Background: Following the wave of privatisation and deregulation during the last decades, buyers of infrastructure constructions, such as dams, roads and telecommunication, have changed from states or public authorities to private companies. Private buyers do not always have the financial strength to arrange the financing for a project and providing a financial arrangement, for example by helping customers to obtain loans, has become a means to compete on the market. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyse how Swedish companies arrange project finance for large-scale projects. Method: In order to gain knowledge of our area of investigation we searched for relevant literature and articles from magazines. Result: The result of this study has showed that three factors are of special importance when choosing a certain financial arrangement. These three factors are the region in which the project is located, duration of the project and its size measured in monetary terms. / Bakgrund: Privatiseringsvågen och avregleringarna de senaste decennierna har medfört att många köpare av infrastruktur, t.ex. dammar, vägar och telekommunikation, gått från att vara statligt ägda företag till att vara privata företag. Privata köpare har inte alltid möjligheten att ordna finansieringen av projektet. Således har det blivit en viktig del av säljarens erbjudande att kunna erbjuda köparen en finansiell lösning, t.ex. förmedling av lån. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva och analysera hur svenska företag organiserar finansieringen av storskaliga projekt. Resultat: Resultatet av denna studie pekar på att det är tre faktorer som är speciellt viktiga när det gäller hur man ska organisera en projektfinansiering. Dessa tre faktorer är regionen där projektet är lokaliserat, projektets löptid och dess storlek.

Electricity Liberalization Independent Power Plant Project Finance Electricity Pool Biletral Contract

The limitation of public funds available for infrastructure projects has induced governments to attract private entities to participate in long-term contracts for financing, constructing, and operating huge infrastructure projects through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) to reduce debt, constrain taxation, and share financial risks and rewards between the public and private sectors. Because these projects have such complicated risk evolutions, diverse contractual forms for project members to hedge their risks are necessary. Hence, the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model has been considered as a very popular type to accomplish PPPs with the characteristic of a shared-ownership. For the government to attract private sector?s participation, they have used incentive systems such as debt payment guarantee, Minimum Revenue Guarantee (MRG), or direct cash support. These incentive systems have been important critical success factors in BOT projects yet they have remained unfavorable in bidding process by failure of the traditional capital budgeting theory, Net Present Value (NPV) analysis, in evaluating the guarantee values. This is because NPV analysis can not reflect the guarantee agreements? contingent characteristic. For this reason, ?Real Option Concept? imported from ?Option Pricing Theory? in finance has been used as an effective way in estimating the guarantee value during the construction and operation of the project. However, there are still open issues in identifying, formulating, and calculating the guarantee agreements? contingency due to the complexity of option pricing theory and in considering the uncertainty of the underlying asset. Furthermore, in recent real option-related research that evaluate BOT investment projects, the volatility of rate of return in underlying asset (project value) is assumed to be just given or too simplified in its calculating process despite its significant impact on the guarantee value. The purpose of this research is to develop the binomial real option model to better evaluate the MRG value by complementing existing real option models without violating the option pricing theory. To do so, the developed model in this research is to formulate the MRG agreement as a put option, consider the uncertainty of the underlying asset, and use the more detailed level of volatility with a Monte Carlo simulation approach. To verify the applicability of the developed model, the model is applied to three different BOT project case studies, then, the results are compared with those by NPV analysis, Cheah and Liu (2006)?s real option model, and option pricing theory derived from Black-Scholes model. Finally, based upon the results and analyses, the developed real option model appears to provide a practical and theoretical framework to quantitatively evaluate the MRG agreement under the BOT scheme and help the government establish better BOT policies and help the developer make appropriate bidding strategies in its investment.

<p>Background: Following the wave of privatisation and deregulation during the last decades, buyers of infrastructure constructions, such as dams, roads and telecommunication, have changed from states or public authorities to private companies. Private buyers do not always have the financial strength to arrange the financing for a project and providing a financial arrangement, for example by helping customers to obtain loans, has become a means to compete on the market. </p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyse how Swedish companies arrange project finance for large-scale projects.</p><p>Method: In order to gain knowledge of our area of investigation we searched for relevant literature and articles from magazines. </p><p>Result: The result of this study has showed that three factors are of special importance when choosing a certain financial arrangement. These three factors are the region in which the project is located, duration of the project and its size measured in monetary terms.</p> / <p>Bakgrund: Privatiseringsvågen och avregleringarna de senaste decennierna har medfört att många köpare av infrastruktur, t.ex. dammar, vägar och telekommunikation, gått från att vara statligt ägda företag till att vara privata företag. Privata köpare har inte alltid möjligheten att ordna finansieringen av projektet. Således har det blivit en viktig del av säljarens erbjudande att kunna erbjuda köparen en finansiell lösning, t.ex. förmedling av lån. </p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva och analysera hur svenska företag organiserar finansieringen av storskaliga projekt. </p><p>Resultat: Resultatet av denna studie pekar på att det är tre faktorer som är speciellt viktiga när det gäller hur man ska organisera en projektfinansiering. Dessa tre faktorer är regionen där projektet är lokaliserat, projektets löptid och dess storlek.</p>

This paper investigates the effect of correlation and volatilities of firm and project cash flows on the choice of project finance. I use a pure-play approach to measure unobservable project cash flows for a sample of 440 US and non-US firms that invested in 577 projects from 1990 to 2008 and find evidence that the probability of project finance is increasing in cash flow volatility difference between firm and project cash flows. The likelihood of the project finance is greater when volatilities are different and the correlation between firm and project cash flows is high. I also find that firms are likely to choose corporate finance for low correlation and low and similar volatilities between firm and project cash flows. This empirical work is consistent with the theoretical predictions in Leland (2007) that provides a potential explanation for the existence of project finance based on financial synergies.

Die Projektfinanzierung ist eine bewährte Finanzierungsform für Großprojekte im Sektor Erneuerbare Energie. Selbst in den Krisenjahren ab 2007 zeigen sich in der aggregierten Betrachtung kontinuierliche Zuwächse im Volumen von projektfinanzierten Finanzierungstransaktionen. Die vorliegende Arbeit ermittelt im Rahmen einer Literaturanalyse und zweier empirischer Untersuchungen die angesichts der Krise ab 2007 notwendig gewordenen Anpassungen in finanzierungstechnischen Parametern sowie der Struktur von Projektfinanzierungen. Die einleitende Literaturanalyse beschäftigt sich mit einer Betrachtung der Entwicklung der Projektfinanzierungsvolumina sowie einer Erläuterung der typischen Beteiligten dieser Finanzierungsform und stellt ausgewählte Finanzierungsinstrumente dar. Im Sinne einer Triangulation der Forschungsmethoden kommen im Anschluss empirische Analysen mit je einem quantitativen und einem qualitativen methodischen Zugang zur Durchführung. Eine Regressionsanalyse von rund 950 internationalen Kredittranchen aus dem Sektor Erneuerbare Energie der Jahre 2000-2011 schafft aktuelle deskriptive Evidenz zu den Auswirkungen der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise ab 2007 auf die Determinanten der Kreditmarge. Aufbauend auf die im Zuge der quantitativen Analyse gewonnenen Ergebnisse zeigt ein Case Study basierter Zugang im Rahmen von "cross-case" Analysen die spezifischen Erfolgsfaktoren und innovativen Ansätze in der Finanzierungsstruktur von 13 Großprojekten der Branche Erneuerbare Energie. Es zeigt sich, dass in der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise ab 2007 abgeschlossene Projekte beträchtlich höhere Margen aufweisen, tendenziell kürzere Laufzeiten haben und umfangreichere Sicherheiten erfordern, um zu einem Financial Close zu gelangen. Finanzierungsinstrumente wie Projektanleihen, Miniperm Loans oder Leasingtransaktionen sowie die Teilnahme von ECAs oder IFIs an der Finanzierung ermöglichen Projektabschlüsse. Veränderungen in der Risikoteilungsstruktur in Form von Produktivitätsgarantien oder die Besicherung über ein Projektportfolio stellen weitere Maßnahmen dar, um auch in Zeiten angespannter Wirtschaftslage projektfinanzierte Vorhaben realisieren zu können. (author's abstract)

The major challenges in sustainable implementation are the financial issue and uncertainties. The traditional financial budgeting approach that is commonly used to evaluate sustainable projects normally neglects future decisions that might need to be made over the course of a project. The real options approach has been suggested as a tool for strategic decision making because it can provide flexibility which can increase the project value. Researchers have been trying to identify the potential of the real options approach, and provide the frameworks for a real options evaluation and flexible strategy in sustainability improvement. However, some important variables and financial impacts explanation of real options are missing. Models can be improved to show the variation of possible project values along with its behavior. This work aims to improve the real options model in sustainable projects to provide understanding about the financial impacts of flexible strategy to sustainable improvement projects and to be used as a tool to assist decision making. The results showed that real options can have a positive financial impact to the project. The extension of this model can assist the analysis and development of decision policies.

Thesis (M.Comm. (Hons.)) -- University of Western Sydney, 2002. / "An empirical study of the project finance risk pricing decision made by Australian project leaders in terms of project finance risk weighting and degree of self-insight" Bibliography : leaves 98-105.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Jaison Ricardo Coelho (jaison.coelho@gmail.com) on 2016-08-23T00:45:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Jaison Ricardo Coelho.pdf: 1329857 bytes, checksum: e27a9b33607efa29e67fd9c5fc0b66ee (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Jaison, boa noite Por gentileza, retirar a acentuação do nome Getúlio. Em seguida, realizar a submissão novamente. Att on 2016-08-23T22:50:23Z (GMT) / Submitted by Jaison Ricardo Coelho (jaison.coelho@gmail.com) on 2016-08-24T12:05:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Jaison Ricardo Coelho.pdf: 1540995 bytes, checksum: 64b3563c6c1e1e0eeb0f38b11088d2ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2016-08-24T23:33:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Jaison Ricardo Coelho.pdf: 1540995 bytes, checksum: 64b3563c6c1e1e0eeb0f38b11088d2ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T18:28:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Jaison Ricardo Coelho.pdf: 1540995 bytes, checksum: 64b3563c6c1e1e0eeb0f38b11088d2ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-02 / Project Finance provides funds to finance large and capital intensive projects. It has numerous participants involved in the structuring process and a high Debt/Equity ratio. Theory suggests that sharing information among participants contributes to reduce agency costs. The complex contractual web, present in Project Finance, plays an important role in the sharing. Thus, it is responsible for delimitating the relationship among agents. This paper analyses the impact that the presence of some participants could have over the financing spreads, in a sample with 1.114 projects from 89 countries signed between 01/2001 and 03/2016. The focus of the discussion is to understand if Projects Finance with sponsors linked with the government of the local of the investment, or foreign sponsors; or even if in the presence of special lenders, like government and development banks, or multilateral agencies, features lower spreads. Another issue analyzed is the difference between Project Finance used in concession projects under build-own-operate – BOO contracts and build-operate-transfer – BOT. The results show evidences that projects under BOO contracts present lower spreads and projects without concession contracts present higher spreads than operations under BOO or BOT. / Project Finance se destaca como uma fonte de captação de recursos para financiar a execução de grandes projetos intensivos em capital. Possui, dentre suas características, um grande número de participantes envolvidos em sua estruturação e alta taxa de participação de capital de terceiros para financiar a execução do projeto. A teoria sugere que o compartilhamento de informações entre os diversos participantes da estruturação do projeto contribui para a redução de custos de agência. Parte importante nesse compartilhamento é exercida pela complexa estrutura contratual que reveste estas operações, responsável por delimitar as relações entre as partes envolvidas. Este trabalho analisa o impacto que a presença de determinados participantes pode ter nos spreads das operações de financiamento, em uma amostra de 1.114 operações de 89 países contratadas entre 01/2001 e 03/2016. A discussão é centrada em entender se as operações de Project Finance que possuam, entre seus participantes, agentes figurando como patrocinadores ligados ao governo do local do investimento ou de outra nacionalidade; ou ainda a participação de financiadores como bancos de desenvolvimento ou de controle estatal e das agências multilaterais apresentam spreads menores. Outra questão analisada é a diferença entre as operações de Project Finance em concessões que operam sob contratos do tipo build-own-operate – BOO e build-operate-transfer – BOT. Os resultados trazem evidências que as operações sob contratos BOO apresentam spreads inferiores e as operações sem contratos de concessão apresentam spreads superiores às operações sob contratos do tipo BOO ou BOT.