treball demostren que la senyalització d'insulina-IRS2 és necessària per a l'epitelització dirigida per la comunicació paracrina mitjançant FGF7 en el nínxol de CPH. D'una banda, IRS2 és necessari en la població de CEH per a permetre la seua supervivència durant la reversió fibrogènica, que comporta un augment en l'expressió de FGF7. Les nostres dades descobreixen un potencial mecanisme de regulació mitjançant el qual IRS2 indueix l'expressió de FGF7 en CEH a través de la remodelació en la ECM mediada per NRF2 i per l'integrant de la ECM SERPINE1, que ocorre en les etapes primerenques de la reversió fibrogènica. L'eix NRF2-SERPINE1 ha sigut identificat anteriorment en fibroblasts de pell com a essencial per a la reparació de ferida. NRF2 és el principal factor de transcripció de resposta davant de l'estrés oxidatiu (ruta canònica). En hepatòcits, l'activació de NRF2 també pot induir-se a través d'una ruta no canònica mediada per la proteïna de càrrega de l'autofàgia P62. A pesar que les nostres dades indiquen que P62 és capaç d'induir l'activitat de NRF2 en CPH, també demostren que IRS2 activa NRF2 en CPH i CEH de manera independent a la ruta no canònica mediada per P62. D'altra banda, demostrem que la senyalització d'insulina-IRS2, per promoure la producció de FGF7, permet un nou bucle d'inducció positiva mitjançant el qual la resposta a FGF7 en CPH promou l'expressió del seu receptor, FGFR2b, afavorint la seua pròpia sensibilitat i sostenint la reparació epitelial. Futures estratègies per a potenciar en fetge l'activitat de NRF2 i la senyalització de FGF7 podrien servir per a millorar el pronòstic dels pacients amb resistència a la insulina, diabetis o malaltia metabòlica, per promoure la reparació epitelial en fetge i reduir, per tant, el seu risc de desenvolupar patologies hepàtiques greus amb elevada taxa de mortalitat. / [EN] Insulin resistance is defined as an increase in the amount of insulin that is necessary to achieve glucose homeostasis. One of the most prevalent complications of insulin resistance is the wound healing defect. Insulin receptor factor 2 (IRS2) is a key mediator of the insulin signaling in liver, which acts as a bridge between insulin and insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptors and its downstream molecular pathways. Both, insulin resistance and changes in the expression levels of IRS2, have been associated with the development and progression of severe liver diseases. Chronic liver injury produced by insulin resistance has been stablished as crucial in the pathophysiology of liver disease. However, it remains unknown how the chronic liver injury produced by insulin resistance escapes from the extraordinary ability of the liver to regenerate. During chronic liver injury, epithelial repair is mediated by liver progenitor cells (LPC), that expand and differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes surrounded by a stromal niche that consist of hepatic stellate cells (HSC), inflammatory cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) components and growth factors. Fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), expressed by HSC, is critic for LPC response and liver regeneration. During chronic liver injury, HSC transdifferentiate from quiescent to active fibrogenic HSC (aHSC) called myofibroblast. aHSC deposit ECM to replace damaged tissue. A successful regeneration requires the resolution of the HSC activation, i.e., the "fibrogenic reversion" of HSC. Using the Irs2-/- mice model during chronic liver damage induced by 0.1% DDC diet and the human in vitro models of LPC (HepaRG) and HSC (primary HSC and the cell line LX-2), our results reveal a new role of insulin-IRS2 in the modulation of the paracrine FGF7 crosstalk in the LPC niche that drives LPC epithelization. On the one hand, IRS2 is necessary in HSC to allow survival during fibrogenic reversion, a process that according to our data induces an increase in FGF7 expression. Our results reveal a potential mechanism by which IRS2 promotes FGF7 expression in HSC through an ECM remodeling process that is mediated by NRF2 and the ECM constituent SERPINE1 during the early stages of fibrogenic reversion. NRF2-SERPINE1-mediated ECM remodeling has been previously identified in skin fibroblast as essential to promote re-epithelialization of wounds. NRF2 is a transcription factor that is activated in response to oxidative stress (canonical pathway). NRF2 activation in hepatocytes can be also induced by a non-canonical pathway mediated by the autophagy cargo protein P62. Although our data discovers a new ability of P62 to induce NRF2 activity in LPC, we also demonstrate that IRS2 activates NRF2 in LPC and HSC in a P62-independent manner. On the other hand, we demonstrate that insulin-IRS2 signaling, by promoting FGF7 production, enables a novel positive induction loop whereby FGF7 response in LPC promotes the expression of its receptor, FGFR2b, favoring its own sensitivity and sustaining epithelial repair. Future strategies to enhance NRF2 activity or FGF7 signaling in liver might be useful to improve the prognosis of insulin resistance, diabetic, and metabolic disease patients because of its uncovered ability to promote epithelial repair, thus, preventing the development of severe liver pathologies with high mortality risk. / Arámbul Anthony, MJ. (2022). Papel de IRS2 en la regulación de la comunicación a través de FGFs en el nicho de células progenitoras hepáticas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/188913