This dissertation explores the cost of programmability in computing devices as measured relative to fixed-function devices implementing the same functionality using the same physical fabrication technology. The central claim elevates programmability to an explicit design parameter that (1) can be rigorously defined, (2) has measurable costs amenable to high-level modeling, (3) yields a design-space with distinct regions and properties, and (4) can be usefully manipulated using computer-aided design tools. The first portion of the the work is devoted to laying a rigorous logical foundation to support both this and future work on the subject. The second portion supports the thesis within this established logical foundation, using a specific engineering problem as a narrative vehicle. The engineering problem explored is that of mechanically adding a useful degree of programmability into preexisting fixed-function logic while minimizing the added overhead. Varying criteria for usefulness are proposed and the relative costs estimated both analytically and through case-study using standard-cell logic synthesis. In the case study, a methodology for the automatic generation of reconfigurable logic highly optimized for a specific set of computing applications is demonstrated. The approach stands in contrast to traditional reconfigurable computing techniques which focus on providing general purpose functionality at the expense of substantial overheads relative to fixed-purpose implementations. / text

Software agents are well-suited to assisting users with routine, repetitive, and time-consuming tasks in various educational environments. In order to achieve complex tasks effectively, humans and agents sometimes need to work together. However, some issues in human agent interaction have not been solved properly, such as delegation, trust and privacy. The agent research community has focused on technologies for constructing autonomous agents and techniques for collaboration among agents. Little attention has been paid to supporting interactions between humans and agents. p* The objectives of this research are to investigate how easy it might be for a user to program his/her agent, how users behave when given the ability to program their agents, whether access to necessary help resources can be improved, and whether such a system can facilitate collaborative learning. Studying users concerns about their privacy and how an online learning environment can be built to protect users privacy are also interesting issues to us. <p>In this thesis two alternative systems were developed for programmable agents in which a human user can define a set of rules to direct an agents activities at execution time. The systems were built on top of a multi-agent collaborative learning environment that enables a user to program his or her agent to communicate with other agents and to monitor the activities of other users and their agents. These systems for end user programmable agents were evaluated and compared. The result demonstrated that an end-user programming environment is able to meet users individual needs on awareness information, facilitate the information exchange among the users, and enhance the communication between users within a virtual learning environment. This research provides a platform for investigating concerns over user privacy caused by agent programmability.

Software agents are well-suited to assisting users with routine, repetitive, and time-consuming tasks in various educational environments. In order to achieve complex tasks effectively, humans and agents sometimes need to work together. However, some issues in human agent interaction have not been solved properly, such as delegation, trust and privacy. The agent research community has focused on technologies for constructing autonomous agents and techniques for collaboration among agents. Little attention has been paid to supporting interactions between humans and agents. p* The objectives of this research are to investigate how easy it might be for a user to program his/her agent, how users behave when given the ability to program their agents, whether access to necessary help resources can be improved, and whether such a system can facilitate collaborative learning. Studying users concerns about their privacy and how an online learning environment can be built to protect users privacy are also interesting issues to us. <p>In this thesis two alternative systems were developed for programmable agents in which a human user can define a set of rules to direct an agents activities at execution time. The systems were built on top of a multi-agent collaborative learning environment that enables a user to program his or her agent to communicate with other agents and to monitor the activities of other users and their agents. These systems for end user programmable agents were evaluated and compared. The result demonstrated that an end-user programming environment is able to meet users individual needs on awareness information, facilitate the information exchange among the users, and enhance the communication between users within a virtual learning environment. This research provides a platform for investigating concerns over user privacy caused by agent programmability.

The furious pace of Moore's Law is driving computer architecture into a realm where the the speed of light is the dominant factor in system latencies. The number of clock cycles to span a chip are increasing, while the number of bits that can be accessed within a clock cycle is decreasing. Hence, it is becoming more difficult to hide latency. One alternative solution is to reduce latency by migrating threads and data, but the overhead of existing implementations has previously made migration an unserviceable solution so far. I present an architecture, implementation, and mechanisms that reduces the overhead of migration to the point where migration is a viable supplement to other latency hiding mechanisms, such as multithreading. The architecture is abstract, and presents programmers with a simple, uniform fine-grained multithreaded parallel programming model with implicit memory management. In other words, the spatial nature and implementation details (such as the number of processors) of a parallel machine are entirely hidden from the programmer. Compiler writers are encouraged to devise programming languages for the machine that guide a programmer to express their ideas in terms of objects, since objects exhibit an inherent physical locality of data and code. The machine implementation can then leverage this locality to automatically distribute data and threads across the physical machine by using a set of high performance migration mechanisms. An implementation of this architecture could migrate a null thread in 66 cycles -- over a factor of 1000 improvement over previous work. Performance also scales well; the time required to move a typical thread is only 4 to 5 times that of a null thread. Data migration performance is similar, and scales linearly with data block size. Since the performance of the migration mechanism is on par with that of an L2 cache, the implementation simulated in my work has no data caches and relies instead on multithreading and the migration mechanism to hide and reduce access latencies.

The proliferation of a diverse set of heterogeneous computing platforms in conjunction with the plethora of programming languages and optimization techniques on each language for each underlying architecture exacerbate widespread adoption of such platforms. This is especially true for novice programmers and the non-technical-savvy masses that are largely precluded from enjoying the advantages of high-performance computing. Moreover, different groups within the heterogeneous computing community (e.g., hardware architects, tool developers, and programmers) are presented with new challenges with respect to performance, programmability, and portability (or the three P's) of heterogeneous computing. In this work we discuss such challenges and identify benchmarking techniques based on computation and communication patterns as an appropriate means for the systematic evaluation of heterogeneous computing with respect to the three P's. Our proposed approach is based on OpenCL implementations of the Berkeley dwarfs. We use our benchmark suite (OpenDwarfs) in characterizing performance of state-of-the-art parallel architectures, and as the main component of a methodology (Telescoping Architectures) for identifying trends in future heterogeneous architectures. Furthermore, we employ OpenDwarfs in a multi-faceted study on the gaps between the three P's in the context of the modern heterogeneous computing landscape. Our case-study spans a variety of compilers, languages, optimizations, and target architectures, including the CPU, GPU, MIC, and FPGA. Based on our insights, and extending aspects of prior research (e.g., in compilers, programming languages, and auto-tuning), we propose the introduction of grid-based data structures as the basis of programming frameworks and present a prototype unified framework (GLAF) that encompasses a novel visual programming environment with code generation, auto-parallelization, and auto-tuning capabilities. Our results, which span scientific domains, indicate that our holistic approach constitutes a viable alternative towards enhancing the three P's and further democratizing heterogeneous, parallel computing for non-programming-savvy audiences, and especially domain scientists. / Ph. D.

This thesis focuses on proposing a Software Defined Network (SDN) based programmable and capacity optimized backhaul and core network which is critical for 5G network design. Cloud Radio Access networks (CRAN) which is key enabler of 5G networks can address a number of challenges that mobile operators face while trying to support ever-growing end-users' needs towards 5th generation of mobile networks (5G). A novel layered and modular programmable CRAN architecture called Software Defined Virtualised Cloud Radio Access Network (SD-vCRAN) is introduced with Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Network (SDN) capabilities. The SDN-Base Band Unit (BBU) pool is shifted to the programmable core network site, where a centralised SDN controller manages the network servers and virtualised network function entities - Mobile Management Entity (MME), Serving/Packet Data Network Data plane (S/PGW-D), Serving/Packet Data Network Control plane (S/PGW-C), Software Network Defined Baseband Unit (SDN-BBU) and Local controllers (LC) via OpenFlow (OF) protocol. This approach simplifies network operations, improve traffic management, enable system-wide optimisation of Quality of Service (QoS) and network-aware application development. The control plane (excluding the preserved 3GPP standard interfaces: S1-MME, S6a, Gx) managed by the network servers provides load balancing, traffic management and optimisation tools for the data plane. The proposed work starts by reviewing the requirements of 5G networks, followed by discussion on 5G backhaul and core challenge. Then, an overview of CRAN, Evolved Programmable Core (EPC), SDN, NFV and related works. The simulation details of the proposed architecture are discussed along with the challenges faced by adopting SDN and NFV in mobile core. A thorough assessment of the interfaces and protocols that should be conserved or enhanced on both data and control plane is conducted. The result enables an architecture where the SDN-BBU pool shares a single cloud with the programmable EPC and the control plane is migrated from the network elements to a centralized controller, running on a virtual machine in the mobile core. The data and control plane separation removes overlaps and provides better signalling, as well as efficient network functioning to comply with latency demands. The proposed system performance is validated in terms of throughput, datagram loss, and packet delay variation under three scenarios: 1. single policy installation, 2. multiple policy installation and 3. load balancing. The load balancing performance of proposed system is validated comparing the performance of two different SDN controllers: Floodlight and OpenDaylight, where the later performs better in terms of throughput (no bandwidth restriction), packet loss (below 0.3%) and jitter (below 0.2ms). Furthermore, a detailed comparison of two SDN controller's - Floodlight and OpenDaylight performances is presented, which shows that OpenDaylight performs better only for less dense networks which needs less processing of messages without being blocked, and the Floodlight performs better in ultra-dense network. Some directions and preliminary thoughts for future work and necessary information to operators for building their roadmap to the upcoming technologies is presented.

Titel: Relationen mellan chefer och medarbetare - Ett principal-agent-perspektiv Universitet: Malmö Universitet Kurs: TR128C – Företagsekonomi: Examensarbete i Transport Management Författare: Jens Andersson, Olle Karlsson & Mattias Pettersson Handledare: Benedikte Borgström Nyckelord: Agentteori, agentproblem, måldivergens, informationsasymmetri, moral hazard, adverse selection, programmerbarhet Syfte: Att utifrån ett principal-agent-perspektiv studera hur relationen mellan chefer och medarbetare i den studerade miljön påverkas av förekomsten av informationsasymmetri och skilda målbilder, samt hur motivationen att prestera på arbetsplatsen kan påverkas av incitamentsstrukturer kopplade till kontraktsupplägget och olika nivåer av övervakning. Metod: Studien har genomförts via en kvalitativ ansats där data insamlats genom intervjuer, observationer och textanalys. Teori: Studiens teoretiska ramverk bygger på principal-agent-teorin och dess komponenter med fokus på informationsasymmetri och skilda målbilder. Slutsatser: I den studerade miljön där relationen mellan principal och agent kännetecknas av hög informationsasymmetri, hög programmerbarhet och parterna motiveras av olika målbilder står principalen inför valet att antingen komplettera ett beteendebaserat kontrakt med tillräckliga övervakningsmekanismer för att utröna agentens beteende, eller försöka upprätta ett resultatbaserat kontrakt. Hög informationsasymmetri kopplat till ett beteendebaserat kontrakt riskerar att lägga grunden för problem kopplade till moral hazard då agenterna blir helt fria att agera efter sina egna målbilder. / Title: The relationship between managers and workers - An agency perspective University: Malmö Universitet Course: TR128C – Business Administration: Bachelor thesis in Transport Management Writers: Jens Andersson, Olle Karlsson & Mattias Pettersson Mentor: Benedikte Borgström Keywords: Agency theory, agency problem, goal divergence, information asymmetry, moral hazard, adverse selection, programmability Purpose: From an agency perspective study how the relationship between managers and workers in the studied environment is affected by the existence of information asymmetry and diverging goals, and also how the motivation to perform at the workplace can be affected by different incentive structures related to the contract form and different levels of surveillance. Methods: The study has been conducted via a qualitative approach and the data has been collected through interviews, observations and text analysis. Theories: The studies theoretical framework is based on the agency theory and its components with a focus on information asymmetry and diverging goals. Conclusion: In the studied environment the relationship between principal and agent is characterized by asymmetrical information flows, high programmability, and diverging goals. This leaves the principal to either reinforce a behavioral based contract with sufficient surveillance to uncover the agent’s behavior, or to try and establish a contract based on results. A high degree of information asymmetry in combination with a behavioral based contract runs the risk of laying the foundation for problems related to moral hazard as the agents are free to act according to their own personal goals.

Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une approche pour la sécurité programmable dans le cloud distribué. Plus spécifiquement, nous montrons de quelle façon cette programmabilité peut contribuer à la protection de services cloud distribués, à travers la génération d'images unikernels fortement contraintes. Celles-ci sont instanciées sous forme de machines virtuelles légères, dont la surface d'attaque est réduite et dont la sécurité est pilotée par un orchestrateur de sécurité. Les contributions de cette thèse sont triples. Premièrement, nous présentons une architecture logique supportant la programmabilité des mécanismes de sécurité dans un contexte multi-cloud et multi-tenant. Elle permet l'alignement et le paramétrage de ces mécanismes pour des services cloud dont les ressources sont réparties auprès de différents fournisseurs et tenants. Deuxièmement, nous introduisons une méthode de génération à la volée d'images unikernels sécurisées. Celle-ci permet d'aboutir à des ressources spécifiques et contraintes, qui intègrent les mécanismes de sécurité dès la phase de construction des images. Elles peuvent être élaborées réactivement ou proactivement pour répondre à des besoins d'élasticité. Troisièmement, nous proposons d'étendre le langage d'orchestration TOSCA, afin qu'il soit possible de générer automatiquement des ressources sécurisées, selon différents niveaux de sécurité en phase avec l'orchestration. Enfin, nous détaillons un prototypage et un ensemble d'expérimentations permettant d'évaluer les bénéfices et limites de l'approche proposée / In this thesis, we propose an approach for software-defined security in distributed clouds. More specifically, we show to what extent this programmability can contribute to the protection of distributed cloud services, through the generation of secured unikernel images. These ones are instantiated in the form of lightweight virtual machines, whose attack surface is limited and whose security is driven by a security orchestrator. The contributions of this thesis are threefold. First, we present a logical architecture supporting the programmability of security mechanims in a multi-cloud and multi-tenant context. It permits to align and parameterize these mechanisms for cloud services whose resources are spread over several providers and tenants. Second, we introduce a method for generating secured unikernel images in an on-the-fly manner. This one permits to lead to specific and constrained resources, that integrate security mechanisms as soon as the image generation phase. These ones may be built in a reactive or proactive manner, in order to address elasticity requirements. Third, we propose to extend the TOSCA orchestration language, so that is is possible to generate automatically secured resources, according to different security levels in phase with the orchestration. Finally, we detail a prototyping and extensive series of experiments that are used to evaluate the benefits and limits of the proposed approach

As redes de computadores têm evoluído para acomodar uma grande variedade de serviços, tais como streaming de vídeos de alta qualidade e entrega de conteúdo sensível a atrasos. Estes serviços têm aumentado a demanda por recursos não originalmente considerados na Internet. Com a promessa de atender novas demandas de rede rapidamente, pesquisadores propuseram Redes Programáveis, nas quais o comportamento dos dispositivos de rede pode ser alterado utilizando aplicativos. Entretanto, tal comportamento pode não ser um consenso entre usuários da rede. O surgimento de Redes Virtualizadas superou tal questão, ao permitir a coexistência de múltiplas redes virtuais sobre a mesma infraestrutura física. A fim de se obter redes virtuais isoladas com comportamento programável, foram propostas as Redes Virtuais Programáveis (RVP). Diante dessa nova realidade, os administradores de rede não estão mais olhando unicamente para dispositivos de rede. Eles estão olhando para um sistema composto de dispositivos e aplicativos de rede que definem o comportamento individual de cada rede virtual. Isso requer não apenas novas ferramentas e abordagens de gerenciamento, além disso, exige a revisão de conceitos tradicionais sobre redes. Implementações de RVP são encontradas principalmente em testbeds e ambientes de Computação em Nuvem. Testbeds são muito propícios à inovação, mas possuem fortes limitações no que diz respeito a migração de soluções experimentais para produção. Por outro lado, computação em nuvem é um ótimo ambiente de produção, mas possui restrições de flexibilidade e inovação, uma vez que as soluções de rede adotadas geralmente são proprietárias. Portanto, nesta dissertação introduz-se um novo modelo de negócio que permite a criação de soluções inovadoras em ambientes de produção, a Programabilidade de Redes como um Serviço (NPaaS). Diferente do modelo de negócio de redes tradicionais, onde os usuários finais são apenas consumidores dos serviços de rede já disponíveis, em NPaaS os usuários finais também são capazes de desenvolver e implantar novas soluções de rede. Para apoiar NPaaS, propõe-se uma plataforma de gerenciamento de rede virtual programável, chamada ProViNet. Essa plataforma fornece a arquitetura de software e estratégias necessárias para permitir a implantação e gestão NPaaS. Uma avaliação qualitativa do modelo de negócio NPaaS foi realizada, o resultado foi contrastado com alguns dos modelos de negócio praticados atualmente. Assim, enfatizando a singularidade do NPaaS. Enquanto isso, uma avaliação experimental foi realizada para demonstrar a viabilidade da plataforma ProViNet. Os resultados mostraram que NPaaS representa uma alternativa promissora para ambientes de rede virtual com acesso público, como as nuvens públicas. Além disso, uma avaliação quantitativa do protótipo da plataforma demonstrou a viabilidade técnica e provou que aplicativos de rede desenvolvidos usando BPMN são capazes de executar com desempenho aceitáveis. / Computer networks have evolved to accommodate a wide variety of services, such as streaming of high quality videos and delay-sensitive content delivery. These services have increased the demand for features not originally considered in the Internet. Aiming to address novel network demands quickly, some researchers proposed Programmable Networks, in which network devices behavior can be changed using applications. Notwithstanding, such behavior might not be a consensus between computer network stakeholders. The emergence of Virtualized Networks overcame this issue by allowing the coexistence of multiple virtual networks on the same physical infrastructure. Finally, the convergence of programmability and virtualization techniques are explored within a third concept, the Programmable Virtual Networks (PVN). Faced with this new reality, network administrators are no longer just looking at network devices. They are looking at a system made of virtual devices and applications that define each virtual network behavior. This requires not just new tools and management approaches, over and above that, requires new thinking. PVN deployments are found mostly in shared experimental facilities (also known as testbeds) and Cloud Computing environments. Testbeds are very innovation friendly, but with strong limitations in regards to taking experimental solutions to production. On the other hand, Cloud computing is a great production environment, but presents flexibility and innovation restrictions once network solutions adopted are usually proprietary. Therefore, in this dissertation it is introduced Network Programming as a Service (NPaaS), a new business model that aims to facilitate the conduct of innovative solutions for production environments. Different from traditional network business models, where end-users are just consumers of network services already available, in NPaaS, end-users are also able to develop and deploy novel network solutions. To support NPaaS, Programmable Virtual Network management platform is proposed. Such platform, named ProViNet, provides all architectural and technical features necessary to enable NPaaS deployment and management. A qualitative evaluation of the NPaaS business model was performed, and the result was contrasted with some of the current models, thus, emphasizing the singularity of NPaaS. In the meanwhile, an experimental evaluation was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of ProViNet platform. Results have shown that NPaaS represent a promising alternative for virtual network environments with public access such as public clouds. Moreover, a quantitative evaluation of the platform prototype demonstrated the technical feasibility and proved that network applications developed using BPMN are able to run with acceptable performance rates.

As redes de computadores têm evoluído para acomodar uma grande variedade de serviços, tais como streaming de vídeos de alta qualidade e entrega de conteúdo sensível a atrasos. Estes serviços têm aumentado a demanda por recursos não originalmente considerados na Internet. Com a promessa de atender novas demandas de rede rapidamente, pesquisadores propuseram Redes Programáveis, nas quais o comportamento dos dispositivos de rede pode ser alterado utilizando aplicativos. Entretanto, tal comportamento pode não ser um consenso entre usuários da rede. O surgimento de Redes Virtualizadas superou tal questão, ao permitir a coexistência de múltiplas redes virtuais sobre a mesma infraestrutura física. A fim de se obter redes virtuais isoladas com comportamento programável, foram propostas as Redes Virtuais Programáveis (RVP). Diante dessa nova realidade, os administradores de rede não estão mais olhando unicamente para dispositivos de rede. Eles estão olhando para um sistema composto de dispositivos e aplicativos de rede que definem o comportamento individual de cada rede virtual. Isso requer não apenas novas ferramentas e abordagens de gerenciamento, além disso, exige a revisão de conceitos tradicionais sobre redes. Implementações de RVP são encontradas principalmente em testbeds e ambientes de Computação em Nuvem. Testbeds são muito propícios à inovação, mas possuem fortes limitações no que diz respeito a migração de soluções experimentais para produção. Por outro lado, computação em nuvem é um ótimo ambiente de produção, mas possui restrições de flexibilidade e inovação, uma vez que as soluções de rede adotadas geralmente são proprietárias. Portanto, nesta dissertação introduz-se um novo modelo de negócio que permite a criação de soluções inovadoras em ambientes de produção, a Programabilidade de Redes como um Serviço (NPaaS). Diferente do modelo de negócio de redes tradicionais, onde os usuários finais são apenas consumidores dos serviços de rede já disponíveis, em NPaaS os usuários finais também são capazes de desenvolver e implantar novas soluções de rede. Para apoiar NPaaS, propõe-se uma plataforma de gerenciamento de rede virtual programável, chamada ProViNet. Essa plataforma fornece a arquitetura de software e estratégias necessárias para permitir a implantação e gestão NPaaS. Uma avaliação qualitativa do modelo de negócio NPaaS foi realizada, o resultado foi contrastado com alguns dos modelos de negócio praticados atualmente. Assim, enfatizando a singularidade do NPaaS. Enquanto isso, uma avaliação experimental foi realizada para demonstrar a viabilidade da plataforma ProViNet. Os resultados mostraram que NPaaS representa uma alternativa promissora para ambientes de rede virtual com acesso público, como as nuvens públicas. Além disso, uma avaliação quantitativa do protótipo da plataforma demonstrou a viabilidade técnica e provou que aplicativos de rede desenvolvidos usando BPMN são capazes de executar com desempenho aceitáveis. / Computer networks have evolved to accommodate a wide variety of services, such as streaming of high quality videos and delay-sensitive content delivery. These services have increased the demand for features not originally considered in the Internet. Aiming to address novel network demands quickly, some researchers proposed Programmable Networks, in which network devices behavior can be changed using applications. Notwithstanding, such behavior might not be a consensus between computer network stakeholders. The emergence of Virtualized Networks overcame this issue by allowing the coexistence of multiple virtual networks on the same physical infrastructure. Finally, the convergence of programmability and virtualization techniques are explored within a third concept, the Programmable Virtual Networks (PVN). Faced with this new reality, network administrators are no longer just looking at network devices. They are looking at a system made of virtual devices and applications that define each virtual network behavior. This requires not just new tools and management approaches, over and above that, requires new thinking. PVN deployments are found mostly in shared experimental facilities (also known as testbeds) and Cloud Computing environments. Testbeds are very innovation friendly, but with strong limitations in regards to taking experimental solutions to production. On the other hand, Cloud computing is a great production environment, but presents flexibility and innovation restrictions once network solutions adopted are usually proprietary. Therefore, in this dissertation it is introduced Network Programming as a Service (NPaaS), a new business model that aims to facilitate the conduct of innovative solutions for production environments. Different from traditional network business models, where end-users are just consumers of network services already available, in NPaaS, end-users are also able to develop and deploy novel network solutions. To support NPaaS, Programmable Virtual Network management platform is proposed. Such platform, named ProViNet, provides all architectural and technical features necessary to enable NPaaS deployment and management. A qualitative evaluation of the NPaaS business model was performed, and the result was contrasted with some of the current models, thus, emphasizing the singularity of NPaaS. In the meanwhile, an experimental evaluation was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of ProViNet platform. Results have shown that NPaaS represent a promising alternative for virtual network environments with public access such as public clouds. Moreover, a quantitative evaluation of the platform prototype demonstrated the technical feasibility and proved that network applications developed using BPMN are able to run with acceptable performance rates.