Parental involvement in education is accepted as an important aspect of learner academic achievement. In fact, there is research evidence that associates high learner achievement with high rates of parental involvement. However, judging by the poor levels of achievement attained by learners in, for instance, areas like reading, writing and numeracy in primary school grades, the question rises as to whether parental involvement is consciously promoted in primary schools. This empirical research intended to investigate how parental involvement is currently promoted in primary schools. The literature review revealed the basic obligations of schools and parents as expressed in Epstein's six typologies of parental involvement, which form the basis of all endeavours towards enhancing parental involvement. Consequently, it is concluded that strategies or programmes aimed at promoting parental involvement, must embody parenting, communication, volunteering, learning at home, participation in decision-making and collaboration with the community. In this regard, the child's environment should be regarded as an ecology consisting of the school, home and community. The main empirical research finding indicates generally, that the meaning attached to parental involvement falls short of its essence, and focuses on response activities from both school staff and parents. The main recommendation, therefore, is advocacy that begins with empowering all stakeholders with regard to the essence of parental involvement. In this regard, the Empowerment Approach to Parental Involvement (EAPI) recommended in this research, proposes a model that empowers individual schools and the community, through a school-based and cluster-based focus. The EAPI model presents a series of actions leading to a modus operandi that recognises the power of zenzele (do it yourself) for schools and parents, and masakhane (doing it for ourselves together) for school clusters and the community. Both concepts utilise principles based on ubuntu and express the adage: "it takes a village to raise a child." / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

Parental involvement in education is accepted as an important aspect of learner academic achievement. In fact, there is research evidence that associates high learner achievement with high rates of parental involvement. However, judging by the poor levels of achievement attained by learners in, for instance, areas like reading, writing and numeracy in primary school grades, the question rises as to whether parental involvement is consciously promoted in primary schools. This empirical research intended to investigate how parental involvement is currently promoted in primary schools. The literature review revealed the basic obligations of schools and parents as expressed in Epstein's six typologies of parental involvement, which form the basis of all endeavours towards enhancing parental involvement. Consequently, it is concluded that strategies or programmes aimed at promoting parental involvement, must embody parenting, communication, volunteering, learning at home, participation in decision-making and collaboration with the community. In this regard, the child's environment should be regarded as an ecology consisting of the school, home and community. The main empirical research finding indicates generally, that the meaning attached to parental involvement falls short of its essence, and focuses on response activities from both school staff and parents. The main recommendation, therefore, is advocacy that begins with empowering all stakeholders with regard to the essence of parental involvement. In this regard, the Empowerment Approach to Parental Involvement (EAPI) recommended in this research, proposes a model that empowers individual schools and the community, through a school-based and cluster-based focus. The EAPI model presents a series of actions leading to a modus operandi that recognises the power of zenzele (do it yourself) for schools and parents, and masakhane (doing it for ourselves together) for school clusters and the community. Both concepts utilise principles based on ubuntu and express the adage: "it takes a village to raise a child." / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

Parental involvement in education is accepted as an important aspect of learner academic achievement. In fact, there is research evidence that associates high learner achievement with high rates of parental involvement. However, judging by the poor levels of achievement attained by learners in, for instance, areas like reading, writing and numeracy in primary school grades, the question rises as to whether parental involvement is consciously promoted in primary schools. This empirical research intended to investigate how parental involvement is currently promoted in primary schools. The literature review revealed the basic obligations of schools and parents as expressed in Epstein's six typologies of parental involvement, which form the basis of all endeavours towards enhancing parental involvement. Consequently, it is concluded that strategies or programmes aimed at promoting parental involvement, must embody parenting, communication, volunteering, learning at home, participation in decision-making and collaboration with the community. In this regard, the child's environment should be regarded as an ecology consisting of the school, home and community. The main empirical research finding indicates generally, that the meaning attached to parental involvement falls short of its essence, and focuses on response activities from both school staff and parents. The main recommendation, therefore, is advocacy that begins with empowering all stakeholders with regard to the essence of parental involvement. In this regard, the Empowerment Approach to Parental Involvement (EAPI) recommended in this research, proposes a model that empowers individual schools and the community, through a school-based and cluster-based focus. The EAPI model presents a series of actions leading to a modus operandi that recognises the power of zenzele (do it yourself) for schools and parents, and masakhane (doing it for ourselves together) for school clusters and the community. Both concepts utilise principles based on ubuntu and express the adage: "it takes a village to raise a child." / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

I. Reductive dimerization of pentacyclo[5.4.0.0.^2,6.0^3,10.0^5'9]undecane-8-one-(PCU-8-one, 53) affords a mixture of meso and d,l pinacols (55a and 55b respectively). Acid promoted rearrangement of 55a and 55b conceivably can proceed with migration of C(7)-C(8) and/or C(8)-C(9) to form the corresponding pinacolone(s). In our hands, acid promoted rearrangement of 55a and 55b each proceeds with exclusive migration of C(7)- C(8) bond, thereby affording 58a and 59a respectively. Mechanistic features of this rearrangement are discussed. II. 4,7,1 l-trimethylpentacyclo[6.3.0.0.^2,6.0^3,l0.0^5,9]undecane-exo-4,exo-7-diol (23a) was successfully synthesized. This diol crystallizes in a helical tubuland lattice although its molecular structure does not possess C2 rotational symmetry.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Aromatic rings are universal motifs in natural products, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and wide variety of organic materials. Aromatic halides are widely used as synthetic precursors in all these applications. Therefore, tremendous effort has been devoted to activate aryl halides in the past decades. The common methods to activate aryl halides require the use of transition- metals either in the form of Grignard reagents or through the use of transition-metal catalysis. Over the past decade, photoredox catalysis has attracted significant attention as a cogent tool to develop greener synthetic processes and enable new molecular activation pathways under mild conditions. The most common of these approaches uses a photoredox/nickel dual catalytic cycle. While this technology has greatly expanded the toolbox of organic chemists, this method still requires expensive rare-metal-based catalyts. Herein, we present a series of visible light-induced methods that are transition-metal-free. These new base-promoted transformations and their mechanistic work will be discussed in the following order: We will first present our discovery that the dimsyl anion enables visible-light-promoted charge transfer in cross-coupling reactions of aryl halides. This work was applied to the synthesis of unsymmetrical diaryl chalcogenides. This method has a broad scope and functional group tolerance. An electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between a dimsyl anion and the aryl halide is formed during the reaction and explains the observed aryl radical reactivity observed. Then, a visible-light-induced borylation and phosphorylation of aryl halides under mild conditions was developed. Inspired by the mechanistic breakthroughs observed in the previous work. The mechanism of this reaction also involves an aryl radical that is presumed to be formed also via an EDA complex. In other work, a photo-induced phosphonation of ArI using N,N- diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) and trialkyl phosphites was developed. This method uses very mild conditions, which allowed the preparation a wide variety of functionalized aromatic phosphonates derivatives, including natural products and medicinal compounds. Finally, a photochemical amination of amides was developed via a C(sp 3 )–H bond functionalization process under visible light irradiation. This reaction showed good functional group compatibility without the use of external radical initiators, strong oxidants, or heat source. An EDA complex between N-bromophthalimide and LiOtBu is formed during the reaction.

L'influence de l'effet de support sur la formation des phases de sulfure, c'est-à-dire la morphologie, la dispersion des sites, la structure et l'activité catalytique pour les catalyseurs d'hydrotraitement a été étudiée. L'étude a débuté par des catalyseurs au Mo et a été suivie par des catalyseurs CoMo supportés sur de la silice d'alumine et de l'oxyde de titane. L'effet de support semble être le facteur clé pour contrôler la morphologie des feuilles de MoS2. La morphologie a été étudiée en utilisant une technique puissante appelée IR / CO, c'est-à-dire une adsorption de CO suivie par une spectroscopie FTIR. Cette méthode permet de distinguer deux types de bord exposés sur les feuilles MoS2 dites M- et S-edge et permet ensuite l'étude de la morphologie par le rapport S / M-edge. Ainsi, pour une interaction faible, la morphologie hexagonale déformée du support MoS2 a été montrée alors que pour une interaction forte, la morphologie du triangle a été observée. Ces différentes morphologies ont été utilisées pour étudier la localisation du Co par la même méthode, IR / CO. Cette méthode permet également la distinction entre les sites non promus et promus ainsi que Co situé sur les bords M- et S-edge. Par conséquent, la comparaison entre le rapport S / M-edge et le degré de promotion (rapport des sites promus / non promus) a montré que Co est présent sur les deux bords M- et S-edge pour les trois catalyseurs supportés par CoMo. De plus, une étude détaillée a montré que Co décore préférentiellement les sites de type S-edge. Par conséquent, les structures du site CoMoS pour chaque catalyseur ont été étudiées par la méthode IRIS 2D. Cette nouvelle méthode développée au LCS permet la déconvolution de bandes IR / CO qui étaient auparavant une limitation pour la caractérisation des sites CoMoS. Cette avancée dans la caractérisation CoMo a conduit à l'étude détaillée de la structure CoMoS. Après l'attribution des trois bandes qui sont observées dans la gamme de spectres IR / CO promue, il est apparu que les sites S-edge étaient partiellement promus par Co, tandis que les sites M-edge étaient partiellement et totalement promus par Co. Ces sites ont un effet sur la réactivité HDS (hydrodésulfuration). De plus, une activité intrinsèque plus élevée a été trouvée pour le bord M-edge partiellement promus par Co, suivi par les sites totalement promus et finalement promus partiellement par le bord S-edge. / The influence of the support effect on the sulfide phases formation, i.e. morphology, sites dispersión, structure and catalytic activity for hydrotreating catalysts was studied. The study started by Mo catalysts and followed by CoMo catalysts supported on alumina silica and titania. The support effect appeared to be the key factor to control the morphology of MoS2 slabs. The morphology was studied using a powerful technique so-called IR/CO, i.e. CO adsorption followed by FTIR spectroscopy. This method allows the distinction of two types of edge exposed on the MoS2 slabs so-called M- and S-edge and then permits the study of the morphology by the S-/M-edge ratio. Thus, for a weak interaction MoS2-support deformed hexagon morphology was detected whereas for a strong interaction triangle morphology was observed. These different morphologies were used to study the Co localization by the same method, IR/CO. This method also allows the distinction between non- and promoted sites as well as Co located on M- and S-edges. Hence, the comparison between S-/M-edge ratio and promotion degree (promoted/non-promoted sites ratio) showed that Co is present on both M- and S-edges for the three CoMo supported catalysts. Additionally, a detailed study showed that Co preferentially decorates S-edge sites. Consequently, the CoMoS site structures for each catalyst has been studied by 2D IRIS method. This novel method developped in LCS allows the resolution of overlapping IR/CO bands which were previously a limitation for CoMoS sites characterization. This advance in the CoMo characterization lead to the study of detailed CoMoS structure. After the assignment of three bands which are observed in the promoted range of IR/CO spectra, it appeared that S-edge sites were partially promoted by Co, whereas M-edge sites could be partially and totally promoted by Co. The different proportion of those sites have an effect on HDS (hydrodesulfuration) reactivity. Thus, higher intrinsic activity was found for M-edge partially promoted by Co followed by totally promoted and finally the S-edge partially promoted sites.

The aim of this thesis is to explain user attitudes toward advertising on Instagram. Two forms of marketing communication that we chose to focus on were native advertising and promoted advertising through celebrities. The main goal was to find out which attitudes Instagram users aged 18-35 years had toward these two types of advertising. The data was collected through a quantitative survey, which was conducted digitally on Facebook. Our empirical findings showed us a result that confirmed previous research in the area - that users have negative attitudes towards any type of advertising. We identified minor demographical differences, but the main differences were in the comparison of the two types of advertising. As we analyzed the respondents’ answers through a perspective from the chosen theories, it showed us that users tend to have more positive attitudes towards promoted advertising from celebrities, and more negative attitudes towards native advertising.

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are responsible for the regulation of a variety of important functions within living organisms. Compounds which can selectively modulate aberrant PPIs are novel therapeutic candidates for treating human diseases. Whilst PPIs have traditionally been considered as "undruggable", research in this area has led to the emergence of several effective methodologies for targeting PPIs. One such methodology is peptide stapling, which involves constraining a short peptide into its native alpha-helical form by forming a covalent link between two of its amino acid side-chains. The Sondheimer dialkyne reagent has previously been used in strain-promoted double-click cycloadditions with diazidopeptides to generate stapled peptides that are capable of inhibiting PPIs. However, the Sondheimer dialkyne suffers from poor water-solubility; it decomposes rapidly in aqueous solutions which limits its application in biological systems. This dissertation describes the design and synthesis of new substituted variants of the Sondheimer dialkyne with increased solubility and stability, that are suitable for application in strain promoted double click peptide stapling. In total, ten different derivatives were generated; of these, a meta-trimethylammonium substituted variant was found to have particularly high water-solubility and aqueous stability, as well as high azide reactivity. The substituted Sondheimer dialkynes were applied to the strain promoted double click stapling of p53-based diazido peptides in an effort to generate stapled peptide-based inhibitors of the oncogenic p53 MDM2 PPI, a validated target for anticancer therapeutics. Three stapled peptides were found to have inhibitory activity, thus demonstrating the utility of the novel dialkynes in the preparation of PPI inhibitors. The functionalised stapled peptide formed from a meta-fluoro substituted Sondheimer dialkyne was found to be the most potent inhibitor. All ortho-substituted Sondheimer dialkynes were found to be unreactive, whereas those with a meta-trimethylammonium substituent were highly reactive when compared to other meta-substituted dialkynes. These patterns in azide reactivity could be explained through X-ray crystallographic studies and density functional theory calculations.

社會福利領域運用志願服務者提供服務，已經有很長的一段歷史，各種不同型態的志願服務工作往往扮演社會功能維繫的角色，儘管歷經了世代的轉變，人們對於群己關係互賴依存的需求依然不曾改變。而在政經結構急劇變遷的今日，志工及志願服務組織甚至更成為維繫人與人、地區與地區、乃至政府與民間關係的重要機制。 本研究主要在探討：1、志工對於影響我國地方政府推動志願服務團隊之重要面向及其各構面的評價程度情形。2、探討志工對於地方政府推動志願服務團隊績效的評價程度情形。3、志工的性別、年齡、婚姻狀況、教育程度、職業、宗教信仰、是否參加過志願服務團隊、目前是否同時參加其他的志願服務團隊及參加志願服務的工作時間等個人基本屬性資料，是否會影響我國地方政府推動志願服務團隊之各重要面向及績效的評價程度差異情形之產生？4、影響我國地方政府推動志願服務團隊之重要面向與其績效的關聯性如何？5、影響我國地方政府推動志願服務團隊之各重要面向對績效預測的程度如何？ 本研究係以新竹市社會福利志願服務團隊為研究對象，運用問卷調查法等進行實證研究。從實證分析中，本研究發現志工對影響地方政府推動志願服務團隊之重要面向中之志工的人力資源管理活動及相關配套措施的評價程度較高，而對於志工管理制度及經費補助之評價程度則較低。一般而言，對影響地方政府推動志願服務團隊各重要面向及績效的評價程度上，女性高於男性，中高年齡者高於低年齡者，中等學歷者高於高學歷者，已婚者高於未婚者，參加過志願服務團隊者高於未參加過志願服務團隊者，服務年資深者高於服務年資淺者。另影響地方政府推動志願服務團隊之重要面向及其四個構面均與服務品質、與志願服務團隊互動程度、資源運用的程度、目標達成的程度及績效均有顯著相關存在。再者，對於績效的預測方面，一般而言，以相關配套措施的預測力最佳，經費補助次之。 基於前述的研究發現，為了因應未來志願服務工作的發展，地方政府在推動志願服務團隊工作上政策面應朝向制度明確化、管理合理化、和服務品質化三個方向來發展；另外要加強政府與志願服務團隊的互動關係。而地方政府在推動志願服務工作上所扮演的角色功能與工作重點，則應著重在輔導、資助、監督、諮詢、考核志願服務團隊，以確立各團隊能 依照服務宗旨及能力來提供服務，並透過經費補助、活動補助和培訓志願服務規劃與志工管理人才等方式，來引導與監督志願服務朝有品質的方向發展，以協助推動志願服務工作。 / The field of social welfare has already used volunteers for a very long time. Often all the different types of voluntary service work play the role of holding society together throughout generations of change. Just like in the past, people of today still require groups for mutual reliance and dependence. With the rapid changes occurring within today's political and economic structures, volunteers and voluntary service organizations hold people and districts together to an even greater extent, and so represent an important mechanism in the area of relations between the government and the people. The main points of the research are as follows: 1. Evaluate the extent to which volunteers are able to effect the important aspects and every dimension of our local government promoted voluntary service groups. 2. Inquire into the volunteers' appraisal level of local government promoted voluntary service group achievements. 3. The elicitation of the volunteers' sex, age, marital status, education level, profession, religion. Whether the volunteer has taken part in previous voluntary work. Whether the volunteer is also taking part in other voluntary work, and the amount of time the volunteer is donating to the work. All the above information will be collected for each individual. We hope to see if this information effects how different people evaluate the important aspects and achievements of our local government promoted voluntary service groups. 4. What is the connection effecting the important aspects and achievements of the local government promoted voluntary groups? 5. To what extent do achievement forecasts effect the important aspects of our local government promoted voluntary service groups? The objects of this research are social welfare voluntary service groups in Hsinchu City. An investigative questionnaire is used to carry out actual evidence research. From an analysis of this actual evidence research, it was discovered that volunteers, in relation to our local government promoted voluntary teams, evaluated human resource management activities and related complementary procedures to be comparatively more important than the volunteer system of management and subsidies. Generally speaking, when considering the extent to which the volunteers effected the important aspects and achievements of the local government promoted voluntary service groups, the following conclusions were drawn: - Women were more effective than men. - Middle-aged and senior-aged people were more effective than younger people. - Those educated to a high school level were more effective than those educated to a college level. - Those married were more effective than unmarried volunteers. - Those who had previously taken part in voluntary work were more effective than those who had not. - Those who had volunteered for many years were more effective than those who were new to volunteering. A related existence was displayed between the important aspects of local government promoted voluntary service groups and the following four dimensions: - Service quality - The extent to which voluntary service groups interacted. - The extent to which resources were used. - The extent to which the goals were achieved. Furthermore, concerning the aspect of forecasting achievements, generally speaking, the best forecasts come from related complementary procedures. The next best involve subsidies. Based on the above research discoveries, in order to lead to the development of voluntary service work in the future, the government when promoting voluntary service group work, should develop policy in the areas of system clarification, management rationalization and service qualification. In addition it is necessary to strengthen the relationship between government and voluntary service groups. Local government in order to assist in the promotion of voluntary service work should play the role of and emphasize coaching, provision of financial aid, supervision, consultation and examination. Furthermore, based on the service purpose and abilities of every group, the government should establish the provision of service. This can be done with the aid of subsidies and activity subsidies and through voluntary service training schemes and volunteer management personnel who can guide and supervise the development of quality voluntary services.

CO hydrogenation and CO oxidation are two important processes addressing the energy and environmental issues of great interest. Both processes are carried out using metallic catalysts. The objective of this dissertation is to study the catalytic processes that govern these two reactions from a molecular perspective using quantum mechanical calculations. Density Functional Theory (DFT) has proven to be a valuable tool to study adsorption, dissociation, chain growth, reaction pathways etc., on well-defined surfaces. DFT was used to study the CO reduction reactions on promoted cobalt catalyst surfaces and CO oxidation mechanisms on cobalt surfaces. CO hydrogenation via Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) is a process used to produce liquid fuels from synthesis gas. The economics of the Fischer-Tropsch process strongly depends on the performance of the catalyst used. The desired properties of a catalyst include selectivity towards middle distillate products such as diesel and jet fuel, higher activity and longer catalyst life. Catalysts are often modified by adding promoters to obtain these desirable properties. Promoters can influence the reaction pathways, reducibility, dispersion, activity and selectivity. In FTS, understanding the effect of promoters in the molecular scale would help in tailoring catalysts with higher activity and desired selectivity. Preventing deactivation of catalyst is important in FTS to increase the catalyst life. Deactivation of Co catalyst can occur by reoxidation, C deposition, sintering, formation of cobalt-support compounds etc. Designing catalyst with resistance to deactivation by the use of promoters is explored in this dissertation. The influence of promoters on the initiation pathways of CO hydrogenation is also explored as a first step towards determining the selectivity of promoted catalyst. The influence of Pt promoter on O removal from the surface of Co catalyst showed that Pt promoter reduced the activation barrier for the removal of O on both flat and stepped Co surfaces. An approximate kinetic model was developed and a volcano plot was established. The turn-over frequency (TOF) calculated based on the activation barriers showed that Pt promoted Co surface had a higher rate than unpromoted Co surface. The effect of Pt and Ru promoters on various pathways of C deposition on Co catalyst was studied to gain a mechanistic understanding. The promoters did not affect the subsurface C formation but they increased the barriers for C-C and C-C-C formation and also decreased the barriers for C-H formation. The promoters also influence the stabilities of C compounds on the Co surface suggesting that Pt and Ru promoters would decrease C deposition on Co catalysts. The effect of Pt promoter on unassisted and H-assisted CO activation pathways on Co catalyst was studied. Pt promoted Co surface followed H-assisted CO activation. Pt promoter decreased the activation barriers for CO activation pathways on Co catalyst thereby increasing the activity of Co catalyst. CO oxidation is a process used to prevent poisoning of fuel cell catalysts and reduce pollution of the atmosphere through exhaust gases containing CO. Expensive catalysts like Pt are widely used for CO oxidation which significantly increases the cost of the process and hence it is necessary to search for alternative lower cost catalysts. Understanding the mechanism of a reaction is the first step towards designing better and efficient catalyst. DFT is helpful in determining the basic mechanism and intermediates of reactions. The mechanism of CO oxidation on CoO catalyst was explored. Four possible mechanisms for CO oxidation on CoO catalyst were studied to determine the most likely mechanism. The mechanism was found to be a two-step process with activation barrier for formation of CO2 larger than the barrier for formation of the intermediate species.