Orientador: Edson Françozo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T22:20:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Godoy_MahayanaCristina_M.pdf: 590425 bytes, checksum: 7516dd531bfc57e40497f21b437a02ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A resolução da anáfora conceitual traz questões interessantes para a pesquisa psicolingüística, pois abre a possibilidade de investigar como um pronome plural pode ser resolvido a partir de uma expressão antecedente singular, como em "O batalhão foi vacinado. Eles foram para a África". De acordo com Landman (1989), grupos como "batalhão" podem ter uma denotação plural quando recebem uma predicação distributiva (e.g., foi vacinado), mas também podem ter uma denotação singular quando são predicados coletivamente (e.g., foi reorganizado). Em outras palavras, enquanto o predicado seleciona a pluralidade de membros que compõem o batalhão no primeiro caso, no segundo, o mesmo batalhão é predicado como instituição, i.e., como uma entidade singular. Com base nessas considerações, é razoável assumir que a leitura coletiva ou distributiva determinada pelo predicado pode influenciar a resolução pronominal, desde que se considere a saturação anafórica como produto de expectativas geradas pelos leitores acerca de quais referentes têm chances de serem mencionados em partes subseqüentes do texto (Kehler et al., 2007). Para testar esta hipótese, elaboramos dois experimentos. No primeiro deles, investigamos se as leituras coletiva ou distributiva de expressões como "pelotão" poderiam criar expectativas sobre como os sujeitos dariam continuações para sentenças na voz passiva. Os participantes deveriam completar sentenças como "Para viajar ao exterior, o batalhão foi vacinado" apontando seu agente. Os resultados indicam que a continuação para predicados coletivos era preferencialmente um agente singular, enquanto para os distributivos o agente dado tendia a ser plural. Em um segundo experimento, os sujeitos liam sentenças com anáforas conceituais cujo antecedente era predicado coletiva ou distributivamente. O tempo de leitura do pronome nessas duas situações foi comparado, apontando para um tempo significativamente maior quando o pronome seguia uma predicação coletiva. Ambos os resultados, portanto, confirmam nossas hipóteses, indicando que os predicados de termos de grupo podem gerar expectativas que influenciam a resolução da anáfora conceitual / Abstract: Conceptual anaphora resolution brings interesting questions to research in psycholinguistics, for it provides the possibility of investigating how a plural pronoun can be solved from a singular antecedent, as one can see in "The army division was vaccinated. They went to Africa". According to Landman (1989), groups such as "the army division" can have a plural denotation when it receives a distributive predicate (e.g., was vaccinated), but it can also have a singular denotation when its predicate is a collective one (e.g., was reorganized). In other words, while the predicate selects the plurality of members that compose the army division in the first case, in the second one the same army division is predicated as an institution, i.e., as a singular entity. From these considerations, it is reasonable to assume that collective or distributive readings determined by the predicate can influence pronoun resolution, if one consider anaphora resolution as a product of the expectations generated by the readers about which referents are more likely to be mentioned in subsequent text (Kehler et al., 2007). In order to test this hypothesis, we ran two experiments. In the first one, we investigated whether collective or distributive readings of expressions similar to "the army division" would create expectations on how subjects provide continuations for passive sentences. The participants should complete sentences such as "In order to go abroad, the army division was vaccinated" with their agents. The result indicates that the continuation given to collective predicates was preferably a singular agent, while the continuations provided to distributive predicates tended to be plural agents. In a second experiment, subjects read sentences with conceptual anaphoras whose antecedent was predicated in a collective or distributive way. The pronoun reading time in these two situations was compared, showing a significant longer time when the pronoun followed collective predication. Therefore, both results corroborate our hypothesis, indicating that the way groups are predicated can generate expectations that influence conceptual anaphora resolution / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

This thesis addresses the technical and linguistic aspects of discourse-level processing in phrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT). Connected texts can have complex text-level linguistic dependencies across sentences that must be preserved in translation. However, the models and algorithms of SMT are pervaded by locality assumptions. In a standard SMT setup, no model has more complex dependencies than an n-gram model. The popular stack decoding algorithm exploits this fact to implement efficient search with a dynamic programming technique. This is a serious technical obstacle to discourse-level modelling in SMT. From a technical viewpoint, the main contribution of our work is the development of a document-level decoder based on stochastic local search that translates a complete document as a single unit. The decoder starts with an initial translation of the document, created randomly or by running a stack decoder, and refines it with a sequence of elementary operations. After each step, the current translation is scored by a set of feature models with access to the full document context and its translation. We demonstrate the viability of this decoding approach for different document-level models. From a linguistic viewpoint, we focus on the problem of translating pronominal anaphora. After investigating the properties and challenges of the pronoun translation task both theoretically and by studying corpus data, a neural network model for cross-lingual pronoun prediction is presented. This network jointly performs anaphora resolution and pronoun prediction and is trained on bilingual corpus data only, with no need for manual coreference annotations. The network is then integrated as a feature model in the document-level SMT decoder and tested in an English–French SMT system. We show that the pronoun prediction network model more adequately represents discourse-level dependencies for less frequent pronouns than a simpler maximum entropy baseline with separate coreference resolution. By creating a framework for experimenting with discourse-level features in SMT, this work contributes to a long-term perspective that strives for more thorough modelling of complex linguistic phenomena in translation. Our results on pronoun translation shed new light on a challenging, but essential problem in machine translation that is as yet unsolved.

O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa de campo realizada com adolescentes. O objetivo foi compreender as estratégias de coesão referencial e as características da fé sintético-convencional nas cartas produzidas na escola. A partir da produção textual de alunos e alunas, a pesquisa revelou que as anáforas pronominais e as elipses foram os recursos de coesão referencial que mais atuaram como elementos linguísticos colaboradores na construção da tessitura textual. No que se refere à fé do/da adolescente, constatou-se com esta pesquisa que de fato eles e elas estão vivendo o estágio 3 da fé, ou seja, a fé sintético-convencional postulada por James Fowler; posto que em todos as cartas produzidas se pode identificar as presenças de pelo menos quatro das cinco características apresentas pelo referido autor como representativas deste estágio da fé característico dos adolescentes. A saber: na adolescência a imagem de Deus torna-se mais pessoal, mais próxima; a identidade dos/das jovens adolescentes é moldada pelos grupos que pertencem (família e comunidade religiosa), adolescentes possuem em si um modelo de fé, herdado da família, dos grupos nos quais estão inseridos, ou seja, é uma fé não analisada; e, a expectativa, nesta fase da vida, está centrada na autoridade externa. A pesquisa revelou, ainda, que os/as adolescentes utilizam a fé que possuem como estratégias de coesão de vida. Sendo assim, eles/elas encontram na fé a esperança e a coragem para vencer desafios, empreendem batalhas para traçarem objetivos e metas confiando sempre na existência do Transcendente, neste caso, representado nos pelas figuras de Deus e/ou de Jesus Cristo, que os impulsionam, sobretudo, a acreditarem no poder da fé a viver de acordo com o que professam. / This work presents the results of a field research carried out with adolescents. The goal was to comprehend the strategies of referential cohesion and the characteristics of the conventional-synthetic faith in letters produced in the school. Based on the textual production of students the research revealed that the pronominal anaphoras and the ellipses were the resources of referential cohesion which were most used as collaborating linguistic elements in the construction of the textual fabric. With regard to the faith of the adolescent, it was observed with this research that, in fact, they are living stage 3 of the faith, that is, the conventional-synthetic faith postulated by James Fowler; being as one can identify in all the letters produced the presence of at least four of the five characteristics presented by the referred author as representative of this stage of the faith characteristic of adolescents. That is: in adolescence the image of God becomes more personal, more intimate; the identity of the adolescent youth is molded by the groups to which they belong (family and religious community). Adolescents have within them a model of faith, inherited from the family, from the groups in which they are involved, in other words, it is a non-analyzed faith and the expectation, in this phase of life, is centered on the external authority. The research also revealed that the adolescents use the faith they have as strategies for life cohesion. Thus they find in the faith the hope and courage to overcome challenges, undertake struggles to draw objectives and goals always trusting in the existence of the Transcendent, in this case, represented by the figures of God and/or Jesus Christ, who drives them, above all, to believe in the power of the faith and to live according to what they profess.